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Gro I. van der Meeren, Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt, Even Moland, Esopen Moland Olsen, Alf Ring Kleiven, Knut Jrstad, Ellen S. Grefsrud, Eva Farestveit, Ole Ingar Paulsen & Trude H. Thangstad Institute of Marine Research, PB 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, NORWAY Stock Enhancement in European Lobster: Relations to Lobster Biology, Fisheries and Management

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Lobster research in Norway today Aquaculture Stock enhancement MPA Fisheries monitoring and technology Reproduction, Recruitment and carrying capacity Behaviour Diseases (ongoing) (terminated) (ongoing) (terminated) (ongoing) Projects at the IMR

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Where are the fisheries? The development of the fisheries The value of the fisheries. Fisheries regulations. Where are we heading?

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The decapod crustacean fisheries in Norway

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Data sources: Anon 1995. Historical Statistics 1994. Ch. 15 Fishing, Sealing and Whaling. Statistics Norway, Oslo Kongsvinger 1995: pp343-364. and kindly uptadet to 2007 by the Norwegian Directorate for Fisheries Euopean lobster Brown crab Deep sea shrimp Norway lobster Red king crab Historic landings

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Fisheries regulations State of the stocks: Red-listed Expanding Assumed good Expanding Regulations: TAC a - - X - X Quota per boat - - - - X License - - X X X Season closures X X X X X Gear regulations X X X X X MLS b X X X X X MaxLS - - - - - Protection of females - - - - X Protection of berried females X - - - X Cultivation X - - - X MPA c X - - - -

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Data sources: Anon 1995. Historical Statistics 1994. Ch. 15 Fishing, Sealing and Whaling. Statistics Norway, Oslo Kongsvinger 1995: pp343-364. and kindly uptadet to 2007 by the Norwegian Directorate for Fisheries Landings of Homarus gammarus and Nephrops norvegicus

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Total catch # of lobstersKiloProp of total Total recreational catch25400166000,65 Total commercial catch1210079000,31 Unknown14009000,04 Official commercial landings280318310,07 Total catch3920025400 Alf Ring Kleiven 1,2, Esben Moland Olsen 1 Jon Helge Vlstad 1

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Where are we heading? 2005 Introducing ecosystem-based management of marine resources to replace single-species approaches, Wide geographical scales Traditions Weak databases = Separate management for these fisheries

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The management approach must be founded on Biological and ecological data, Insight in the ecosystem each species Understanding of the value of these fisheries The social implications

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Will be good for stock size Cannot replace the management of the surrounding waters. MPA may not be anything but conservation. Mats Ulmestrand Swedish National Board of Fisheries yvind Fiksen Modeling group, University of Bergen Volker Grimm UFZ, Leipzig MPA A ) Mean catch-per-unit-effort inside reserve- and control areas before and after reserve establishment. B) Mean size of lobsters (total length) caught in reserve and control areas before and after reserve establishment. C) Egg size of egg bearing females inside-outside in reserve and control areas before and after establishment Even Moland, Esben M. Olsen, Halvor Knutsen, Alf Ring Kleiven, Jan Atle Knutsen, IMR

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Cultivation by rear and release strategies Protects the organisms through vulnerable life stages Provides a stable and controlled recruitment Has been attempted in a range of both terrestrial and limnic organisms Has more often than not been based on good ideas, best guesses, and trial-and-error methods Result: Few succesful programmes Cause: Lack of ecological understanding

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Intention and wanted outcome Rear organism Release Settling in Growth

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1.Morphology, Physiology and Neurology 2.Effect of Handling, Release and Physical Sea Conditions 3.Experience 4.Competition 5.Habitat 6.Predators 7.Food Factors that will have influence on the outcome

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Morphology: Relations between Claw Size, Weight and Carapace Length y = 0,386x - 1,2681 R 2 = 0,6343 y = 0,4777x + 6,3626 2 R = 0,2973 100 200 300 400 350450550650750850950 Weight (g) CI (cm3) American lobster. CI (cm3)European lobster CL (mm) y = 0,0478x + 61,337 R 2 = 0,425 y = 0,0435x + 67,813 R 2 = 0,8412 80 90 100 110 350450550650750850950 Weight (g) CL (mm) van der Meeren, Wahle & Ekeli, in prep

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0 3 6 9 12 0,52,54,56,58,5111519355575 Cum. nos. Min. Eur. lobsterAm. lobster Evicted from shelter by an introduced competitor Morphology: Shelter competition van der Meeren, Wahle & Ekeli, in prep

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Handling: Transportation Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 1991. Out-of-Water Transportation Effects on Behaviour in Newly Released Juvenile Atlantic Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Aquaculture Engineering 10: 55-64. L/PD/PD/P/WDD/W L/W Seconds 120 100 80 60 40 20 Rushing along bottom 0 L= Light D = Dark P = under Pressure W = in Water Seconds Rushing up in the water column 120 100 80 60 40 20 L/PD/PD/P/WDD/WL/W

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Release strategy: Survival related to season Recovered in stomach samples Released Winter Dec.-April Summer May-Nov. Percentage % 60 50 40 30 20 10 70 0 80 90 100 Based on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.

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ColdWarm * Dim Light n.s. FishNo fish * 60 0 % fighting lobsters 50 40 30 20 10 70 Physical Sea Conditions: Temperature and Agressiveness Based on data from: van der Meeren, G.I. 1993. Initial response to physical and biological conditions in naive juvenile Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine Behaviour and Physiology 24: 79-92.

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Settling processes at release time Flee Confused Apathetic Rearing and handling Swim Sink Alert Biological factors Win Loose Injury Interactions Settling in Roaming Release organism Growth

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Experience: Direction of first move after release Photo: Eva Farestveit Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 2001. Effects of Experience with Shelter in Hatchery-Reared Juvenile European Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine & Freshwater Research 52: 1487-93. Treatment NaiveExperienced 0 20 40 60 80 % Centre tube Shelter position Nearest corner/wall X Release spot

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0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Naive Experienced Minutes Experience: Time to accept shelter,sheltering behaviour Not threatenedThreatened Ref.: van der Meeren, G.I. 2001. Effects of Experience with Shelter in Hatchery-Reared Juvenile European Lobsters Homarus gammarus. Marine & Freshwater Research 52: 1487-93. Photo: Eva Farestveit

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Habitat: Survival related to substrate types Released Frequency 60 50 40 30 20 10 70 0 80 90 100 Rocky groundsOpen sand Recovered in stomach samples Based on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.

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Competitors: Biodiversity Pisces 0.5% Nemertea 1.5% Sipunculidae 1.0.% Echinodermata 20.0% Other phyla 1.0% Mollusca 7.4% Polychata 20.0% Crustacea 49.0% Ref.: Mercer, J., Bannister, R.C.A., van der Meeren, G.I., Debuse, V., Mazzoni, D., Linnane, A., and Ball, B. 2000. The Influence of Competitive Interactions on the Abundance of Early Benthic Stage European Lobster (Homarus gammarus L.) and Hence on the Carrying Capacity of Lobster Habitat. Final Report LEAR FAIR CT-1775. Shellfish Research Laboratory, Carna, County Galway, Ireland, 158 pp.

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Ref.: Koponen, H. 2003. Interspecific competition among hatchery reared European lobster (Homarus gammarus L.) juveniles and wild benthic decapods. )(L.). Master thesis, University of Bergen, Norway P. longicornis L. arcuatus G. squamifera, large G. squamifera, small Observation time Nos. unsheltered 0 4 8 12 16 Release2 h25 h49 h73 h Competitor species H. gammarus 0 Nos. unsheltered 4 8 12 16 Release2 h25 h49 h73 h Competitors:Biodiversity

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Predators Video by E. Farestveit Photo: Per Jensen Photo: Astrid Woll Photo: T. van der Meeren Carcinus maenas Cancer pagurus Labrus bergylta Gadus morhua Summer/Autumn Summer/Autumn/Winter All year Summer/Autumn Based on: van der Meeren 2000. Predation on hatchery-reared juvenile European lobsters Homarus gammarus released in the wild. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 57: 1784-1793.

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GroupNo. Observed Survival Observed/Expected Kwild1061 7,00 % 100 % KReared12143,80 %54% of W Overall survival pooled data in all experimental units (H and P) Source: Jrstad et al. 2009 Observed/Expected

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Settling and survival processes after release Interactions Loose Injury Win Competition Death Predator attack Injury Death Predator attack Injury Habitat and Predation Experience Roaming Seeking shelter Enter shelter Settling in successfully Growth

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Settling in succesfully Food and space require- ments after settling in No growth Food shortage Limited space Unacceptable substrate Leave shelter Biological factors Win Interactions Loose Injury Roaming Growth factors Acceptable substrate Enough space Growth Enough food Adopt shelter Death Predator attack Injury Escape

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Quality of the release organism depends on: Broodstock Health Rearing facilities, incl. food qualiyt Training Handling and transport Acclimatisation Biological and ecological knowledge is necessary and should be based on : Field studies Laboratory experiments Individual-based models Ecosystem theories Summary

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Summary of important concerns related to juvenile releases Flee Confused Apathetic Rearing and handling Swim Sink Alert Roaming Release organism Interactions Biological factors Win Loose Injury Settling in succesfully No growth Food shortage Limited space Unacceptable substrate Leave shelter Acceptable substrate Enough space Growth Enough food Adopt shelter Rear organism Release Settling in Growth Death Predator attack Injury Escape Ref: van der Meeren 2004. Review Potential of ecological studies to improve survival of cultivated and released European lobsters, Homarus gammarus. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39: 399-424

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1.Morphology, Physiology, Neurology and Genetics 2.Effect of Handling, Release and Physical Sea Conditions 3.Experience 4.Competition 5.Habitat 6.Predators 7.Food Factors that will have influence on the outcome

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Thank you