ground-water management solutions for industries-2008

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GROUND WATER

MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS FOR INDUSTRIES

By

Dr. S. K. JainChairman ,GWMICC (P) LTD, Jaipur.

E mail: [email protected]

Mob. ± 09829067474, 09414070292

Ph: 0141-2650724, 2650548



Overall Water ScenarioOverall Water Scenario1. 97.2% of total water resources is saline, mainly in ocean

etc.2. Only 2.8% is available as fresh water on planet earth.

3. Out of 2.8% of fresh water, 2.2% is surface water in theform of rivers, lakes, ponds etc.

4. Therefore, only 0.6% of the total available water on earthexists in the form of groundwater.

5. Areas like Rajasthan state does not have much of surfacewater and we mainly depend on groundwater.InRajasthan, total available ground water is around 12000

million cubic meters per annum, where as, presentrequirement is over 15 thousand million cubic meters andthe same would go up to the level of 25 thousand millioncubic meters in the year 2025.

6. Hence, groundwater becomes very much precious

resource for us. There is an urgent need of water conservation and management.



Total water resources both for

Drinking and irrigational needs

Economic & social objectives

Constraints ± Existing Irrigation

And hydropower works/

groundwater quality & quantity

Broad principles of Resource allocation

Cropping pattern- Agro climate

Zones/ water requirements

Engineering and economic studies

Alternative proposals

and policies

System

Models

Evaluation

Final Projects



Remote sensing studiesRemote sensing studies

Satellite based data provide quick and useful baseline information on the

factors controlling the occurrence and movement of groundwater. A

systematic study and interpretationinterpretation of of satellitesatellite imageriesimageries lead to better

delineation of perspectiveperspective groundground water water zoneszones in a region. Such

perspective zones identified from the satellite imageries are followed upon the ground through detaileddetailed hydrogeologicalhydrogeological andand geophysicalgeophysical

investigationsinvestigations before actual drilling is carried out for exact assessment

about potential site .

The usefulness of satellites data in identifyingidentifying linear linear featuresfeatures such as

lineaments representing fractures, faults, shear zones, which are usuallythe zoneszones of of localizationlocalization oaf oaf groundwater groundwater & certain geomorphic features

such as alluvial fans, valley fills, palaeopalaeo--channelschannels etc. often form good

aquifers as well establishes perspective groundwater zones in a region



Demarcation of Lineaments

A lineament is a regional scale linear or curvilinear feature, pattern or changes in pattern that can be identified on satellite

imagery and attributed to a geological formation or structure.

The fold axis, faults, joints and many other structural elementsappear on remote sensing data as lineaments. The expressions

of these lineaments are based on topographic relief, rectilinear

alignment, dragging, offsetting or abrupt truncation of trend

lines, vegetal or soil tonal and textural features etc. Often thelineaments are developed in a systematic way and hence; a

methodical analysis of lineament patterns provides

information regarding their tectonogenesis.



LISS-III SATELLITE DATA



DETECTION OF UNDERGROUND DETECTION OF UNDERGROUND

WATERWATER

An An adequateadequate supplysupply of of water water isis oneone of of thethe prepre--requisitesrequisites for for developmentdevelopment andand industrialindustrial

growthgrowth.. Groundwater constitutes significant part of of active fresh water resourcesresources of of thethe

worldworld andand isis obviouslyobviously dependable source for for industries particularlyparticularly in areas where

surface water is not available.. However,However, itit isis becomingbecoming moremore andand moremore difficultdifficult toto locatelocate

groundwater groundwater inin thethe presentpresent circumstancescircumstances whenwhen groundwater groundwater isis beingbeing usedused

increasinglyincreasingly withwith moremore advancementadvancement inin humanhuman racerace andand industrialindustrial growthgrowth.. ConventionalConventionalmethodsmethods of of makingmaking hydrogeologicalhydrogeological inventoryinventory of of thethe areaarea areare notnot enoughenough toto preciselyprecisely

exploreexplore deeper deeper zoneszones of of groundwater groundwater availabilityavailability.. Accordingly, Accordingly, thethe techniquetechnique whichwhich willwill

eliminateeliminate toto aa greatgreat extentextent thethe sinkingsinking of of unproductiveunproductive wellswells isis of of greatgreat valuevalue andand thethe

answer answer toto thisthis waswas givengiven byby GeophysicistsGeophysicists inin thethe beginningbeginning of of thethe centurycentury inin thethe formform of of

Geoelectric method of groundwater exploration.. TheThe methodmethod hashas since,since, undergoneundergone

tremendoustremendous improvementimprovement bothboth inin instrumentationinstrumentation andand interpretationinterpretation processprocess abroadabroad asaswellwell asas inin IndiaIndia.. InIn GeoelectricGeoelectric surveying,surveying, electricalelectrical currentscurrents areare injectedinjected intointo thethe groundground

andand subsurfacesubsurface resistivelyresistively variationvariation causedcaused byby geological/geological/ hydrogeologicalhydrogeological conditionsconditions

areare recordedrecorded.. TheseThese variations are the results of subsurface current flow pattern.. TheThe

data,data, thus,thus, gatheredgathered areare interpretedinterpreted toto revealreveal subsurface anomalies usingusing latestlatest

developeddeveloped software¶ssoftware¶s.. For For inin depthdepth analysis,analysis, timetime testedtested interpretationinterpretation techniquestechniques of of

GeoelectricGeoelectric surveysurvey revealsreveals..



AQUAMETER-A Geophysical

Instrument (Resistivity Meter)



Water Level Indicator



INVESTIGATION PLAN

Selection of Feasible sites for construction of suitable groundwater

structures:

In this type of investigation, given area is subjected to following studies :

(a) Hydrogeological Studies

(b) Geoelectric Survey at selected or given spots

Above studies give idea about present availability of water at particular locations & recommendations are made for construction of waterwells/

tubewells with expected yield and quality on the day/period of

investigation.

The method does not indicate about future availability of water and itsutilization in long term but helps in reducing the chances of unsuccessful

tubewells.



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Lodhva mining lease area.

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Ground water resources evaluationGround water resources evaluation

under proved categoryunder proved categoryGroundwater Resources of an area can be distinguished under two categories :(A) ynamic Water resources (B) tatic Water Resources

(A) Dynamic Water resources

ynamic Groundwater Resources is that amount of water which is found in an aquifer due to Groundwater

recharge. Total dynamic Groundwater recharge of the area can be estimated by assessing the various

components of the following equation :

RT = Rr + Rs + Ri + Si + Rc

WhereRt = Total Recharge, Rr = Recharge from rainfall, Rs = Recharge from irrigation due to surface water,

Ri = Recharge from irrigation due to groundwater,

Si = Recharge due to influent seepages from steams/canals, Rc = Recharge to confined aquifer

Total groundwater Draft :

Total Groundwater draft in the area can be estimated by assessing the various components of the following

equation :

DT = Di + Dd + Din + Do + Det

Where,

DT : Total Groundwater discharge/draft, Di : Groundwater draft for irrigation,

Dd : Groundwater draft for domestic use, Din : Groundwater draft for industrial use,

Do : Groundwater discharge by way of natural outflow,

Det : Groundwater discharge by way of evapotranspiration.



(B) Static Groundwater ResourcesStatic Groundwater resource is the Groundwater

occurring in the permanently saturated zone availablebelow the natural water level fluctuation. Thesereserves can be utilized for emergency water needsduring period of draught.

(C) Utilizable Groundwater resourcestilizable groundwater resources are worked out for long term sustainment.

Total dynamic groundwater resources - Total

Groundwater draft (Brought on average rainfall)Static reserves are kept for emergency use and

estimates are given for utilization of this component;When there is practically inadequate recharge in theyears of deficient rainfall or drought.



Aquifer erformance Test Aquifer erformance Test

This test is carried out on existing tubewell or new tubewell

along with nearby tubewell in the zone of influence. The test is

conducted by pumping one well continuously for 72 hrs. and

recording periodic changes in water levels in the form of graph

by deploying water level recorder . Using well hydraulic

equations, aquifer parameters like transmissivity, hydraulic

conductivity (movement of water in subsurface through one

cubic meter of aquifer), storage coefficient (storativity) are

determined: which are used in computing total groundwater

recharge into the aquifer systems and is a major component to

estimate annual water availability in the form of dynamic

reserves.



Figure - 28

Aquifer Prforme nce Test

Time - Drawdown curve for Obser vation well

Location- 459, Near Grid N10E14 (Set - 3,Lodhva)

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

1 10 100 1000 10000

Time in minutes Since pumping started

D r a w d o w n i n m e t e r s

INDEX :

Field data

Best Fit Curve

Jacob's traight line

(s = .0125

Recharge Boundry

t0 = 1min.

For third segment

Transmissiv ity = T = 2.3 Q (Here Q=1200m

3

/day4 T( s (s = .0125)

= 2.3 x 1200

4 x 3.14 x .0125

pecific Yield

y = 2.25 T t0

r 2

= 2.25 x 17579.61 x .00069

(7.5) 2

= 27.29



III CONSTRUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC TUBEWELLS SUSTAINABLE IN LONG TERM

Tubewells are constructed scientifically both in alluvial areas and hard rockareas. The design of well is finalized after electrical logging of borehole for

proper delineation of aquifer position in subsurface. In alluvial/ sandy area,irect Rotary rilling Rig is deployed to construct the bore -hole. Followingsteps are necessary in construction of tubewell.

(A) Tubewell in Alluvial Area

Following steps are involved:

(1) iameter of bore-hole

(2) roper ilot Borehole rilling (3) lectrical ogging

(4) Reaming of bore-holes

(5) Installation of well Assembly ± Type of casing (pipes)

± iameter of Casing

± Well Screen length (Slotted ipes) ± Screen size (Slot size)

Filter pack (Gravel packing)

Development of tubewells



Tubewell in Hard Rock AreaTubewell in Hard Rock Area

In order to utilize water available in hard rock aquifers, down the holehammer rig is deployed capable of drilling in hard rock with diameter

ranging between 6´ to 10´ upto a depth of 800ft.

In the over burden (Loose formation), pilot hole drilling is done using

pilot bits of higher diameter compared to rock drilling diameter for inserting the casing pipe. The casing pipe should have enough strength

and as such, at least µB¶ class category should be used. Normally, casing

pipes with slightly oversize, than the diameter of drilling in rock is kept.

The pipe should be firmly placed in rock equivalent to at least 10% of thetotal length of casing.

In rock, Tungsten carbide button bits are used of the required diameter of

the borehole.

Drilling in rock is not cased and as such, pipes are not to be inserted in

rocky portion of the drilling.



Tube well in Combination StrataTube well in Combination Strata

There are areas where both alluvium and thelower portion of hard rock contains water.In

such areas, tubwells are constructed deploying

both Direct Rotary drilling rig and Down the hole

hammer rig. These tubewells require combined

methodology of construction as spelt separately

both for alluvial and hard rock area. Fig. depicts

design of such tubewell.



M.S.plainpipe for

first pump position

Fig.2, Strata chart & design of Exploratory TubeWell Assembly near pumphouse,

Village Aswari,HZL

Gravel packing with

back washing

M.S. Stainer Pipe

with1.5mm opening

M.S. PlainPipeD e p t h i nm t r s . (

b . g.l . ) ---->

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45

50

55

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40

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30

25

10

20

15

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8"

14"

Boulders & pebbles of Quartzite with cavities

5

Back filled loose material due to high

pressure of water from cavities

Sand mixed with Quartzitic boulders

Pebbles & boulders of Quartzitic rockBoulders of coarse grained Quartzitic rock

Fine grained Quartzite boulders

Boulders & pebbles of Quartzite with voids

Fine grained Quartzitic boulders with

weathered & fractured rock

Coarse grained boulders pebbles with cavities

Hard rock comprising of massive Gneiss rock

Gneiss rock with bouldary bed

Boulders & pebbles of Gneiss & Qurtzitic rock

Boulders & pebbles with cavernous zone

Exclusive well defined cavityBoulders & pebbles with voids

Hard rock of massive nature

Weathered Gneiss with greater degree of

fracturing & voids

D e p t h i nm t r s . (

b . g.l . ) ---->

35

40

45

50

55

60 0

Scale :- 0

0

5

10

20

15

30

25

W.L. W.L.

Lithology LEGENDS :-

Vertical(in mtrs.)10 12

GWMICC(P)LTD.

Horizontal(in inches)4 8



Dewatering of minesDewatering of mines Dewatering technology has advanced concurrently

with the improvements in water well design, miningpractices, new pump designs, and the development of alternative technologies, such as ground freezing for controlling groundwater flow. Dewatering techniquesare designed primarily to lower the ground level to apre-determined depth and maintain the depth duringentire period of mining. The other purposes of dewatering include:

Intercepting seepage that would enter in excavationsite of mining and interfere with the mining

equipments/men power etc. Improving the stability of slopes, thus preventing

sloughing or slopes failure.

Preventing the floor levels of mines from heavingbecause of excessive hydrostatic pressure.



THREE THREE -- DIMENSIONAL COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION AND DIMENSIONAL COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION AND

CONCEPTUAL VISUALIZATION OF GROUND WATER REGIMECONCEPTUAL VISUALIZATION OF GROUND WATER REGIME

Computerized simulation through 3D solid models : Mining of saturatedearth material require better understanding of the functioning of groundwater reservoir in response to natural and man made changes in the system.The complex problem related to functioning of groundwater systems can besolved with the aid of models that simulate the response of the groundwater system. This leads to characterization of the hydro geological units of theaquifers. The results of which has been a three dimensional (3D) trulyintegrated solid model that represents the geometry, interrelationships,hydrostratigraphy, water flow, quantities of water to be dewatered andnumbers of pumps required for dewatering with respect to time. Thecomputer simulation provides powerful visualization tool that will providefield conditions governing the groundwater regime as mining proceedsstarting from the first year itself.

Three D simulations of the different blocks of five year mining areas depict

the details of the thickness, depth, lateral extent, stratigraphy,sedimentology of aquifers and aquicludes, various mining slices, variables of groundwater occurrence presenting the most complete picture of thesubsurface groundwater as representation of reality that presently exists andon internally consistent and directly interpretable conceptual model. The 3Dhydrogeological model that has been developed for this project is anintegrated solid model that represents the ability to receive water from the

recharge area.



Using mathematical modeling conceptual three dimensional visualization

of ground water regime is depicted in next few slides with effects of

dewatering.

First year Pre-Monsoon period.



First year model during post monsoon period.



Fifth year model during active monsoon period



Total reserves at 700 mm average rainfall are worked out as 0.83 mcm / annum. With the help of random number theory and

correlation regression analysis, following mathematical relationship has been worked out for estimating total water reserves

in the premises for minimum to maximum rainfall. The equation governing above relationship is as under:

Y = 0.0011X + 0.06

Where, Y = Utilizable Surplus water Reserves in mcm/annum.

X = Rainfall in mm/annum.

With the help of above modeling, total utilizable surplus water reserves are predicted for various values of rainfall as given ingiven Table-



RIVER WATER POTENTIA ITY ST DIES

CASE ST DY ± 1 (M.P.)

MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF SUB-SURFACE WATER STUDY SITES & BLA POWER PLANT SITE,VILLAGE NIWARI,NARSINGHPUR, M.P.



Map Showing Location of Geoelectric sounding points at

Banks of Soklapur Ghat in Narmada river



Map Showing Location of Surface water flow measurement

points in upstream & downstream at Soklapur Ghat in

Narmada river



MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF PROPOSED INTAKE/COLLECTOR WELL AT BANK O

NARMADA RIVER AT SOKALPUR GHAT FOR BLA POWER PVT. LTD.



The river flow analysis done in the month of December 2007reveals that average water flow in Narmada river at Sokalpur

ghat is 49.10 m3/sec which would be 23 m3/sec. at its

minimum level in month of May. This available water exceeds

average minimum level of of 23 m3/sec. in all the months i.e.

725 million cubic meters per annum at present.

Based on expected surface water consumption pattern in

upstream, projected surface water availability from Sokalpur

ghat would be 0.69 m3/sec. i.e. 21 million cubic meters per

annum even in 56th year from now, which establishes

potentiality of Sokalpur ghat section of Narmada river for

intake/collector well @ 20,000 m3/day i.e. 7 million cubic

meters per annum for minimum of 50 years.

NARMADA RIVER WATER INTAKE POTENTIALITY

FOR BLA POWER PLANT AT NARSINGHPUR, M.P.



RIVER POTENTIALITY STUDIES FOR SURFACE WATER INTAKE

CASE STUDY ±II (M YSORE, KARNATAKA)



Rainwater harvesting structures were suggested and implemented atmany places in such a way that 76% of total rainfall over the roof isdirectly added to groundwater through filtration tanks.

1. Few organizations /institutions benefited from the above water harvesting technique include Ambuja Cements, Hero Honda Ltd.,

Sab-Millar Ltd., Vatika Group, Ansal Township, Prism Cement,Unitech Builders, Kalptaru Power Projects, Otsuka chemicals etc.Schematic diagram is shown in the figure to be followed.

The practice helped in reversing the declining trends of water levelsin these areas.

Rainwater harvesting as a technique of water conservation has beenalso implemented at Rotary bhawan, Jaipur in 2003.

Water management through rainwater harvesting



Rechar e Test l t at er a t rs t ., Dar hera

Recharge test data

(Time V/S Head plot)

0 . 0 0

2 . 0 0

4 . 0 0

6 . 0 0

8 . 0 0

10. 00

12. 00

14. 00

16. 00

1 10 10 0 10 0 0

T i m e i n m i n .a f t e r w a t e r i n j e c t i on - - - - - - - - - >



CASE HISTORY-2

RAINWATER HARVESTING IN IOCL-SMPL

PROJECT,CHAKSU,JAIPUR.

% 6

% 6

% 6

% 6

% 6 % 6

G EO- ELE C TR I C S O

ND I NG POI NT

Rain waterHa rvesting areas

TA NK

DRA INS

SPOT LE VEL

WA LL

FA NCI NG

FI PE LINE

TB M -1 O N CA N TEE N FLOOR RL=307.05

LEGEND

R W H - 1

R W H - 2

R W H - 1



STORM WATER MANAGEMENT STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

PROJECT ON ROTARY MARG, JAIPURPROJECT ON ROTARY MARG, JAIPUR



PERCOLATION STRUCTUREPERCOLATION STRUCTURE

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR DESIGN OF ROAD STORM WATER HARVESTING STRUCTURE

RESERVIOR AS A RESULT OF OPEN AREARESERVIOR AS A RESULT OF OPEN AREA



RESERVIOR AS A RESULT OF OPEN AREARESERVIOR AS A RESULT OF OPEN AREA

RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR HERO HOND RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR HERO HOND

MOTORS LTD., HARIDWARMOTORS LTD., HARIDWAR



WASTE WATER RECHARGEWASTE WATER RECHARGE

Infiltration recharge system offer the

additional advantage that the vadose zone

act as natural filter which removes

pollutants and impurities from water as it

moves down to the ground water.

Water for well recharge usually must meet

Drinking water quality standards ,whereas

water for infiltration recharge system may

be of lower quality.

WASTE WATER RECHARGE STUDIES AT GSK



WASTE WATER RECHARGE STUDIES AT GSK

NABHA, PUNJAB



DETECTION OF SOURCE OF GROUND WATER DETECTION OF SOURCE OF GROUND WATER

CONTAMINATION AT AMBUJA CEMENTS, GUJARATCONTAMINATION AT AMBUJA CEMENTS, GUJARAT

C

O N

V E Y

O R

B E

L T

C O N V E Y O R

B E L T

R.F 5000 : 1



W t ti b j tiW t ti b j ti



Water conservation by conjunctive useWater conservation by conjunctive use

of surface and ground water of surface and ground water

1. One of the recent studies carried out in Ganganagar district opens thescope of use of canal water in conjunction with brackish ground water.

2. The various combinations of fresh canal water & the brackish groundwater come under the human tolerance limits. This practice decreases load ontotal dependence on the canal water & there by widens the network of thebeneficiaries.

3. Besides, it would partially solve the problem of water logging due tocontinuous seepage from canal to groundwater & almost negligible use of groundwater.

4. The findings can be implemented in whole of Ghaggar basin of NorthernRajasthan, where acute water logging problem has rendered the landinfertile and rising trend of water level would be dangerous to the extent of

land subsidence of villages falling in Ghaggar basin.5. The study was financed by Kalptaru Power Transmission Ltd.

6. The reservoirs created from rainwater harvesting havegood quality of water which can be blended with inferior ground water quality to make it fit for various purposeslike domestic , industrial & other uses



OTHER PROBLEMS

&

SOLUTIONS

Prevention of seepage from ponds/ Dams



Prevention of seepage from ponds/ DamsThe dams and ponds in and around Jaipur may be treated byBentonite-cement mix (3:1) with 10 mm layer at the bottom. This

would help in checking the seepage loss up to 70%. Similarly, wecan prevent 60% water loss due to evaporation by growing Lillyflowers in the ponds.



Defunct hand pumps :

The defunct hand pumps found any where may be linked withnatural drainage through filtration tank to send the runoff waterin to the ground water regime.

C ll ti R i W t H ti



Government should make it essential gradient of its water policythat all house complexes, colonies developed by the housingboard, Avas Vikas Sansthan, Municipal Corporations ,Development authorities etc. should adopt rain water harvestingin a group scheme.

Collective Rain Water Harvesting

P l ti it th d



Percolation pit method- This method is suitable where open area of the house is more than theconstructed area.

- In such houses, along the back yard of the house, 3 m. dep and 30 cm dia.Percolation pits may be made at an interval of 10 m. each.

- All pits should be filled by coarse sand.

- This would help in sending 70% of rainfall water in to the ground water.



Open ground/field/sports complex like stadium etc

In such places also, we can construct injection well in the corner &divert runoff water to it through filtration tank. As such, largequalities of runoff water could directly by added to ground watersystem.

Wise use of waterWise use of water



Wise use of water Wise use of water

Pipe leakage should be monitored and controlled

to prevent wastage of water. People using small pumps on water lines should be punished.Polymer pipes should be used for water supply.

A chapter on the right use of water should beincluded in school textbooks. Children should betrained by the teachers for right use of water.

Government should bring water legislation to

prevent construction of new bore wells/tube wellswithout permission of state water regulatoryauthority.

A ff ti bli i i d d t



An effective public campaign is needed to

encourage people to save water.

Use of adjustable cistern system in toilets

should be preferred instead of flush

system

Recycling of waste water should be

adopted.

House wives should be specificallytrained for water conservation in all

routine, domestic needs.

Benefits of water Management Conservation and Rain



Benefits of water Management ,Conservation and Rain

Water Harvesting

To avoid depletion of groundwater level, the aquifers must be recharged in every possible manner. There is an urgent need for harvesting every drop of rain water andavoid wastage.

1. We as concerned citizens must follow methods of water conservation at individuallevel, motivate others & help in as many water conservation projects as possible andcreate public awareness at wide scale.

2. From all possible platforms, we should also impress upon the government to

implement community based water conservation programmers as already spelt.

Role of IndustriesRole of Industries

The groundwater level is raised due to recharging of underground water

regime. Dilutes the salt content in wells and improves the water quality.

Improves moisture content in the soil.

Adds to the growth of plants & trees.

Sea water intrusion into the land is arrested.

The water would be available adequately to large population .



A very Big Thank you to all

With the expectation that each one of youBecome concern person for water management, Rain

Water Harvesting and conservative Utilization of water

Resources from this very moment.

ground-water management solutions for industries-2008

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