Gross Anatomy of Appendicular

Muscles

Biology 260

M. Iyengar

MEDIAN N.

AXILLARY N. & RADIAL N.

Breaking down the Brachial plexus

Developmentally Axial Muscles AttachingPectoral Girdle to Body Wall

Trapezius

Serratus anterior

Developmentally Axial Muscles AttachingPectoral Girdle to Body Wall

Rhomboids major

Rhomboids minor

Levator scapulae

INNERVATION ACTION MUSCLES (synergists) Attachments

Axillary N.

Adducts and elevates scapulaRetracts and depresses scapula

TrapeziusMed: Occipital boneLat: Clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula

Protracts, rotates, and stabilizes scapula

Serratus anteriorSup: Medial border of scapulaInf: Ribs 1-9

Retracts, elevates, and adducts scapula

Rhomboid minor

Med: Spinous processes of C7-T1Lat: Medial border of scapula

Rhomboid major

Med: Spinous processes of T2-T5Lat: Medial border of scapula

Elevates the scapula

Levator scapulae

Sup: Transverse processes of C1-C4Inf: Medial border of scapula

Muscles of the thorax and shoulder

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Subscapularis is deep

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Teres Minor

GROUP INNERVATION ACTION MUSCLES (synergists) Attachments

Pectoralis minorSup: Coracoid process of scapulaInf: Ribs 3-5

Rotator cuff

*Axillary N

SubscapularisP: Subscapular fossa of scapulaD: Lesser tubercle of humerus

SupraspinatusP: Suprascapular fossa of scapulaD: Greater tubercle of humerus

InfraspinatusP: Infrascapular fossa of scapulaD: Greater tubercle of humerus

*Teres minorP: Lateral border of scapulaD: Greater tubercle of humerus

Muscles of the thorax and shoulder

Muscles of the thorax and shoulder

GROUP ACTION INNERVATION MUSCLES (synergists) Attachment ANTAGONISTS

Adductors

Pectoralis majorP: Clavicle and body of sternumD: Intertubercular groove of humerus

Latissimus dorsiP: Thoracolumbar fasciaD: Intertubercular groove of humerus

Teres majorP: Inferior angle of scapulaD: Lesser tubercle & Intertubercular groove of humerus

Abductors DeltoideusP: Clavical (acromial end); acromion and spine of scapulaD: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Muscles of the brachial regionTriceps, long head Triceps, lateral head Triceps, medial head

Muscles of the brachial region

CoracobrachialisBiceps brachii Brachialis

Muscles of the brachial region

GROUP ACTION INNERVATION MUSCLES (synergists) Attachment ANTAGONISTS

Brachial Flexors

CoracobrachialisP: Coracoid process of scapulaD: Shaft of humerus

Biceps brachiiP: Coracoid process of scapulaD: Radial tuberosity

BrachialisP: HumerusD: Coronoid process of ulna

*BrachioradialisP: HumerusD: Styloid process of radius

Brachial Extensors

Triceps lateral headTriceps medial headTriceps long head*

P: Scapula or humerusD: Olecranon process of ulna

Teres majorP: Inferior angle of scapulaD: Lesser tubercle of humerus

Muscles of the antebrachial region

Muscles of the antebrachial region

Muscles of the antebrachial regionBrachioradialis Extensor digitorum

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Muscles of the antebrachial regionExtensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor carpi radialis longus

GROUP ACTION INNERVATION MUSCLES (synergists) Attachment ANTAGONISTS

AntebrachialFlexors

Flexor carpi radials Palmaris longusFlexor carpi ulnaris

P: Medial epicondyle the humerusD: Metacarpals or phalanges

Antebrachial Extensors

Extenstor carpi radialis longus & brevisExtensor digitorumExtensor carpi ulnaris

P: Lateral epicondyle of humerusD: Metacarpals or phalanges

Pronator teresP: Medial epicondyle the humerusD: Lateral surface of radius

Muscles of the antebrachial region

Breaking down the Lumbosacral plexus

Peroneal (common fibular)

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

IliacusOrigin: Internal iliac fossaInsertion: Lesser trochanterInnervation: ventral primary rami of L2-L4 and branches from femoral nerveFunction: Flex and externally rotate hip.

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

Psoas

PsoasOrigin: T12-L5 lateral vertebral bodies and transverse processes.Insertion: Lesser trochanterInnervation: Femoral nerve L2-L4Function: Flex and externally rotate hip.

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and kneePectineus

Adductor brevis

Adductor longus

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

Obturator externusAdductor magnus

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

Gluteus maximusGluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

GMx

GMd

GMn

Pi

Obi

SG

IG

QF

Gluteal muscle group attachments

Muscles of the hip, thigh, and knee

Quadrant system Dorsal

Ventral

Cranial Caudal

QuadsFemoral NIlium (ant.)

GlutesPeronealIlium (post.)

AdductorsObturator N.Pubis

HamstringsTibial N.Ischium

GROUP INNERVATION ACTION MUSCLES(synergists)

Attachments ANTAGONISTS

Quadriceps

SartoriusP: anterior superior iliac spineD: medial surface of tibia

Vastus groupP: linea aspera of femurD: patella and patellar ligament

Rectus femorisP: anterior superior iliac spineD: patella and patellar ligament

½ Tensor facia latae See below

Hamstrings

Biceps femorisP: Ischial tuberosity & linea asperaD: Head of fibula

SemitendinosusP: Ischial tuberosityD: Proximal medial surface of tibia

SemimembranosusP: Ischial tuberosityD: Post. of medial condyle of tibia

Adductors

GracilisP: Inf. Ramus & body of pubisD: Upper medial surface tibia

Adductor brevisP: Inf. Ramus & body of pubisD: Linea aspera

Adductor longusP: Pubis near pubic symphysisD: Linea aspera

Adductor magnusP: Inf. Ramus & ischial tuberosityD: Linea aspera

Abductors

½ Tensor facia lataeP: Iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spineD: Iliotibial band

Gluteus mediusP: Post. iliac crestD: Greater trochanter

Gluteus minimusP: Lateral surface of iliumD: Greater trochanter

Gluteus maximusP: Iliac crest & sacrumD: Iliotibial band & linea aspera

Muscles of the Ankle and Toes

Muscles of the Ankle and Toes

Muscles of the Ankle and Toes

Tibialis anteriorOrigin: Fibula, head and proximal 2/3Insertion: Medial cuneiformInnervation: Peroneal nerve Action: Plantar flexion, subtalar eversion, support transverse arch

Peroneus longusOrigin: Fibula, head and proximal 2/3Insertion: Medial cuneiformInnervation: Peroneal nerve Action: Plantar flexion, subtalar eversion, support transverse arch

Peroneus brevisOrigin: Fibula distal 1/2Insertion: 5th metatarsalInnervation: Peroneal nerve Action: Plantar flexion, subtalar eversion

Muscles of the Ankle and Toes

Muscles of the Ankle and Toes

Gastrocnemius medial headOrigin: Medial femoral epicondyleInsertion: Calcaneal tuberosity via Achilles tendonInnervation: Tibial nerve S1-S2Function: Plantar flexion, knee flexion

Gastrocnemius lateral headOrigin: Lateral femoral epicondyleInsertion: Calcaneal tuberosity via Achilles tendonInnervation: Tibial nerve S1-S2Function: Plantar flexion, knee flexion

Muscles of the Ankle and Toes

Soleus

Origin: Head and neck of tibia and fibulaInsertion: Calcaneal tuberosityInnervation: Tibialnerve S1-S2Function: Plantar fexion

Muscles of the Ankle and Toes

Plantaris

Origin: Lateral femoral epicondyleInsertion: Calcaneal tuberosityInnervation: Tibial nerve S1-S2Function: Negligible

Muscles of the lower leg