gross anatomy of the muscular system lab week of february 18, 2008 marieb & mitchell: exercise...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System Lab Week of February 18, 2008 Marieb & Mitchell: Exercise 15 Martini: Chapter 11](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062713/56649cc05503460f9498769e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
Lab
Week of February 18, 2008
Marieb & Mitchell: Exercise 15
Martini: Chapter 11
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• muscle– fascicles
• fibers
• fibers of a single fascicle always parallel
• fascicles of a muscle can be arranged in various ways
Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
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Muscles are classified by how the fascicles are organized
1. Parallel (e.g., biceps brachii muscle)• most common arrangement
2. Convergent (e.g.,pectoralis muscle)• fascicles fan or triangle shaped, converge to attach
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Muscles are classified by how the fascicles are organized
3. Pennate (unipennate, bipennate and multipennate)• fasicles form angle toward tendon
4. Circular (e.g.,orbicularis oris)• sphincter, contracts to reduce diameter of opening
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Origins and Insertions
• The ends of skeletal muscles are always attached to other structures– fixed end is called ORIGIN
• usually attached to bone or cartilage
– movable end is called INSERTION• usually proximal to insertion
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How are muscles named?
1. location in the body • e.g., temporalis muscle
2. Origin and Insertion• first part = origin, 2nd part = insertion
3. Fascicle Organization• e.g., Rectus means “straight”• e.g., transverse means “across”• e.g., oblique means “oblique angle”
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How are muscles named?
4. Relative Position• e.g., superficialis, internus, lateralis, etc…
5. Structural Characteristics (shape and size)• e.g., deltoid, rhomboid, major, longus, etc…
6. Action• e.g., abductor, extensor, rotator, etc…
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Muscular Actions
• Agonists (prime mover)– responsible for a particular movement
• Antagonist– against movement of agonist
• Synergists– aid agonists, stabilize an action
• Fixators– specialized synergists– immobilize the origin of agonist so all tension is
exerted at the insertion point
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Epicranius – frontalis
• action: raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Epicranius– occipitalis
• action: tenses and pulls scalp posteriorly
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Orbicularis Oculi– action: closes eye, squinting
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Orbicularis oris– action: constricts mouth (whistle, kissing)
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Zygomaticus– action: the elevates corners of mouth and
upper lip• smiling muscle • antagonist to depressor
anguli oris
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Levator Labii Superioris– action: raises upper lip, opens lips
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Depressor Labii Inferioris– action: depresses lower lip
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Depressor Anguli Oris– action: draws corners of mouth down
• frowning muslce• antagonist to
zygomaticus
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Depressor Anguli Oris– action: draws corners of mouth down
• frowning muslce• antagonist to
zygomaticus
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Masseter– origin: zygomatic arch– insertion: mandibular ramus– action:
• elevates mandible• closes jaw
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Temporalis– action:
• elevates mandible• closes jaw
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Sternocleidomastoid– origin: clavicle or manubrium– insertion: mastoid process– action:
• together: flex neck• 1 side: bends head
towards shoulder and
turns face to opposite
side
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Scalenes– origin: cervical vertebrae – insertion: Ribs 1-2– action: elevates ribs,
flexes neck
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Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Splenius Capitis– action: extend and hyperextend head
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Erector Spinae– iliocostalis– spinalis– longissimus
• together: extends vertebral column
• along: lateral flexion
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• External Intercostals– origin: rib above – insertion: rib below– action: elevates ribs
• inspiration
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Internal Intercostals– origin: rib below – insertion: rib above– action: depresses ribs
• breath out
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Diaphragm– origin: xiphoid process,
cartilage of ribs 4-10, lumbar
vertebrae– action: expands thoracic
cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Transverse Abdominus– insertion: linea alba– action: compresses
abdominopelvic cavity
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Internal Oblique– insertion: linea alba– action: compresses
abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes or bends spine
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• External Oblique– insertion: linea alba– action: compresses
abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes or bends spine
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Rectus Abdominus– origin: pubic symphesis– insertion: xyphoid
process– action: depresses ribs,
compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Trapezius– origin: midline of neck
and back– insertion: clavicles and
scapular spines– action: elevation,
depression, rotation, adduction of scapula, extension of head
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Rhomboid Major– origin: T2-T5 spinous
processes– insertion: vertebral
border of scapula– action: adduction of
scapula
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Rhomboid Minor– origin: C7 and T1
spinous process– insertion: vertebral
border of scapula– action: adduction of
scapula
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Levator Scapulae– origin: C1-4 transverse
process– insertion: vertebral
border of scapula– action: elevates scapula
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Pectoralis Minor– origin: anterior surface of
ribs 3-5– insertion: coracoid
process of scapula– action: depresses and
contracts scapular end of clavicle (in complement with subclavius muscle)
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Muscles of the Trunk and Back
• Serratus Anterior– origin: ribs– insertion: scapula– action: abducts scapula,
swings shoulder anteriorly
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Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System
Lab
Week of February 25, 2008
Marieb & Mitchell: Exercise 15
Martini: Chapter 11
MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
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Pectoralis Major
• Origin– Cartilages of ribs 2-6, body of sternum,
inferior medial clavicle• Insertion
– Humerus (greater tubercle and lip of intertubercular groove)
• Action– Flex, adduct, medially rotate shoulder joint
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Latissimus Dorsi
• Origin– T6-12, lumbar, sacrum, ileum
• Insertion– Humerus (floor of intertubercular groove)
• Action– Adduction, extension, medial rotation at the
shoulder joint
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Coracobrachialis
• Origin– Coracoid process of scapula
• Insertion– Humerus (shaft)
• Action– Adduct, flex at shoulder joint
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Supraspinatus
• Origin– Supraspinous fossa of scapula
• Insertion– Humerus (greater tubercle)
• Action– Abduction at shoulder joint, stabilizes joint
• Rotator cuff group
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Infraspinatus
• Origin– Infraspinous fossa of scapula
• Insertion– Humerus (greater tubercle)
• Action– Lateral rotation at shoulder joint
• Rotator cuff group
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Teres Minor
• Origin– Lateral border of scapula
• Insertion– Humerus (greater tubercle)
• Action– Lateral rotation at shoulder joint, stabilizes
• Rotator cuff group
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Subscapularis
• Origin– Subscapular fossa of scapula
• Insertion– Humerus (lesser tubercle)
• Action– Medial rotation at shoulder joint
• Rotator Cuff Group
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Teres Major
• Origin– Inferior angle of scapula
• Insertion– Humerus (lip of intertubercular groove)
• Action– Extension, adduction, medial rotation at
shoulder joint
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Deltoid
• Origin– Clavicle, scapula (spine and acromion)
• Insertion– Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
• Action– Altogether Abduction at shoulder joint– Anterior flexion, medial rotation at shoulder– Posterior extension, lateral rotation at
shoulder
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Biceps Brachii
• Origins– Long head
• Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
– Short head• Coracoid process of scapula
• Insertion– Tuberosity of radius
• Action– Flex at elbow AND shoulder joint, supination
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Brachialis
• Origin– Humerus
• Insertion– Ulna
• Action– Flexes forearm (elbow joint)
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Triceps Brachii• Origin
– Long: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
– Lateral: humerus
– Medial: humerus
• Insertion– Olecranon of Ulna (for all 3)
• Action– Long: extension elbow joint, extension and adduction
at shoulder joint– Lateral and Medial: extension at elbow joint
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Brachioradialis
• Origin– Distal humerus
• Insertion– radius
• Action– Flexion at elbow joint
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Pronator Teres
• Action– Pronation (forearm)
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
• Action– Flex, adduct wrist
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
• Action– Flex, abduct wrist
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
• Action– Flexion at proximal interphalangeal– Flexion at metacarpophalangeal– Flexion at wrist
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
• Action– Extend, abduct wrist
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
• Action– Extend, abduct wrist
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
• Action– Extend, adduct wrist
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Extensor Digitorum
• Action– Extension at finger joints and wrist joints
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Adam Packet 1:muscles of the head, neck, chest and back
• Using the Adam software, identify the muscles in the packet (pgs 8-16).
• Answer questions 1-15 on a SEPARATE piece of notebook paper and turn it in by NEXT LAB PERIOD.
• NOTE:– You will find the answers in Exercise 15 of Marieb and
Chapter 11 of Martini.