gross anatomy of the nasal cavity & the pharynx. external nose the external nose includes: –...
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GROSS GROSS ANATOMY OF ANATOMY OF THE NASAL THE NASAL
CAVITY & THE CAVITY & THE PHARYNXPHARYNX
External NoseExternal NoseThe EThe External Nosexternal Nose includes: includes:– The The rootroot (area between the eyebrows) (area between the eyebrows) – The The bridgebridge– The dThe dorsum nasiorsum nasi terminating at the terminating at the apexapex – Just inferior to the Just inferior to the apexapex is the is the philtrumphiltrum. . – The external openings of the nose: nostrils or The external openings of the nose: nostrils or naresnares
are bounded laterally by the flared are bounded laterally by the flared alae.alae.
It is covered with the skin and contains two It is covered with the skin and contains two nasal bones, several cartilages and muscles of nasal bones, several cartilages and muscles of facial expression facial expression The External Nose contains the most anterior The External Nose contains the most anterior part of the Nasal Cavity and Nasal Vestibule.part of the Nasal Cavity and Nasal Vestibule.
External NoseExternal Nose
ApexD
orsu
m
Bridge
AlaP
hiltru
mS
eptu
m
Root
AlaNasalvestibule
Nasal CartilagesNasal Cartilages
Nasalbone
Nasalbone
Nasalbone
External Nose, Nasal Bones & CartilagesExternal Nose, Nasal Bones & Cartilages
Nose, Nasal Bones & CartilagesNose, Nasal Bones & Cartilages
Nose & Nasal CartilagesNose & Nasal Cartilages
Muscles of Facial Expression
Vibrissal Hairs
Main Functions of Nasal CavityMain Functions of Nasal Cavity
It provides an airway for respirationIt provides an airway for respiration
It filters and cleans inspired airIt filters and cleans inspired air
It moistens and warms (cools) the entering airIt moistens and warms (cools) the entering air
It serves as a resonating chamber for speechIt serves as a resonating chamber for speech
It houses the olfactory (smell) receptorsIt houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
Functions of Nasal CavityFunctions of Nasal Cavity
It is also filtered & cleaned there.
Walls of Nasal CavityWalls of Nasal Cavity
The Nasal Cavity is divided by its septum into The Nasal Cavity is divided by its septum into the right and left halves and each half has 4 the right and left halves and each half has 4 walls:walls:– Superior (Roof)Superior (Roof)– Inferior (Floor)Inferior (Floor)– LateralLateral– Medial (Nasal Septum)Medial (Nasal Septum)
Bones of Nasal CavityBones of Nasal CavityWalls:Walls:– Nasal RoofNasal Roof
Nasal Nasal FrontalFrontalEthmoid (cribriform plate)Ethmoid (cribriform plate)Sphenoid (anterior & inferior surfaces of body)Sphenoid (anterior & inferior surfaces of body)
– Nasal FloorNasal FloorIntermaxillary (incisive) boneIntermaxillary (incisive) bonePalatine process of MaxillaPalatine process of MaxillaHorizontal plate of Palatine boneHorizontal plate of Palatine bone
– Lateral WallLateral WallNasalNasalMaxillaMaxillaLacrimalLacrimalEthmoid (labyrinth) Ethmoid (labyrinth) Inferior conchaInferior conchaPalatine (vertical lamina)Palatine (vertical lamina)Sphenoid (medial lamina of pterygoid process)Sphenoid (medial lamina of pterygoid process)
– Medial Wall (Nasal Septum)Medial Wall (Nasal Septum)VomerVomerEthmoid (perpendicular plate)Ethmoid (perpendicular plate)
Bones Of Facial SkeletonBones Of Facial Skeleton
Individual Cranial BonesIndividual Cranial Bones
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Zygomatic Maxilla
Mandible
Ethmoid
Nasal
Vomer
Sphenoid
LacrimalInferior Nasal Concha
Bones of Nasal Cavity
Nasal Cavity
Ethmoid Bone – Coronal Cross SectionEthmoid Bone – Coronal Cross Section
Right LabyrinthLeft Labyrinth
Cribriform Plate
Perpendicular Plate
RightMiddle Concha
LeftMiddle Concha
Areas of Lateral Nasal WallAreas of Lateral Nasal WallVestibule of noseVestibule of noseAtrium of middle meatusAtrium of middle meatus
It is above and posterior to vestibule and anterior to It is above and posterior to vestibule and anterior to middle meatusmiddle meatusAgger nasi – Additional concha close to nasal boneAgger nasi – Additional concha close to nasal bone
Inferior conchaInferior conchaInferior meatus – below conchaInferior meatus – below concha
Middle conchaMiddle conchaMiddle meatus – below conchaMiddle meatus – below concha
Superior conchaSuperior conchaSuperior meatus – below conchaSuperior meatus – below concha
Spheno-ethmoidal recessSpheno-ethmoidal recessAbove superior conchaAbove superior concha
Nasal Vestibule Nasal Vestibule
Is a slight dilation inside the nostril, limited by a Is a slight dilation inside the nostril, limited by a ridge (limen nasi) over which skin is continuous ridge (limen nasi) over which skin is continuous with the mucosawith the mucosa
It is surrounded by cartilageIt is surrounded by cartilage
It is lined with the skin containing coarse hairs It is lined with the skin containing coarse hairs sebaceous glands and sweat glands sebaceous glands and sweat glands
Lateral wall & Openings of Paranasal SinusesLateral wall & Openings of Paranasal Sinuses
Inferior Meatus
Middle Meatus
Sphenoethmoidal Recess
Superior Meatus
NasopharynxAtri
um o
f Mid
dle M
eatu
s
Nasal Vestibule
Oral Cavity
F
S
Bones of Lateral Nasal WallBones of Lateral Nasal Wall
Bones of Nasal Roof & FloorBones of Nasal Roof & Floor
Nasal Roof
Nasal Floor
Ethmoid
Maxilla
Inferior Nasal Concha
Nasal
Frontal
Sphenoid
Palatine
Bones of Nasal FloorBones of Nasal Floor
Components of Inferior Nasal Wall in AdultComponents of Inferior Nasal Wall in AdultView from Oral Cavity
or Incisive bone(primary palate)
Secondary Palate
Interpalatine suture
Nasal SeptumNasal SeptumComponents:Components:
VomerVomer
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bonePerpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Nasal crest of maxillaNasal crest of maxilla
Nasal crest of palatine boneNasal crest of palatine bone
Nasal crest of sphenoid boneNasal crest of sphenoid bone
Vertical crest of nasal boneVertical crest of nasal bone
Nasal spine of frontal boneNasal spine of frontal bone
Nasal septal cartilageNasal septal cartilage
Components of Nasal SeptumComponents of Nasal Septum
Vomer
Septal Cartilage
Perpendicular platePerpendicular plateof Ethmoid boneof Ethmoid bone
Nasal Crest of Palatine BoneNasal Crest of Maxilla
Nasal Crest of Sphenoid Bone
Nasal Spine of Frontal Bone
Vertical Crest of Nasal Bone
Paranasal SinusesParanasal SinusesThese are air-filled cavities, which develop in facial and cranial These are air-filled cavities, which develop in facial and cranial bones.bones.The paranasal sinuses are paired and are named for the bone The paranasal sinuses are paired and are named for the bone in which they are located:in which they are located:– Frontal bone – 2 Frontal sinusesFrontal bone – 2 Frontal sinuses– Sphenoid bone – 2 Sphenoidal sinusesSphenoid bone – 2 Sphenoidal sinuses– Ethmoid bone – 2 Labyrinths with Ethmoidal sinuses (groups of air cells)Ethmoid bone – 2 Labyrinths with Ethmoidal sinuses (groups of air cells)– 2 Maxillary bones – 2 Maxillary sinuses2 Maxillary bones – 2 Maxillary sinuses
Spaces of sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity via their Spaces of sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity via their openings. openings. The sinuses are lined with mucous membrane, which has The sinuses are lined with mucous membrane, which has mucous glands, and it is continuous with that of the nasal cavitymucous glands, and it is continuous with that of the nasal cavitySinuses drain into the nasal cavitySinuses drain into the nasal cavity due to coordinated ciliary due to coordinated ciliary activity.activity.This movement of mucus which is known as muco-ciliary This movement of mucus which is known as muco-ciliary clearance is not random but rather programmed so that mucus clearance is not random but rather programmed so that mucus moves along in a pattern.moves along in a pattern.This secretion keeps the nose and sinuses moist.This secretion keeps the nose and sinuses moist.The sinus does not “drain” by gravity-it is an active processThe sinus does not “drain” by gravity-it is an active process
Location of Paranasal SinusesLocation of Paranasal Sinuses FrontalFrontal- Paired, in the frontal bone. One sinus per side located in - Paired, in the frontal bone. One sinus per side located in
the forehead. They are separated from each other by a bony septum the forehead. They are separated from each other by a bony septum which deviates from the median plane. Usually asymmetrical, and which deviates from the median plane. Usually asymmetrical, and roughly in shape extending upward above the medial end of the roughly in shape extending upward above the medial end of the eyebrow and backward into the medial part of the roof of the orbiteyebrow and backward into the medial part of the roof of the orbit ..
EthmoidalEthmoidal- Contained within the labyrinths of the ethmoid bone. - Contained within the labyrinths of the ethmoid bone. Approximately 6-12 small sinuses per side, located in the lateral wall Approximately 6-12 small sinuses per side, located in the lateral wall of nasal cavity between the orbit and nasal cavity.of nasal cavity between the orbit and nasal cavity.
SphenoidalSphenoidal- Paired, in the body of sphenoid bone. One sinus per its - Paired, in the body of sphenoid bone. One sinus per its side, located behind the ethmoid sinuses, beside the midline of the side, located behind the ethmoid sinuses, beside the midline of the body. Pituitary fossa of Sella Turcica projects into this space. Each body. Pituitary fossa of Sella Turcica projects into this space. Each sinus opens into the spheno-ethmoidal recess above the superior sinus opens into the spheno-ethmoidal recess above the superior concha.concha.
Maxillary (Antrum) Maxillary (Antrum) - Paired, in maxilla. One sinus located in each - Paired, in maxilla. One sinus located in each side of the face. It is pyramidal in shape with the base forming the side of the face. It is pyramidal in shape with the base forming the lateral wall of the nose and the apex in the zygomatic process of the lateral wall of the nose and the apex in the zygomatic process of the maxilla. Inferiorly related to tooth-bearing area of maxilla. The roof is maxilla. Inferiorly related to tooth-bearing area of maxilla. The roof is formed by the floor of the orbit while the floor is formed by the formed by the floor of the orbit while the floor is formed by the alveolar process of maxilla. The roots of the first, second premolars, alveolar process of maxilla. The roots of the first, second premolars, the molar and sometimes the root of the canine project up into the the molar and sometimes the root of the canine project up into the sinus.sinus.
Location of Paranasal SinusesLocation of Paranasal Sinuses
Location of Paranasal SinusesLocation of Paranasal Sinuses
Location of Paranasal SinusesLocation of Paranasal Sinuses
Frontal Sinus (Sagittal Section)Frontal Sinus (Sagittal Section)
Right Frontal Sinus – Diploe is removedRight Frontal Sinus – Diploe is removed
Frontal Sinus
Orbit
Nose
Extension of Frontal Sinuses in Upper Orbital WallsExtension of Frontal Sinuses in Upper Orbital Walls
Frontal Sinus
Frontal Sinus
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Paranasal Air SinusesParanasal Air Sinuses
Sphenoid Air Sinus
Ethmoid Air Sinuses
Maxillary Air Sinus
Sagittal Cross Section
Sphenoidal Sinus – Sagittal Cross SectionSphenoidal Sinus – Sagittal Cross Section
Sphenoidal Sinus
Sphenoidal Sinus – Coronal Cross SectionSphenoidal Sinus – Coronal Cross Section (Posterior View)(Posterior View)
Sphenoidal Sinus
Ethmoidal Sinuses (Air Cells)Ethmoidal Sinuses (Air Cells)Coronal Cross Section
Roof of Ethmoidal Sinuses in LabyrinthsRoof of Ethmoidal Sinuses in LabyrinthsHorizontal Cross Section
Left Maxilla – Medial ViewLeft Maxilla – Medial View
Maxillary Sinus
Small Right Maxillary Sinus – Coronal SectionSmall Right Maxillary Sinus – Coronal Section
Right Orbit
Palate
Left Maxillary Sinus – Coronal SectionLeft Maxillary Sinus – Coronal Section
Maxillary Sinus
Hard Palate
Floor
Infraorbital CanalFrom Behind
Apex
Roof
Base
Inferior Orbital Wall
Molar Tooth
External Nose & Left Maxillary SinusExternal Nose & Left Maxillary Sinus
Knife Entering Left Maxillary SinusKnife Entering Left Maxillary Sinus
Paranasal Sinuses: Site of Drainage to Nasal CavityParanasal Sinuses: Site of Drainage to Nasal CavityMaxillaryMaxillary– It drains into the middle nasal meatus through the hiatus It drains into the middle nasal meatus through the hiatus
semilunarissemilunaris
FrontalFrontal– It drains into the middle meatus via frontonasal duct, It drains into the middle meatus via frontonasal duct,
infundibuluminfundibulum and hiatus semilunarisand hiatus semilunaris
SphenoidalSphenoidal– It drains into the sphenoethmoidal recessIt drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess
EthmoidalEthmoidal– Anterior Group of air cellsAnterior Group of air cells
They drain into the Infundibulum and into the middle They drain into the Infundibulum and into the middle nasal meatusnasal meatus
– Middle Group of air cells Middle Group of air cells They drain into the Middle nasal meatus on or above They drain into the Middle nasal meatus on or above bulla ethmoidalisbulla ethmoidalis
– Posterior Group of air cellsPosterior Group of air cellsThey drain into the Superior nasal meatusThey drain into the Superior nasal meatus
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCECLINICAL SIGNIFICANCESinuses frequently become infected due to Sinuses frequently become infected due to obstruction of normal drainage, and negative obstruction of normal drainage, and negative pressure in a sinus can cause headaches. pressure in a sinus can cause headaches. Blockage of the sinus ostium results in Blockage of the sinus ostium results in reduction of ventilation and drainage. reduction of ventilation and drainage. – If the ostium is smaller than 2.5 mm, sinus is If the ostium is smaller than 2.5 mm, sinus is
predisposed to development of disease. predisposed to development of disease. – Obstruction interrupts the self-cleaning mechanism Obstruction interrupts the self-cleaning mechanism
of the affected sinus therefore secretion stagnates of the affected sinus therefore secretion stagnates and changes composition.and changes composition.
Neoplasms which arise in the sinuses can be Neoplasms which arise in the sinuses can be occult for quite a long time, so that they are occult for quite a long time, so that they are usually very advanced at the time of diagnosis.usually very advanced at the time of diagnosis.
Water’s View of Paranasal sinusesWater’s View of Paranasal sinuses
Drainage of Nasolacrimal Duct into Inferior Nasal MeatusDrainage of Nasolacrimal Duct into Inferior Nasal Meatus
Nerves of Nasal SeptumNerves of Nasal SeptumOlfactory nervesOlfactory nervesMedial nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal Medial nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve nerve (anterior & upper part of septum)(anterior & upper part of septum)
Nasal Branches from pterygopalatine ganglionNasal Branches from pterygopalatine ganglion– Nasopalatine nerveNasopalatine nerve– Medial posterior superior nasal branchesMedial posterior superior nasal branches
Nasal branches of Infraorbital nerve (movable Nasal branches of Infraorbital nerve (movable part of nasal septum) part of nasal septum) Nasal branch of Anterior superior alveolar Nasal branch of Anterior superior alveolar nervenerve
Near anterior nasal spineNear anterior nasal spine
Nasal branches from nerve of pterygoid canalNasal branches from nerve of pterygoid canal
NERVES OF NASAL SEPTUMNERVES OF NASAL SEPTUM
Nerves of Nasal WallsNerves of Nasal Walls
Nerves of Lateral Nasal WallNerves of Lateral Nasal WallOlfactory nervesOlfactory nerves
External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerveExternal nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve
Lateral nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerveLateral nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve
Branches from pterygopalatine ganglionBranches from pterygopalatine ganglion– Lateral posterior superior nasal branchesLateral posterior superior nasal branches– Lateral posterior inferior nasal branches of greater palatine Lateral posterior inferior nasal branches of greater palatine
nervenerve
Infratrochlear nerve (side of the nose) Infratrochlear nerve (side of the nose)
Infraorbital nerve (maxillary sinus, nasal vestibule) Infraorbital nerve (maxillary sinus, nasal vestibule) – Nasal branch of Anterior superior alveolar nerve (floor and Nasal branch of Anterior superior alveolar nerve (floor and
lateral wall up to semilunar hiatus) lateral wall up to semilunar hiatus)
Facial nerve (nasal muscles) Facial nerve (nasal muscles)
Nerves of Lateral Nasal WallNerves of Lateral Nasal Wall
Autonomic Nerves of Nasal CavityAutonomic Nerves of Nasal Cavity
Arteries of Nasal SeptumArteries of Nasal SeptumSeptal branches of Sphenopalatine artery Septal branches of Sphenopalatine artery
Septal branches of anterior ethmoidal arterySeptal branches of anterior ethmoidal artery
Septal branches of posterior ethmoidal arterySeptal branches of posterior ethmoidal artery
Septal branch of superior labial arterySeptal branch of superior labial artery
Terminal nasal part of greater palatine arteryTerminal nasal part of greater palatine artery
Nasal ArteriesNasal Arteries
Arteries of Lateral Nasal WallArteries of Lateral Nasal WallLateral branches of Sphenopalatine artery Lateral branches of Sphenopalatine artery
Terminal nasal branch of Greater palatine Terminal nasal branch of Greater palatine arteryartery
Lateral branches of anterior Ethmoidal arteryLateral branches of anterior Ethmoidal artery
Lateral branches of posterior Ethmoidal arteryLateral branches of posterior Ethmoidal artery
Nasal branches of Infraorbital arteryNasal branches of Infraorbital artery
Superior (anterior & posterior) Alveolar arteriesSuperior (anterior & posterior) Alveolar arteries
Lateral branch of superior Labial arteryLateral branch of superior Labial artery
Lateral nasal branch of Facial arteryLateral nasal branch of Facial artery
Arteries of Lateral Nasal WallArteries of Lateral Nasal Wall
Arteries of External NoseArteries of External Nose
Venous Drainage of Nasal CavityVenous Drainage of Nasal Cavity
Drainage Drainage is via veins accompanying arteries. is via veins accompanying arteries.
Veins form rich submucosal cavernous plexus, Veins form rich submucosal cavernous plexus, which is dense in lower part of septum and in which is dense in lower part of septum and in middle and inferior conchae – middle and inferior conchae – swell bodiesswell bodies
Arteriovenous anastomoses occur there. Arteriovenous anastomoses occur there.
A few veins pass through cribriform plate to A few veins pass through cribriform plate to drain into intracranial veins of anterior cranial drain into intracranial veins of anterior cranial fossa. fossa.
When foramen caecum is patent it transmits a When foramen caecum is patent it transmits a vein from nasal cavity to superior sagital vein from nasal cavity to superior sagital venous sinus.venous sinus.
Nasal VeinsNasal Veins
Swell BodiesSwell Bodies
Every 20-30 minutes, swell bodies on one side Every 20-30 minutes, swell bodies on one side of nasal cavity become engorged with blood, of nasal cavity become engorged with blood, resulting in swelling of conchal mucosa and resulting in swelling of conchal mucosa and decrease in the flow of air, which is directed to decrease in the flow of air, which is directed to other side of nasal cavity. These periodic other side of nasal cavity. These periodic intervals of occlusion allow respiratory intervals of occlusion allow respiratory epithelium to recover from over chilling, epithelium to recover from over chilling, overheating or over drying (desiccation). overheating or over drying (desiccation).
Venous Drainage from External NoseVenous Drainage from External Nose
GROSS GROSS ANATOMY OF ANATOMY OF
THE THE PHARYNXPHARYNX
The PharynxThe PharynxIs located behind nasal cavities, mouth & larynxIs located behind nasal cavities, mouth & larynxIs a musculocutaneous tube, 12 – 14 cm longIs a musculocutaneous tube, 12 – 14 cm longExtends from cranial base to level of C6 & lower Extends from cranial base to level of C6 & lower border of cricoid cartilage of the larynxborder of cricoid cartilage of the larynxHas its width greatest superiorly (3.5 cm) and it is Has its width greatest superiorly (3.5 cm) and it is reduced up to 1.5 cm at junction with esophagusreduced up to 1.5 cm at junction with esophagusIs attached from above downwards on each side to:Is attached from above downwards on each side to:
Base of skull has strong liner attachment of pharyngobasilar fascia to Base of skull has strong liner attachment of pharyngobasilar fascia to basilar occipital & petrous temporal bones: basilar occipital & petrous temporal bones:
From pharyngeal tubercle - laterally, to external carotid foramen and From pharyngeal tubercle - laterally, to external carotid foramen and then anteromedially, to base of medial pterygoid plate then anteromedially, to base of medial pterygoid plate
Posterior Border of Medial Pterygoid PlatePosterior Border of Medial Pterygoid PlatePterygomandibular RaphePterygomandibular RaphePosterior end of Mylohyoid line of MandiblePosterior end of Mylohyoid line of MandibleSide of TongueSide of Tongue Hyoid boneHyoid boneThyroid & Cricoid cartilagesThyroid & Cricoid cartilages
The PharynxThe PharynxIs subdivided into three parts:Is subdivided into three parts:– Nasopharynx: behind choanaeNasopharynx: behind choanae
From base of the skull in front of C1 & C2From base of the skull in front of C1 & C2It communicates with Tympanic Cavity via Auditory tube It communicates with Tympanic Cavity via Auditory tube
– Oropharynx: behind the mouthOropharynx: behind the mouthIn front of C3In front of C3
– Laryngopharynx: behind the larynxLaryngopharynx: behind the larynxIn front of C4, C5, C6In front of C4, C5, C6
Pharyngeal wall has the following layers:Pharyngeal wall has the following layers:– Mucous membraneMucous membrane– Pharyngobasilar fasciaPharyngobasilar fascia– Muscular coatMuscular coat– Buccopharyngeal fasciaBuccopharyngeal fascia
The PharynxThe Pharynx
Nasopharynx
PharynxOropharynx
Laryngopharynx
C3
Skull – Attachment of Pharyngobasilar FasciaSkull – Attachment of Pharyngobasilar Fascia
Pharyngeal Tubercle
Line of Attachment
Skull – Attachment of Pharyngobasilar FasciaSkull – Attachment of Pharyngobasilar Fascia
Anterior Pharyngeal Wall from BehindAnterior Pharyngeal Wall from Behind
Pharyngeal MusculaturePharyngeal MusculatureIt includes It includes threethree ConstrictorConstrictor and and threethree ElevatorElevator muscles. muscles.Constrictor muscles:Constrictor muscles:– Superior Pharyngeal ConstrictorSuperior Pharyngeal Constrictor– Middle Pharyngeal ConstrictorMiddle Pharyngeal Constrictor– Inferior Pharyngeal ConstrictorInferior Pharyngeal Constrictor
Elevator muscles:Elevator muscles:– Stylopharyngeus Stylopharyngeus Glossopharyngeal nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve– PalatopharyngeusPalatopharyngeus– SalpingopharyngeusSalpingopharyngeus
Motor innervation is from cranial part of Accessory nerve Motor innervation is from cranial part of Accessory nerve through through Vagus: itsVagus: its branchesbranches forming forming Pharyngeal plexus Pharyngeal plexus (Exception: Stylopharyngeus)(Exception: Stylopharyngeus) Sensory innervation: Sensory innervation: Pharyngeal plexusPharyngeal plexus, which is formed by , which is formed by pharyngeal branches of pharyngeal branches of Vagus, Glossopharyngeal Vagus, Glossopharyngeal and rami of and rami of Sympathetic trunk. Nasopharynx is supplied by Sympathetic trunk. Nasopharynx is supplied by branches of the branches of the Maxillary nerve. Maxillary nerve.
Attachments of Pharyngeal ConstrictorsAttachments of Pharyngeal Constrictors
SuperiorMiddle
Inferior
Pharyngeal Muscles from BehindPharyngeal Muscles from Behind
Pharyngeal & Palatal Muscles from BehindPharyngeal & Palatal Muscles from Behind
Pharyngeal Muscles from the SidePharyngeal Muscles from the Side
View of Pharynx from BehindView of Pharynx from Behind
Naso & OropharynxNaso & Oropharynx
Middle Concha
Inferior Concha
Palatoglossal fold
LingualTonsil
S.S.
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
PharyngealTonsil
Palatopharyngeal fold
Tongue
Torus tubarius
Opening of Auditory Tube
Tubal Tonsil
PalatineTonsil
Epiglottis
C2
Right Auditory Tube (Cartilaginous Part)Right Auditory Tube (Cartilaginous Part)
Pharyngeal Blood SupplyPharyngeal Blood SupplyBranches of Ascending Pharyngeal ArteryBranches of Ascending Pharyngeal ArteryBranches of Facial ArteryBranches of Facial Artery
Ascending palatineAscending palatineTonsillar ramiTonsillar rami
Branches of Maxillary ArteryBranches of Maxillary ArteryGreater PalatineGreater PalatinePharyngealPharyngealArtery of Pterygoid CanalArtery of Pterygoid Canal
Branches of Lingual ArteryBranches of Lingual ArteryDorsal Lingual Rami Dorsal Lingual Rami
Venous Drainage:Venous Drainage:Pharyngeal plexus of veins to Pterygoid Plexus, Internal Pharyngeal plexus of veins to Pterygoid Plexus, Internal Jugular Vein & Facial veinJugular Vein & Facial vein
Structures of Naso & OropharynxStructures of Naso & Oropharynx
Pterygoid Plexus of VeinPterygoid Plexus of Vein
Pterygoid Plexus of Veins
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