grid computing from a solid past to a bright future?
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Grid Computing from a solid past to a bright future?. David Groep NIKHEF 2002-08-28. The Grid: a vision?. Imagine that you could plug your computer into the wall and have direct access to huge computing resources immediately, just as you plug in a lamp to get instant light. … - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Grid Computing
from a solid past to a bright future?
David GroepNIKHEF
2002-08-28
The Grid: a vision?
Imagine that you could plug your computer into the wall and have direct access to huge computing resources immediately, just as you plug in a lamp to get instant light. …
Far from being science-fiction, this is the idea the XXXXXX project is about to make into reality.…
from a project brochure in 2001
Physics @ CERN• LHC particle accellerator
• operational in 2007
• 5-10 Petabyte per year
• 150 countries
• > 10000 Users
• lifetime ~ 20 years
level 1 - special hardware
40 MHz (40 TB/sec)
level 2 - embeddedlevel 3 - PCs
75 KHz (75 GB/sec)5 KHz (5 GB/sec)100 Hz(100 MB/sec)data recording &
offline analysis
The Need for Grids: LHC
http://www.cern.ch/
CPU & Data RequirementsEstimated CPU Capacity at CERN
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
year
K S
I95
Moore’s law – some measure of the capacity technology advances provide for a constant number of processors or investment
Jan 2000:3.5K SI95
LHC experimentsOther experiments
< 50% of the main analysis capacity will be at CERN
Estimated CPU capacity required at CERN
http://www.cern.ch/
More Reasons Why
ENVISAT• 3500 MEuro programme cost3500 MEuro programme cost
• 10 instruments on board10 instruments on board• 200 Mbps data rate to ground200 Mbps data rate to ground• 400 Tbytes data archived/year400 Tbytes data archived/year• ~100 `standard’ products~100 `standard’ products• 10+ dedicated facilities in Europe10+ dedicated facilities in Europe
• ~700 approved science user projects~700 approved science user projects
• 3500 MEuro programme cost3500 MEuro programme cost
• 10 instruments on board10 instruments on board• 200 Mbps data rate to ground200 Mbps data rate to ground• 400 Tbytes data archived/year400 Tbytes data archived/year• ~100 `standard’ products~100 `standard’ products• 10+ dedicated facilities in Europe10+ dedicated facilities in Europe
• ~700 approved science user projects~700 approved science user projectshttp://www.esa.int/
And More …
•For access to data
–Large network bandwidth to access computing centers
–Support of Data banks replicas (easier and faster
mirroring)
–Distributed data banks
•For interpretation of data
–GRID enabled algorithmsBLAST on distributed data banks, distributed data mining
Bio-informatics
And even more …
• financial services, life sciences, strategy evaluation, …
• instant immersive teleconferencing
• remote experimentation
• pre-surgical planning and simulation
Why is the Grid successful?
• Applications need large amounts of data or computation
• Ever larger, distributed user community• Network grows faster than compute power/storage
Inter-domain communication
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
11
96
19
98
20
00
Average IETF attendance
• The Internet community spawned 3360 RFCs(as of August 2nd, 2002)
• Myriad of different protocols and APIs
• Be strict in what you send be liberal in what you accept
• Inter-domain by nature• Increasing focus on security
Intra-domain tools
• RPC proved hugely successful within domains– YP– Network File System– Typical client-server stuff…
• CORBA– Extension of RPC to OO design model– Diversification
• Latest trend: web services
The beginnings of the Grid
• Grown out of distributed computing• Gigabit network test beds & meta-computing• Supercomputer sharing (I-WAY)• Condor ‘flocking’
• Focus shifts to inter-domain operations
GUSTO meta-computing test bed in 1999
The Grid
Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman, editors, “The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure,” Morgan Kaufmann, 1999
The One-Liner
• Resource sharing and coordinated problem solving in dynamic multi-institutional virtual organisations
Standards Requirements
• Standards are key to inter-domain operations• GGF established in 2001• Approx. 40 working & research groups
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002
(G)GF attendance
http://www.gridforum.org/
Protocol Layers & Bodies
PhysicalPhysical
Data LinkData Link
NetworkNetwork
TransportTransport
SessionSession
PresentationPresentation
ApplicationApplication
Standard body: IEEE
Standard body: IETF
Standard bodies: GGFW3C
Application
Fabric
Connectivity
Resource
Collective
Internet
Transport
Application
Link
Inte
rnet P
roto
col
Arch
itectu
re
Grid Architecture (v1)
Application
Fabric“Controlling things locally”: Access to, & control of, resources
Connectivity“Talking to things”: communication (Internet protocols) & security
Resource“Sharing single resources”: negotiating access, controlling use
Collective“Coordinating multiple resources”: ubiquitous infrastructure services, app-specific distributed services
InternetTransport
Application
Link
Inte
rnet P
roto
col
Arch
itectu
re
What should the Grid provide?
• Dependable, consistent and pervasive access
• Interoperation among organisations
• Challenges:– Complete transparency for the user– Uniform access methods for
computing, data and information– Secure, trustworthy environment for providers– Accounting (and billing)– Management-free ‘Virtual Organizations’
• Globus Project started 1997• Current de-facto standard• Reference implementation of Global Grid Forum
standards• Toolkit `bag-of-services' approach
• Several middleware projects:– EU DataGrid– CrossGrid, DataTAG, PPDG, GriPhyN– In NL: ICES/KIS Virtual Lab, VL-E
Grid Middleware
http://www.globus.org/
Condor
• Scavenging cycles off idle work stations• Leading themes:
– Make a job feel `at home’– Don’t ever bother the resource owner!
• Bypassredirect data to process
• ClassAdsmatchmaking concept
• DAGmandependent jobs
• Kangaroofile staging & hopping
• NeSTallocated `storage lots’
• PFSPluggable File System
• Condor-Greliable job control
for the Grid
http://www.cs.wisc.edu/condor/
Application Toolkits
Collect and abstract services in an order fashion
• Cactus: plug-n-play numeric simulations• Numeric propulsion system simulation NPSS• Commodity Grid Toolkits (CoGs):
JAVA, CORBA, …• NIMROD-G: parameter sweeping simulations• Condor: high-throughput computing• GENIUS, VLAM-G, … (web) portals to the Grid
Grids Today
Grid Protocols Today
• Based on the popular protocols on the ’Net• Use common Grid Security Infrastructure:
– Extensions to TLS for delegation (single sign-on)– Uses GSS-API standard where possible
• GRAM (resource allocation):attrib/value pairs over HTTP
• GridFTP (bulk file transfer):FTP with GSI and high-throughput extras (striping)
• MDS (monitoring and discovery service):LDAP + schemas
• ……
Getting People TogetherVirtual Organisations
• The user community `out there’ is huge & highly dynamic• Applying at each individual resource does not scale
• Users get together to form Virtual Organisations:– Temporary alliance of stakeholders
(users and/or resources)– Various groups and roles– Managed out-of-band
by (legal) contracts
• Authentication, Authorization, Accounting (AAA)
Grid Security Infrastructure
• Requirements:– Strong authentication and accountability– Trace-ability– “Secure”!
– Single sign-on– Dynamic VOs: “proxying”, “delegation”– Work everywhere
(“easyEverything”, airport kiosk, handheld)– Multiple roles for each user– Easy!
Authentication & PKIAlice (e,n)
CommonName=‘Alice’Organization=‘KNMI’
Certificate Request
CA private keyCA self-signed certificate
Alice…
The CA will checkidentifier in the request
against the identity of the requestor
CA operator signs therequest with the CA key
CA ships the newcertificate to Alice
Alice generates a key pair and send the public key to CA
(d,n)Private Key
• EU DataGrid PKI: 1 PMA, 13 Certification Authorities• Automatic policy evaluation tools• Largest Grid-PKI in the world (and growing )
Site A(Kerberos)
Site B (Unix)
Site C(Kerberos)
Computer
User
Single sign-on via “grid-id”& generation of proxy cred.
Or: retrieval of proxy cred.from online repository
User ProxyProxy
credential
Computer
Storagesystem
Communication*
GSI-enabledFTP server
AuthorizeMap to local idAccess file
Remote fileaccess request*
GSI-enabledGRAM server
GSI-enabledGRAM server
Remote processcreation requests*
* With mutual authentication
Process
Kerberosticket
Restrictedproxy
Process
Restrictedproxy
Local id Local id
AuthorizeMap to local idCreate processGenerate credentials
Ditto
GSI in Action“Create Processes at A and B
that Communicate & Access Files at C”
Authorization
• Authorization poses main scaling problem• Conflict between accountability and
ease-of-use / ease-of-management
• By getting rid of “local user” concept ease support for large, dynamic VOs:– Temporary account leasing: pool accounts à la DHCP– Grid ID-based file operations: slashgrid– Sandbox-ing applications
Direction of EU DataGrid and PPDG
Locating a Replica
• Grid Data Mirror Package
• Moves data across sites• Replicates both files and
individual objects• Catalogue used by Broker• Replica Location Service
(giggle)
• Read-only copies “owner” by the Replica Manager.
http://cmsdoc.cern.ch/cms/grid
Mass Data Transport
• Need for efficient, high-speed protocol: GridFTP• All storage elements share common interface
disk caches, tape robots, …• Also supports GSI & single sign-on
• Optimize for high-speed networks (>1 Gbit/s)• Data source striping through parallel streams• Ongoing work on “better TCP”
Grid Data Bases ?!
• Database Access and Integration (DAI)-WG– OGSA-DAI integration project– Data Virtualisation Services– Standard Data Source Services
Early Emerging Standards:– Grid Data Service specification (GDS)– Grid Data Service Factory (GDSF)
Largely spin-off from the UK e-Science effort & DataGrid
Grid Access to Databases
• SpitFire (standard data source services)uniform access to persistent storage on the Grid
• Multiple roles support• Compatible with GSI (single sign-on) though CoG• Uses standard stuff: JDBC, SOAP, XML• Supports various back-end data bases
http://hep-proj-spitfire.web.cern.ch/hep-proj-spitfire/
Spitfire security model
Standard access to DBs
•GSI SOAP protocol•Strong authentication
•Supports single-signon•Local role repository
•Connection pool to•Multiple backend DBs
Version 1.0 out,WebServices version in alpha
A Bright Future?
OGSA: new directions
Open Grid Services Architecture … … cleaning up the protocol
mess
• Concept from the `web services’ world
• Based on common standards:– SOAP, WSDL, UDDI– Running over “upgraded” Grid Security Infra (GSI)
• Adds Transient Services:– State of distributed activities– Workflow, multi-media, distributed data analysis
OGSA Roadmap
• Introduced at GGF4 (Toronto, March 2002)• New services already web-services based
(Spitfire 2, etc.)
• Alpha-version of Globus Toolkit v3:expected December 2002.
• Huge industrial commitment
EU DataGrid
• Middleware research project (2001-2003)• Driving applications:
• HE Physics• Earth Observation• Biomedicine
• Operational testbed• 21 sites• 6 VOs• ~ 200 users, growing with ~100/month!
http://www.eu-datagrid.org/
EU DataGrid Test Bed 1
• DataGrid TB1:– 14 countries– 21 major sites– CrossGrid: 40 more sites– Growing rapidly…
• Submitting Jobs:– Login only once,
run everywhere– Cross administrative
boundaries in asecure and trusted way
– Mutual authorization
http://marianne.in2p3.fr/
DutchGrid Platform
Amsterdam
UtrechtKNMI
Delft
Nijmegen
Enschede
• DutchGrid:– Test bed coordination– PKI security– Support
• Participation byNIKHEF, KNMI, SARA
DAS-2 (ASCI):TUDelft, Leiden, VU, UvA, Utrecht
Telematics Institute
FOM, NWO/NCF
Min. EZ, ICES/KIS
IBM, KPN, …
Leiden
ASTRON
www.dutchgrid.nl
A Bright Future!
You could plug your computer into the wall and have direct access to huge computing resources almost immediately (with a little help from toolkits and portals)…It may still be science – although not fiction –but we are about to make this into reality!