grey water reuse - ciphi · greywater reuse. california. greywater treatment systems. ¾. proposed...
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GREYWATER REUSEGREYWATER REUSE
GREYWATER REUSE
Troy D. Vassos PhD., FEC PEng.
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Outline
• Driving Mechanisms• Integrated Water Management• Greywater & Wastewater Reuse• Health Canada Reuse Guidelines• Reuse Case Studies
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“During the 1994 to 1999 period, roughly 26% of Canadian municipalities reportedwater shortages as a result of increasedconsumption, drought or infrastructure
Problems.”Environment Canada
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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN •Living Building Challenge
- Net Zero (100%) Water Objective• Leadership in Energy & Env. Design
- Green Building
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Integrated Water Management
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LANDSCAPE
Commercial or
Residential Building
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LANDSCAPE
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Wastewater
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
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LANDSCAPE
- Kitchen- Shower
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Wastewater
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
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LANDSCAPE
- Kitchen- Shower
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Fire- Toilet- Cooling- Laundry
- Wastewater
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
Rainwater
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• Rooftop water collection• Cisterns & rain barrels• Green roofs• Rain gardens• Bioretention cells• Vegetated swales• Permeable paving• Tree Box Filters• Green Walls• Eliminate curb & gutter• Subsurface stormwater detention
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LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION
STP
- Kitchen- Shower
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Fire- Toilet- Cooling- Laundry
StormwaterCollection & Treatment
Class “A” Recyled Water- Toilet & Urinal Flushing- Landscape Irrigation- Fire Suppression- Cooling
- Wastewater
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
Rainwater
Makeup Water
Excess
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LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION
STP
- Kitchen- Shower
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Fire- Toilet- Cooling- Laundry
StormwaterCollection & Treatment
Class “A” Recyled Water- Toilet & Urinal Flushing- Landscape Irrigation- Fire Suppression- Cooling
- Wastewater
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
Rainwater
Makeup Water
Excess
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LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION
STP
- Kitchen- Shower
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Fire- Toilet- Cooling- Laundry
StormwaterCollection & Treatment
Rainwater
Offsite Non-Potable Use
Class “A” Recyled Water- Toilet & Urinal Flushing- Landscape Irrigation- Fire Suppression- Cooling
- Wastewater
Excess
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
Sewer Mining
Makeup Water
Excess
MakeupWater
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Benefits– Minimize potable water treatment and delivery
costs, and associated energy use– Minimize flow to wastewater treatment plants
and associated delivery and treatment costs– Increased development density– Defer infrastructure upgrades– Less water removed from aquatic environment– Fewer contaminants discharged to the
environment– Minimize combined sewer overflows– Natural aquifer recharge
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#1 - Water Conservation
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LANDSCAPE
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Wastewater
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
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• Water Restrictions– Low water use fixtures– Water pricing & metering (true cost)
• Benefits– Minimize potable water treatment and
delivery costs, and associated energy use– Minimize flow to wastewater treatment
plants and associated delivery and treatment costs
– Less water removed from environment
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Alberta Water Strategy30% water conservation by 2015Rainbarrel Project (2002)– Minimize treated potable water for outdoor uses – Minimize energy consumption to treat/pump water & waste-water.– Minimize surface storm water runoff – Minimize flow to municipal waste-water treatment plants – Minimize raw sewage overflows to North Saskatchewan River – Minimize need for water and wastewater treatment expansion – Minimize potable water costs – Promote gardening – More water for aquatic environment
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#2 - Water Reuse
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• Rainwater Harvesting• Water Reuse
– Greywater (onsite)– Mixed Wastewater (onsite & regional)
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Integrated Water Management &
Conservation ..
Australian Style
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LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION
STP
- Kitchen- Shower
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Fire- Toilet- Cooling- Laundry
StormwaterCollection & Treatment
Class “A” Recyled Water- Toilet & Urinal Flushing- Landscape Irrigation- Fire Suppression- Cooling
- Wastewater
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
Rainwater
Makeup Water
Excess
Excess
MakeupWater
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LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION
STP
- Kitchen- Shower
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Fire- Toilet- Cooling- Laundry
StormwaterCollection & Treatment
Class “A” Recyled Water- Toilet & Urinal Flushing- Landscape Irrigation- Fire Suppression- Cooling
- Wastewater
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
Rainwater
Makeup Water
Excess
Excess
MakeupWater
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BASIXWeb-based residential and commercial building construction Permit tool ensures each building meets New South Wales’ targets of:
40% reduction in water consumption25% reduction in green house gas
emissions
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showers
toilets
kitchen taps
bathroom taps
BASIX Water Conservation Options
www.waterrating.gov.au
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rainwater tanks
stormwater tanks
reticulated recycled water
Greywater reuse
private dams
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http://www.basix.nsw.gov.au/
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REUSE IN AUSTRALIA• Residential garden irrigation• Toilet flushing• Car washing & similar uses• Fire fighting• Passive recreation water bodies
NOT PERMITTED FOR:• drinking, cooking or kitchen use• baths, showers or handbasins• laundry, Swimming pools• Crops for human consumption
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Wastewater Definitions
Light Grey Water - Bathroom Sink, Shower, Bathtub, Laundry
Dark Grey Water Dark Grey Water -- Kitchen Sink, Kitchen Sink, DishwasherDishwasher
Black Water - Toilets and Urinals
All wastewaters contain some level oforganic contaminants and pathogens
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• New Mexico, California, Arizona ..• Australia (with treatment)
Max 400 gpd20 BOD - 30 TSS (RA) – max. 24 hr storageo 100 – 150 mm irrigation depth20 BOD - 30 TSS - 10 FC (Storage, URAA)Preventative Risk Management ApproachRestricted public access
Direct Light Greywater Reuse
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Greywater Conservation (Edmonton, 2008)
35% SAVINGS
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Greywater Separation
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Aqus Greywater Flush System
Low volumeLow energyModest 3 flushwater savingsFilter cleaningChlorine RegulationsPlumbing Code
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PumpingMaintenanceChlorinated
OverflowTHM FormationNot SustainableNo ANSI/CSA Poor UK
Experience
BRAC Greywater Flush System
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GUELPH Building CodeRequirementsTreatedToilet & UrinalFlushing Only
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Student Study (2008)Living Home - LethbridgeBRAC 20 – 23 yr paybackAQUS 10 – 16 yr payback$1.50 /m3 price point
low-flow & rainwater better alternatives
Greywater Flush Economics
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GREYWATERINLET
SEWERBYPASS
THREE-WAYVALVE
STORAGETANK
AUTOMATICBACK-WASHSAND FILTER
TO SUBSURFACE
DRIP IRRIGATION
PUMP(Typ ¾ HP)
CONTROLLER
POTABLE WATERMAKE-UP
VIA AIR GAP Onsite Greywater Components
SHORTTERM
STORAGEMax 24 hr
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• Irrigating with greywater releases contaminants to the landscape and may change soil characteristics, effect nutrient availability or poison plants
• Long term soil & groundwater issues• Water Losses (excess irrigation use)• Purple Pipe Water Quality Confusion• Lack of studies
High salt content
Direct Light Greywater Reuse
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CaliforniaGraywater Direct Diversion Systems
1.7 million greywater systemsMost illegal due to permitting costsNew legislation
- no permits for clothes washer orsingle fixture (or drain) system
Cover with at least 50 mm of material
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CaliforniaGreywater Treatment Systems
Proposed Greywater Code (2011)Allow indoor treated greywater use (flushing toilets, urinals, laundry)Maximum storage time 72 hours3rd party certification for approved systems
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• Blackwater– High pathogen & organic content
• Dark-Greywater– High pathogen & organic content
• Light-Greywater– Comparable organic content– Generally fewer pathogens
Wastewater & Contaminants
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PARAMETER UNITSBATH
SHOWER SINK
PLUS LAUNDRY
PLUSKITCHEN
SINKSEWAGE
BOD mg/L 85 - 200 125 - 250 250 – 550 100 - 400
COD mg/L 150 - 400 250 - 430 400 - 700 200 - 1000
Total Coliforms
CFU/100 mL
103 – 107 104 – 108 104 – 108 107
Fecal Coliforms
CFU/100 mL
103 – 107 103 – 107 104 – 108 2 X 106
Total P mg/L 0.5 - 4 - 3 - 8 5 - 15
Total N mg/L 4 - 16 - 10 - 17 35 - 60
pH 7.5 – 8.2 - 6.9 - 8 6.8
Source Characteristics
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Parameter BOD(mg/L)
TSS(mg/L)
Turbidity(NTU) pH
TotalColiform
(CFU/100 mL)
FecalColiform
(CFU/100 mL)
Greywater 6 -890
2 –1,500 14 - 296 6 - 10 300 -
240,000,0000 -
14,000,000
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Parameter BOD(mg/L)
TSS(mg/L)
Turbidity(NTU) pH
TotalColiform
(CFU/100 mL)
FecalColiform
(CFU/100 mL)
Greywater 6 -890
2 –1,500 14 - 296 6 - 10 300 -
240,000,0000 -
14,000,000
Sewage 250 250 - 6.8 10,000,000 2,000,000
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How about rainwater? That’s clean ..
Right?
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Parameter BOD(mg/L)
TSS(mg/L)
Turbidity(NTU) pH
TotalColiform
(CFU/100 mL)
FecalColiform
(CFU/100 mL)
Greywater 6 -890
2 –1,500 14 - 296 6 - 10 300 -
240,000,0000 -
14,000,000
Sewage 250 250 - 6.8 10,000,000 2,000,000
Rainwater - - 0/6 - 40 5 - 11 1 – 19,000 1 – 12,600
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• All wastewaters contain some level of organic contaminants and pathogens
• Light greywater diverted for direct reuse if no storage required & low risk of public contact
• Blackwater & Dark-Grey require some treatment & disinfection, regardless
Water Reuse & Treatment
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Treatment
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Toilets & Urinals
Bath & Shower
Laundry
Kitchen Sink
BLACK WATER
GREYWATER
Organic SolidsFats Oils & GreaseSoluble Organics
Sand & Grit
Pathogens
NutrientsToxic Organic & Inorganic
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Toilets & Urinals
Bath & Shower
Laundry
Kitchen Sink
BLACK WATER
GREYWATER
Organic SolidsFats Oils & GreaseSoluble Organics
Sand & Grit
Pathogens
NutrientsToxic Organic & Inorganic
LANDFILL
Compost
DigestBacteria
TREATMENT
BIOSOLIDS REUSE
DISPOSALor REUSE
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Secondary Treatment
• Removal of Soluble BOD• < 45 mg/L BOD• < 45 mg/L TSS• Disinfection• Advanced (< 10 mg/L BOD & TSS)
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Toilets & Urinals
Bath & Shower
Laundry
Kitchen Sink
BLACK WATER
GREYWATER
Organic SolidsFats Oils & GreaseSoluble Organics
Sand & Grit
Pathogens
NutrientsToxic Organic & Inorganic
LANDFILL
Compost
DigestBacteria
TREATMENT
BIOSOLIDS REUSE
DISPOSALor REUSE
DISCHARGE
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Tertiary Treatment
• Nitrification (Ammonia to Nitrate)• Denitrification (Nitrate to N Gas)• Removal of Phosphorus
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Toilets & Urinals
Bath & Shower
Laundry
Kitchen Sink
BLACK WATER
GREYWATER
Organic SolidsFats Oils & GreaseSoluble Organics
Sand & Grit
Pathogens
NutrientsToxic Organic & Inorganic
LANDFILL
Compost
DigestBacteria
TREATMENT
Disinfect DISCHARGE
BIOSOLIDS REUSE
DISPOSALor REUSE
DISCHARGE
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Wastewater Regulations
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HEALTH Low flows ( typ. < 5,000 gpd - Alberta 5,500 igpd)Discharge to ground
ENVIRONMENT / ECOLOGY
Large flows to ground ( typ. > 5,000 gpd )Surface dischargesRestricted & unrestricted access reuse standardsHealth & Environment often co-permit reuse
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Unrestricted Access Reuse WQuality
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Restricted Access Reuse WQuality
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Greywater Treatment•Solids separation•Biofiltration•UV Disinfection•10/10/10
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Singapore “NEWater”
20 mgd capacity3 mgd (1%) to PIPU (reservoir)
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Municipal Considerations
.. what about the building code?
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Canadian Water Reuse Guidelines
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PARAMETER UNITSLOW RISK HIGH RISK
SubsurfaceIrrigation
Landscape Irrigation,Toilets & Laundry …
BOD (1) mg/L < 30 < 10
TSS (1) mg/L < 30 < 10
TURBIDITY NTU < 5 < 2
FECAL COL. CFU/100 ml < 200 (2) <1 CFU/100ml
TOTAL COL. CFU/100 ml < 1000 (2) <1 CFU/100ml
E. Coli CFU/100 ml < 200 <1 CFU/100ml
Cl Residual mg/L - 0.1 to 1.0
Typical Dual Reuse Standard
Note: * Recommended that chlorination be used at least as a secondary meansof disinfection to maintain a chlorine residual within the distribution system.
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Canadian Guidelines for Household Reclaimed Water
Health Canada InitiativeCanada Mortgage & Housing Corp (Funding)Australian National Guidelines for Water RecyclingEcological & Water Conservation IncentivesRisk Based ApproachHazard identification – pathogen & chemicalStart with Low Risk Toilet/urinal Flushing ApplicationsFirst step towards broader uses of reclaimed waterIntegrate with National Plumbing Code
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PARAMETER UNITSTOILET FLUSHING
MEDIAN MAXIMUMBOD mg/L < 10 < 20TSS mg/L < 10 < 20
TURBIDITY NTU < 2 (TSS Altern.) < 5 (TSS Altern.)FECAL
COLIFORMS CFU/100 ml < 0 < 200
E. coli CFU/100 ml < 0 < 200
Cl Residual mg/L 0.1 to 1.0*
Health Canada Proposed Draft Reuse Standard
Note: * Recommended that chlorination be used at least as a secondary meansof disinfection to maintain a chlorine residual within the distribution system.
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PARAMETER UNITSLOW RISK HIGH RISK
Toilet/Urinal Flushing Subsurface Irrigation
Landscape Irrigation,Laundry, Bathing …
FECALCOLIFORMS
CFU/100 ml
Median < 200 Max. < 800
Median < 1Max. < 14
TURBIDITY NTU < 5 < 2
GUIDANCE PARAMETERS
BOD mg/L < 30 < 15
TSS mg/L < 30 < 15
pH units 6 - 9 6 - 9
Cl Residual * mg/L > 1 after 30 minutes contact time
NOWRA Model Code (Draft 7)
Note: * or alternate form of disinfection such as U.V..
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PARAMETER UNITS VALUE
BOD mg/L < 5
OXYGEN SATURATION % 50
TOTAL COLIFORMS CFU/100 ml < 10,000
FECAL COLIFORMS CFU/100 ml < 1,000
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA CFU/100 ml < 100
Berlin Quality Standard for Toilet Flush Water
Greywater-Recycling- Planning Basics and Business Advice. FBR Information Sheet H 201 – April 2004
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Domestic greywater and wastewaterNeed for trained service providersLegal authority needed for maintenance accountability Need for some degree of monitoringPublic involvement, education, and awarenessSystem analysis & management3rd Party Technology Verification & Certif.
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“No difference in rates of acute gastro-enteritis, skin or respiratory conditionsbetween people serviced by the nation’sbiggest residential recycled water scheme and those on conventional water systems.”Hawkesbury Hills, Australia study Sept. 2009
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New Economics
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LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION
STP
- Kitchen- Shower
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Fire- Toilet- Cooling- Laundry
StormwaterCollection & Treatment
Rainwater
Offsite Non-Potable Use
Class “A” Recyled Water- Toilet & Urinal Flushing- Landscape Irrigation- Fire Suppression- Cooling
- Wastewater
Excess
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
Sewer Mining
Makeup Water
Excess
MakeupWater
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LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION
STP
- Kitchen- Shower
Municipal Potable Water Supply
Commercial or
Residential Building
- Fire- Toilet- Cooling- Laundry
StormwaterCollection & Treatment
Offsite Non-Potable Use
Class “A” Recyled Water- Toilet & Urinal Flushing- Landscape Irrigation- Fire Suppression- Cooling
- Wastewater
Municipal Sanitary Sewer
Sewer Mining
Rainwater
Makeup Water
Excess
Excess
MakeupWater
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Examples
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• 9,000 L rainwater tankShower, bath & spa3A tap & shower fittings
Dual flush toilet
• Greywater ReusePlanter box green wall biological greywatertreatment & storagetoilet, laundry, & garden
• 75 % less water
Sydney Australia
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• Greywater ReuseSlow sand filtration, soil box, garden wall, UV
• Rainwaterroof, rain barrels, underground cisterns and underground pipes for potable water Treatment with slow sand filtration and ultraviolet disinfectionKitchen, dishwasher & one bathroom sink
Alberta Sustainable Home (1994)
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2-Stage Greywater System in Germany (above left) and Greywater Treatment Concept (above & right)
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Toronto Healthy HouseToronto Healthy HouseResidential Duplex
Rainwater – Potable Use
Reclaimed Non-Potable Uses
- Toilet Flushing
- Laundry & Bath/Shower
- Irrigation
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Toronto Healthy House
CHLORINE
PrimaryTreatment
Dual MediaFilter
RoughingFilter
Bio-Filtration
Storage Ozonation
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Quayside Village, North VancouverQuayside Village, North VancouverGreywater Reuse
Low Technology Treatment
Resident Operated (19 units)
- Toilet Flushing Only
30 % water savings
- Rainwater Harvesting
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Quayside Village
PrimaryTreatment
Ozonation Slow SandFiltration
Bio-Filtration
Storage
SEWER
CHLORINE
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Islandwood Environmental Learning Center
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Bio-Filter HydroponicTanks
Ultra Violet
PrimaryTreatment
RECIRCULATION
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Dockside Green, Victoria BCDockside Green, Victoria BCConservation & Reclaimed
65 % Water Reduction
Landscape Irrigation
Toilet & Urinal Flushing
Canadian MBR Technology
World’s Highest LEED Platinum
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Vancouver Convention CentreVancouver Convention CentreReclaimed Water
- Green Roof Irrigation
- Toilet & Urinal Flushing
Canadian MBR Technology
Global Markets
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Sustainability Research Focus
Rainwater - Potable Uses
Reclaimed Non-Potable Uses
- Landscape Irrigation
- Toilet & Urinal Flushing
UBC CIRS BUILDINGUBC CIRS BUILDING
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