greenwood management acacia forestry report

Greenwood Agropecuaria Ltda. Barreiras, Bahia Brazil. CPNJ 10.906.327/0001-66

INDEPENDENT FOREST INVENTORY

OF ACACIA MANGIUM –

ANNUAL REPORT MAY 2012

Produced in conjunction with the Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro


TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Species characterization .................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Main Goals ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6

2. Field Material .................................................................................................................. 7 3. Area characterization ................................................................................................. 8

3.1 Vale do buriti farm .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 3.2 Santa Maria Farm ................................................................................................................................................................ 8

4. Climate characterization ........................................................................................... 9 4.1 Temperature ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Precipitation ........................................................................................................................................................................ 10 4.3 Insolation .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

5. Edaphic and ecological characterization .......................................................... 12 6. Methodology ............................................................................................................... 13

6.1. Random sampling ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 7. Fieldwork procedures ................................................................................................ 15 8. Measurement and observation errors .................................................................. 17

8.1. Human Errors ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17 8.2. Measurement errors .......................................................................................................................................................... 17

9. Diameters measurement rules ................................................................................ 18 9.1. Dominant trees .................................................................................................................................................................. 19 9.2. Model Tree .......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 9.3. Wood volume calculation .............................................................................................................................................. 20

10. Statistical analysis ........................................................................................................ 21 10.1. Average ............................................................................................................................................................................... 21 10.2. Variance .............................................................................................................................................................................. 22 10.3. Standard Deviation .......................................................................................................................................................... 22 10.4. Variance of average ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 10.5. Standard Error ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23 10.6. Sampling Error ..................................................................................................................................................................... 24 10.7. Interval of Confidence .................................................................................................................................................... 24

11. Results ............................................................................................................................. 25 11.1. Hypsometric Curves (h - height in meters; d - diameter in cm) ........................................................................... 25

11.1.1. Santa Maria’s Farm .................................................................................................................................................. 25 11.1.2. Vale do Buriti’s Farm ................................................................................................................................................ 26

11.2. Cubing Equations: ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 11.2.1. Santa Maria’s Farm .................................................................................................................................................. 27 11.2.2. Vale do Buriti’s farm ................................................................................................................................................. 28

11.3. Santa Maria’s Farm ........................................................................................................................................................... 29 12. Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 35

12.1. Santa Maria’s Farm ........................................................................................................................................................... 35 12.2. Vale do Buriti’s Farm ......................................................................................................................................................... 36

13. Bibliographic References ......................................................................................... 37


1. INTRODUCTION

Greenwood Group introduction

The 2012 Greenwood Group (Brazil) Annual Report dated, May 11th 2013, has been compiled in

conjunction with the Post Graduate Masters’ students of Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro

(UTAD), http://www.utad.pt/vPT/Paginas/HomepageUtad.aspx, overseen by Assistant Professor

Domingos Lopes. The studies took place during November/ December 2012. The primary objectives of

the 2012 UTAD study was to provide a detailed independent forestry inventory on two mixed species

plantations belonging to the Greenwood Group.

Such studies would characterize the geographic area, climatic conditions, soil conditions, work

procedures, volumes of wood production per hectare; based on random area sampling (to evaluate the

entire plantations is logistically unfeasible). In total 63 plots were evaluated and wood productions rates

were calculated via a “SYSTAT” program, details of which are contained within the document.

The report was originally composed in Portuguese and has been subsequently translated and signed off

by UTAD - no textual changes have been made in order to retain the integrity of the document. In this

report, UTAD have focused their studies in particular in the Acacia Mangium tree species, with the

intention for the following report (2) by UTAD, to focus on Eucalyptus and several other tree species

currently under management by the Greenwood Group in Bahia state Brazil. These studies will

commence several months in advance of those conducted in 2012 (July onwards) and therefore it is

expected that this report will be made available by early 2014.

UTAD post graduate students will come under the guidance of the following personnel:

- Prof. José Aranha (Forest Engineering and Landscape Architecture Department Director)

- Prof Simone Varandas (Director of Forest Engineering Course)

- Marai João Gaspar (Vice-Director of Forest Engineering Course)

- Ricardo Gonçalves (Senior Project Manager, Greenwood Portugal)

- Nuno Paris (Operations Director, Greenwood Agropecuaria ltda)

The post graduate study was the first conducted as part of the strategic partnership between the

Greenwood Group and UTAD, and we believe forms the foundation of a long term relationship between

the 2 partners. The first study offered the opportunity for students to obtain invaluable hands-on

experience of live, operating forestry projects outside of the academic background. Our intention is to

build on these foundations with UTAD. As our forestry projects develop and expand we are confident

that additional strategic partnerships will be formed to be able to offer more independent technical

audits across all our plantations globally, with in-depth analysis of each tree species progression. It is vital

that the data compiled is done independently for objective opinion to be formed, hence our eagerness

to continue to develop further partnerships.

In respect to the Acacia Mangium project, it is notable that, according to the independent study

conducted by UTAD, growth rates at our most mature Acacia Mangium projects ( three years plus) are

exceeding Greenwood´s original forecasts of 31.4 cubic meters per hectare by 8.59%. Average volume

production is currently achieving 34.1 cubic meters per hectare. The agroforestry management team

remains confident that such rates will continue to improve.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank all contributors from UTAD for the compilation of this report

and look forward to further development of the partnership. Statement Ends.

http://www.utad.pt/vPT/Paginas/HomepageUtad.aspx


UTAD introduction

The forest inventory is one of the best tools of the forest

engineer, since it allows us to know exactly what a population

area is and, therefore, decide on the best strategy to maximize

yield.

In this forest inventory, in an area belonging to Greenwood

Group, 63 plots were inventoried: 23 in Vale do Buriti’s farm and

40 in Santa Maria’s farm. The main goal was to assess the

growth volume on these farms.

Therefore, some plots were selected on the field randomly based on the existence of a future

tree in the center of each plot. The land and the forest management are one of the main

interests of this forest inventory. Like any other economic activity, it is essential the prior

knowledge of the preexisting resources and the estimated evaluation to be produced until the

age of the final cut.

The technical information is, in essence, based on the sampling techniques. The methods used

to survey the forest populations, seek to get the lowest possible error for the same amount of

work. Due to the fact that to make a full assessment of all the trees that belongs to the

population it is too expensive in terms of resources, there was a previous evaluation of the

number of sample plots needed for study. Thus, we would be able to determine the volume per

plot, and therefore we would be able to extrapolate the total area. On the other hand, it is

necessary to take into account the specific type of forest so that the methods and sampling

procedures are adjusted to, thereby, enable reducing the cost of this inventory. This cost is

directly affected by the measurement time and the path.

After a work planning, this final report has been prepared in which is the final results and

procedures are succinctly explained.


1.1. SPECIES CHARACTERIZATION

The Acacia mangium is a large tree that can reach 25 to 30 m tall, with its straight trunk that

can exceed half of the total tree height. The standing trunk has grayish-brown, with slightly

protruding shell and slightly grooved along. As for its branching, it presents thin, horizontal,

spaced, oval form with dense foliage canopies.

The leaves are alternate and simple in green and winged branches, arranged in spiral, oval-

lanceolate or oval-elongated, broad, leathery, with short petiole, apex elongated, ribs

protruding from the base, 12-18 cm long. The A. mangium leaves are permanent “filódios”

which did not evolve, not giving rise to true leaves, which should be pinnate.

According to the Center for Agroforestry Research of Rondônia – CPAFRO (2004), the flowers

are arranged in loose ears 10 cm long, single or united upper armpit. The flowers are

pentamerous, with a cup of 0.6-0.8 mm long, with short obtuse lobes, a corolla twice longer

than the calyx. The fruits are like pods, twisted or coiled, brown, short, dehiscent, with black

seeds, small and pending in the pod by a yellow filament, formed from September to

November. These are linear when green, with 3-5 mm width, attaining 7.8 cm in length.

The seeds are glossy and may have an ellipsoid or oval form (2.5 to 3.5 mm), within an orange

color, which may vary in intensity (Barbosa, 2002). It is native to the northern state of

Queensland, in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Maluku and Irian Java islands, in

Indonesia (Tonny e Vieira, 2006). The distribution area latitudes are between 1 ° and 19 ° S, and

the main populations are distributed at altitudes

between sea level and 100 m, with an upper limit of

720 m known (Doran e Skelton, 1982).

The A. mangium can withstand minimum

temperatures average 12-25 º C and maximum

average 31-34 º C (Barbosa, 2002). The main

regions of distribution of this species are those with

humid tropical climate with a short dry period in the

winter and a high total annual precipitation. The

temperatures near the coastal region are high and

uniform throughout the year, hence the

inappropriateness of this species in these regions. In

figure 1 we can see the overall appearance of the

species.

Fig.1: General aspect of Acacia mangium.


1.2. MAIN GOALS

The main goal of this forest inventory is to assess the current production of wood into two distinct

classes: the future trees and thinning trees. The first are those with physical conditions to reach a

final cut for having good and straight boles. Meanwhile, the latter are defective or present a

faulty growth and will not reach the final cut; they will very soon be subject to the process of

thinning. Therefore, this study includes data as the volume as a future timber trees per hectare,

the volume of timber thinning of trees, the percentage of trees and thinning per hectare and

estimates of the value of the diameter as a function of DBH. It will also be presented the

hypsometric curves and scaling equations of individual trees. The method used to select the

plots was randomized, and 23 plots were selected in the Vale do Buriti’s farm - FSPU09 and 40

plots in Santa Maria’s farm - FSPU02. The plots selected had a circular geometry and a total

area of 500 m2 each. Subsequent to field inventory, calculations were performed concerning

the volumes on the bark for all trees on the plot. For this analysis, equations have been

previously developed for this purpose, through a program called SYSTAT.

Information to be collected in sample plots:

Tilt (in degrees);

Dead trees: notes the absence or presence, then the registry by category

(Standing Dead: SD)

Trees future: Boles marked with B (good).

Thinning Trees: Reasonable or bad boles and not being a future tree.

GPS Coordinates of the center portion;

Azimuth: For each tree is important to know which is the angle relative to the north –

In degrees

Distance to the center: distance of each tree to the center of the plot in meters;

As the plots are permanent, the Hossfeld method application has already been started. Once

the trees dimensions make scaling practical, the Pressler Bitterlich methodology will be applied.

For each plot, the dominant trees were removed, in which case the plots of 500 m2 are five. As

can be seen in figure 2, GPS is placed in the tree that represents the center of the plot, suitably

marked in red and subsequently the coordinates will be withdrawn.


2. FIELD MATERIAL

Tape-measure;

Vertex Hypsometer;

Relascope Bitterlich mirrors;

Caliper;

Compass;

Can of red paint;

Cards numbered to 100;

Pushpins;

GPS;

Leggings;

Waterproof;

Field sheets;

Pens;

Stepladder;

Insect Repellent;

Thermos water;

Fig.2: Attainment of the coordinates of the center of the plot.


3. AREA CHARACTERIZATION

3.1 VALE DO BURITI FARM

The inventoried area is located in the “Assentamento do Poção”, in the municipality of

Catolândia (60 km from the city of Barreiras), in the state of Bahia. The farm is divided into plots,

(FSPUs - Forestry Standard Production Unit) with the legal field reserve burned during the dry

season. The plot leaning against the population area in question is clean and ready to be

planted; soon the danger of fire is reduced. Nevertheless, it is necessary to pay special

attention to the neighboring farms that have a lot of vegetation.

Fig.3: Location of the Vale do Buriti’s farm….

3.2 SANTA MARIA FARM

The inventoried area is also located in the “Assentamento do Poção”, in the municipality of

Catolândia (60 km from the city of Barreiras), in the state of Bahia.

Fig.4: Location of population area of Santa Maria’s Farm

Buriti Valley, Poção Source: Google Earth

Latitude 53°37'12.46"E

Longitude 86°45'395.66"S

Santa Maria, Poção Source: Google Earth

Latitude 53°61’71.94”E

Longitude 86°46’279.84”S


4. CLIMATE CHARACTERIZATION

4.1 TEMPERATURE

In the climate characterization of the area in study there were used weather data, including

temperature and precipitation, recorded by the weather station in Barreiras-Bahia. The Barreiras

County is inserted in a region where the climate sub-humid to dry prevails. The average annual

temperature is 24,3ºC, standing in the average temperature values for the State of Bahia.

Regarding the average temperatures of the last 20 years (1992-2012), this year was the year in

which this was closer to 2011, as the figure 6 shows.

Fig.6: Monthly average of the minimum and maximum daily temperatures recorded by the

weather station Barreiras-Bahia during the year of 2011 in the city of Barreiras (Allmetsat).

From the analysis of this graphic we obtained the monthly average temperatures of the three

hottest months (August, September and October) and the three cooler months (June, July and

August), being 25,9ºC and 22,2ºC respectively.


4.2 PRECIPITATION

The average annual precipitation in the region is 900 mm to 1.500 mm, and in the municipal

headquarters of Barreiras (where we obtained these data) there is an annual average of 1.122

mm. Rains occur mainly from October to April and are associated with the continental nature

of the atmospheric currents coming from the west or southeast.

The months from May to September are nearly dry, characterizing two well defined seasons in

terms of rain in the region: the rainy season (94% of total precipitation for the year), which arises

from October to April and a dry season (6% of the total precipitation for the year), which covers

the months from May to September. The months of November, December and January are the

ones that register the highest values of precipitation and is very common the occurrence of

lightning.

Fig.7: Monthly rainfall average recorded at the weather station of Barreiras-Bahia during the

year of 2011. (Allmetsat)

Barreiras: precipitation (mm)


4.3 INSOLATION

In the graphic below we can see that the month with the lowest values of insolation is

November and the month with the highest insolation values is August. With greater amounts of

heat stroke in August on the order of 9 hours per day and less sunshine in November during six

hours per day. The period of intense sunlight lasts from May to September with values always

higher than 8 hours per day.

Fig.8: Monthly average of the number of hours of sunshine per day recorded by the

meteorological station of Barreiras - Bahia during the year of 2011 (Allmetsat).

Barreiras: insolation (hours)


5. EDAPHIC AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION

With the lithological chart of the area, we could verify that it was mainly composed of red

yellow latosols (lv). Moreover, the more humid areas (Buritis) contain hydromorphic soils. These

types of soil are characterized by a great capacity for water absorption, since they are highly

porous; making the rain waters disappears very quickly. The particle size is quite thin and there is

almost no presence of rocky material in outcrop.

Due to its composition, and although these soils being less fertile, they have a structure very

positive for any type of crop, they are of easy handling (very fine and dusty; Figure 9). These

soils are intrinsically linked to rainfall, because an intense development of the vegetation only

occurs in these conditions. Being a very thin soil, the preventive measures should be considered

for the soil not to degrade. During the summer, if soils are exposed to the wind, and in the rainy

season, the flood waters easily creep enough sediment to the lower areas.

Fig.9: Farms soil.


6. METHODOLOGY

6.1. RANDOM SAMPLING

These values were collected in the area according to random sampling, not stratified. In this

way, it is intended to reduce systematic errors in the selection of the sample plots where we

found their location (figure 10 and 11).

Fig.1 0: Distribution of plots in settlement in Santa Maria’s farm (FSPU02).


Fig.11: Distribution of plots in settlement in the Vale do Buriti’s farm (FSPU09).

Whereas to evaluate the entire forest would have unbearable costs we established a suitable

number of plots to the study so that the accuracy was the best possible. Therefore, we selected

23 plots on the Vale do Buriti’s farm and 40 plots on the Santa Maria’s farm. The carried out

sampling proved to be sufficient to achieve the desired confidence level. In total 63 plots were

evaluated by widespread areas to inventory.

The formulas used to calculate the sample relatively to the forest which would be the target

inventory, was as follows:

Regarding the inference of the implicit error in the process of sampling rate, is described in the

following formulas:


7. FIELDWORK PROCEDURES

The first step performed in the field work was the identification of the plot to study, which must have a

future tree in the center. Once identified, we marked the center of the plot (future tree identified) with

red ink so that it is clearly visible in the future. After this step, we assessed the line of greatest slope. For this

procedure, it is necessary a clearance of 20 meters, where the slope is measured. To make an easier

data visualization, the person that held the clinometer and the compass, stood on higher ground where

the data slope and exposure were obtained.

All the plots studied presented a circular geometry, with an area of 500m2. The error indexed to this

measurement is negligible due to the slope of the land. To calculate the area of the plot we used the

corrected formula radius of the circle:

This process would require extra work, such as the calculator, which although not impossible, became

avoidable due to the use of a table of corrected radii. For this reason, we use a table of fixed radii, which

means that through the slope value, we could infer which the correct radius. After these steps we

proceeded to the numbering of the trees that were within the plot. For this purpose, we used a device

called Vertex. In addition to this equipment, we resorted to the use of a tape-measure to evaluate the

distance of each tree from the center of the plot. Subsequently, we recorded the azimuth values of each

tree. The measurement of the DBH and the base diameter of each tree were performed using a caliper

(figure 12) and we also registered the kind of tree (future tree or thinning tree) and the quality of the bole.

Fig.12: Fieldwork.


Taking in consideration that in the future we might want to calculate the volume of a tree by diameter

classes (Hossfeld method), we selected those that were the closest to the central diameter of each class

by pointing them in the form field.

Through the help of Bitterlich relascope, readings were taken at 1,30 m diameter (DBH), half the value of

the same diameter (d/2) and the top reading (dt). These readings would serve to calculate the volume

of each class of trees. However, this has not happened because volume of the tree was estimated using

growth equations, since it is not possible to use Bitterlich relascope, due to the small size of the trees. It is

important to note that during the reading with the Bitterlich relascope, these were always made

perpendicular to the direction of measurement of the diameter of the tree.

The next step was to check the data table obtained, which the 5 dominant trees in each plot and, also 2

trees per diameter class for future trees and thinning trees. Using the Vertex we calculated the heights of

these trees previously marked (dominant trees and trees sample). For this procedure we ensured that the

operator would have full visibility either of the base or of the top of the tree, and the inclination was the

smallest possible. The aim would be to reduce the error associated with the measurement in the

population area.

In Santa Maria’s farm it was not possible to use the Bitterlich relascope. Alternatively, measurements of

various diameters were taken along the tree (base; 0,60cm; 1,30cm; 2,30cm; 3,30cm; 4,30cm). In the

forest area at Vale do Buriti’s farm we resorted to the use of Bitterlich relascope to collect some data in

order to establish the growth equations.

At the end of this procedure, were evaluated about 50 future trees and 50 thinning trees, in both forest

settlements, to achieve different growth equations.


8. MEASUREMENT AND OBSERVATION ERRORS

8.1. HUMAN ERRORS

Throughout the forest inventory process various types of mistakes can be made. One of the

most common is the exchange of values during the annotation. To avoid this error, the

appraiser should say the value aloud and the note taker should repeat it to prove that he

heard the value correctly. The use of inappropriate formulary or the incorrect processing data is

another common mistake. To bridge this error we should be make prior preparation and consult

adequate bibliography. There are also several mistakes of human nature mainly due the

different sensitivities of human sense.

8.2. MEASUREMENT ERRORS

Errors due the shape of the object to be measured;

Inaccuracies of the instruments;

Physical, topographical and climatic influences.

The errors inherent in a work of this nature can be of two types: random errors and systematic errors. The

random errors have unpredictable nature and operate in both directions of measurement (bilateral errors

- positive or negative), and may be subject to correction and/or mitigation. So that, the systematic errors

(which cannot be corrected) can be minimized if we fit the equipment and the experimentation plans to

planned study. These errors show dependence of the magnitude and of the direction of the error

(unilateral errors - positive or negative).


9. DIAMETERS MEASUREMENT RULES

The rules for measuring diameters are a standard methodology for forest inventories. Due to its

central role in these studies, it is essential the correct execution of the technique or otherwise, it

can be introduced systematic errors in the study that cannot be corrected.

In figure 13, we can observe six different cases of diameters trunk measurements, which vary

according to the slope of the terrain and to the type of trunk.

Fig.13: Measurement rules of DBH.

In case 1, on sloping ground, the diameter should be measured from the higher side, about 1,30

m from the base. In case 2, it is possible to see the most common case of the measurement of

DBH, that is, a tree which stands on a flat land. In this case, the measurement should be made

parallel to the ground level and approximately 1,30m from the base. In case 3, the land is flat

but the tree is sloped.

In this case, the diameter should be measured at the bottom side of the slope. In case 4, there

is a situation which both the ground and the tree is sloped. Therefore, the measurement should

be made on the higher side of the inclination. In case of the trees with the branching along the

zone of 1,30m, each branch must be measured individually. In the case of branches which

divide below 1,30m (case 5), we must count each branch as an independent individual. If,

otherwise, the split occurs at a height of more than 1,30m then the measurement is done

considering only an individual.

Another situation that can affect the diameter measurement is the presence of nodes, gumming or

wounds in the area of 1,30, and as such, we must measure up to a higher level, by making a comment in

the form field explaining what happened during the procedure.


9.1. DOMINANT TREES

Is called dominant trees those that present a canopy above average overall of the forest area.

In this study, we measured the height of 5 dominant trees per plot. To assist the measurements

we used the Hypsometer Vertex. The height, with Hypsometer Vertex, is determined by making

two types of readings: the first reading is made targeting the Transponder, placed in the tree at

1,30m, and a second target to the top of the tree. We should be within a sufficient distance

from the tree to be able to observe the canopy top of that same tree. Unlike other instruments,

the Vertex does not take in consideration the distance that we might be from the tree. To avoid

measuring errors, particularly errors over/under evaluation, which can be made with the target

Hypsometer Vertex, we must take extreme care.

9.2. MODEL TREE

Model trees are those that represent the average values of forest area regarding the DBH. When we

were calculating the volume of model trees to the Vale do Buriti farm we resorted to Bitterlich relascope.

In this process, few can frame one of the bands, by choosing the most appropriate for the situation (the

distance of the tree depends on this option).

Measurements were made to 1,30m height, preferably in the horizontal plane and perpendicular to the

measurement made with the caliper. Then, we did a reading for the director point, where the diameter is

half of the diameter to 1,30m. At this point, the reading should be made to half scale used to 1,30m,

having 2 narrow bands in the case of band 1 or 4 bands corresponding to the band 1, where the

measurement should be on the band 4.

And finally, we made a target for the arrow tree (figure 14).

Fig.14: Measurement with the Bitterlich Relascope.


9.3. WOOD VOLUME CALCULATION

The calculation of the volume of wood was made by scaling equations developed by Samuel

Reis, with the help of Professor Domingos Lopes. This consists in picking a considerable number

of trees in the population area (in this study were 50 for future and 50 for thinning ) in which the

dendrometric data are removed - in the case of the Vale do Buriti’s farm we used Bitterlich

Relascope and in Santa Maria’s farm measurement of the diameters was made along the bole.

In this study we used two different methods of evaluation, but with the same results. After

collecting all the data for future trees and thinning trees, we introduced the values separately

into the program SYSTAT. The scaling equations were correctly for each kind of tree: two for

future trees, two for thinning trees and two in which we put together the data of future trees

and thinning trees. These equations were applied equally to data from the two villages.

With these equations, the volume was calculated for all trees in the plot using the sharpest

equation, that is, the one which presents a value of R2 as close to 1. After obtaining the

individual volume for each tree, the volume was calculated for the plot by summing up all

independent volumes from each tree. At the end, we obtained a matrix with the result of all

plots, ready to be statistically evaluated.

With this process, it is possible to know the volume of each existing tree in the population area.

To this end, we simply have to know the value of the DBH or the height.

Note that these equations ensure a minimal error for trees in forest areas previously studied.

.


10. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

To determine the volume of the population area we worked up the average calculations (ẋ),

the variance (s2), the standard deviation (s), the average variance (s2/x), the standard error (Sx)

and the interval of confidence (IC). Thus, for the values of total volume obtained by scaling

equations, relating the volume over bark, we made the following calculations:

10.1. AVERAGE

The sample average is a measure of central tendency, which is represented by ẋ and makes a location in

the center of the sample. It is obtained from the following expression:

x – Volume average

xi – Individual volume in each plot

n – Number of plots sampled


10.2. VARIANCE

In statistical terms, the variance is the measure more commonly used to quantify the variability

of a population. This measure of variation is obtained by averaging the sum of squares of the

deviations of individual values from the average population:

s2- Variance

- Sum of individual values of volume squared, per plot

2 - Sum of the volumes values volumes per plot squared

n – Number of plots sampled

10.3. STANDARD DEVIATION

In order to evaluate the variability of a population in terms of the original units, we must use the

square root of the variance, the standard deviation:


10.4. VARIANCE OF AVERAGE

It is a measure of accuracy of the estimated average and it is calculated with the following

formula:

s2/x – variance of average

s2- variance

n- number of plots sampled

N - total number of plots

10.5. STANDARD ERROR

The standard error measures the dispersion of a population averages from the average of the

averages in the original units:

Sx –standard error

s- standard deviation

n- number of plots sampled

N- total number of plots


10.6. SAMPLING ERROR

Defines the difference between the estimated average and actual average, and is, therefore, a

measure of exactness. The value of t depends on the level of probability chosen * and on the greatness

of sampling (n). As n approaches infinity the distribution of t tends to a normal distribution.

SE- sampling error;

Sx – standard error;

t - “t” of Student

10.7. INTERVAL OF CONFIDENCE

For probability level of 95%* and n-1 freedom degrees, we will find a value of t, which later will be used to

estimate the interval of confidence:

IC – interval of confidence

ẋ – average

Sx – standard error;

t - “t” of Student


11. RESULTS

11.1. HYPSOMETRIC CURVES (H - HEIGHT IN METERS; D - DIAMETER IN CM)

11.1.1. SANTA MARIA’S FARM

The model h= a.db was adjusted for the database of Santa Maria’s farm, considering the

different types of trees:

- For future trees: h = 2.786.d0.419 R2 = 0.632

- For thinning trees: h = 3.515.d0.290 R2 = 0.598

- For data of thinning trees h = 2.988.d0.380 R2 = 0.616

+ future trees

Comparing the 3 adjusted equations we obtained the following figure, where we can notice

differences in the profile of the trees:

Graphic 1: Comparison between the three hypsometric curves for Santa Maria’s farm.

When comparing the three equations (Graphic 1) it is perceptible that the future trees present

lower volume values from the remaining, in smaller DBHs, but as they grow up they can

overcome the remaining. Thus, its perspective is that in the future these trees will present better

performances.

Diameter (cm)

Future

Thinning

Total

Hei

ght

(m)


11.1.2. VALE DO BURITI’S FARM

The model h=a.db was adjusted to the database of the Buriti’s Valley, considering the various

types of trees:

- For future trees: h = 2.639.d0.547 R2 = 0.462

- For thinning trees: h = 2.170.d0.647 R2 = 0.462

- For data of thinning trees h = 2.277.d0.619 R2 = 0.455

+ future trees

Comparing the 3 adjusted equations we obtained the following figure, where we can notice

differences in the profile of the trees:

Graphic 2: Comparison between the three hypsometric curves for Vale do Buriti’s farm.

When comparing the 3 equations (Graphic 2) it is perceptive that thinning trees, present lower

volume values apart from the remaining, higher in DBHs. So, initially, its perspective is that in the

future these trees will have improved performances; and the futures trees will have worst

performances.

Diameter (cm)

Future

Thinning Total

Hei

ght

(m)


11.2. CUBING EQUATIONS:

Then, we present the equations of adjusted cubing. They may be an important tool to the

managers of this area, since it facilitates the volume estimation of individual trees, requiring

inputs easily obtainable.

11.2.1. SANTA MARIA’S FARM

The model v=a.db was adjusted for the database of Santa Maria, considering the various types

of trees:

- For the future trees: v = 0.00034.d 1.896 R2 = 0.861

- For thinning trees: v = 0.0011.d 1.258 R2 = 0.487

- For data of thinning trees Ln (v) = -7.569+1.660 Ln (d) R2 = 0.846

+ future TREES:

Equations comparison graphic

Graphic 3: Comparison between the 3 equations for the cubage for Santa Maria’s farm.

From the comparison of the 3 equations, in this case, the behavior is opposite to what was

previously thought. Initially, the future trees, to the same dimensions of DBH, had higher values

of volume, but in higher dimensions begin to have a lower behavior. This doesn’t mean that in

relation, for example, to the quality of the bole, the differences are not well marked and that

the appreciation of future trees will, nevertheless, be more pronounced.

Diameter (cm)

Volume (m3)

Future

Thinning


11.2.2. VALE DO BURITI’S FARM

The model v=a.db was adjusted to the database of the Vale do Buriti’s farm, considering the

various types of trees:

- For future trees: v=0.00014.d2.530 R2= 0.949

- For thinning trees: v=0.000099.d2.706 R2= 0.883

- For data thinning trees

+ future trees model Log(v)= a+b.Log(d) was adjusted :

Ln(v) = -9.034+ 2.616Ln(d) R2= 0.950

Equations comparison graphic

Graphic 4: Comparison between the three cubage equations for Buriti’s valley farm.

Again, from the analysis of graphic 4, we can confirm that for the future we must select trees for

further criteria other than just the size. It is clear that, in our perspective, the use of adjusted

equations for the entire data can be a more balanced approach, and that can reflect the

average situation of the populations under study.

Diameter (cm)

Future

Thinning

Total Vo

lum

e (m

3)


11.3. SANTA MARIA’S FARM

Where 40 sample plots of 500 m2 were made, we obtain the following results:

In table 1, the volume of trees considered future;

Table 1: Volume of the future trees on Santa Maria’s farm:

Volume of future trees

x (average) 0,92 m3 /ha

Variance 0,20

(m3

ha-1)2

Standard deviation 0,45 m3 /ha

Average variance 0,01

(m3

ha-1)2

Standard error 0,07 m3 /ha

SE (Sampling error) 0,14 m3 /ha

SE% 0,15 %

IC (Interval of confidence) ]0,78;1,06[ m3 /ha


In table 2, the volume of trees considered thinning;

Table 2: Volume of thinning trees on Santa Maria’s farm:

Volume of thinning trees


Varience 3,93

(m3 ha-

1)2



(m3 ha-

1)2


SE(Sampling error) 0,63 m3 /ha

SE% 0,11 %



In table 3: total volume (thinning + future) of regarded trees;

Table 3: Total volume of the trees of Santa Maria’s farm:

Total volume of trees

x (average) 6,50 m3

/ha

Varience 4,17

(m3

ha-1)2

Standard deviation 2,04

m3

/ha


(m3

ha-1)2

Standard error 0,32

m3

/ha

SE(Sampling error) 0,65 m3

/ha

SE% 0,10 %

IC (Interval of

confidence) ]5,85;7,15[ m3

/ha

Fig.15: Santa Maria’s farm forest area.


Vale do Buriti’s Farm

Where 23 sample plots of 500 m2 were made, we obtain the following results:

In Table 4, the volume of the trees considered future;

Table 4: Volume of the future trees on the Vale do Buriti’s farm

Volume of future trees


Variance 6,80

(m3 ha-

1)2



(m3 ha-

1)2



SE% 0,18 %



In table 5, the volume of the trees considered thinning;

Table 5: Volume of the thinning trees on the Vale do Buriti’s farm

Volume of thinning trees


Variance 42,73

(m3 ha-

1)2



(m3 ha-

1)2

Standar error 1,36 m3 /ha


SE% 0,01 %



In table 6, the total volume (thinning + future) of regarded trees;

Table 6: Total Volume of the trees of the Vale do Buriti’s farm.

Total volume of the trees


Variance 31,50

(m3 ha-

1)2



(m3 ha-

1)2



SE% 0,07 %


Fig.16: Vale do Buriti’s farm forest area.


12. CONCLUSIONS

The conclusions that can be drawn from this work, actually more than conclusions, and the

comments to make are subdivided into the places where this work took place. It is thought that,

thus, it is more efficient in the definition of future lines of action in each one of them.

12.1. SANTA MARIA’S FARM

Regarding the results presented above, we highlight the low sampling error which gives them

credibility.

Sampling error of the future tree volume is relatively higher because of the bigger dispersion of

sampling, namely, the fact of having few futures trees per hectare directly influences this result.

As would be expected, the results in this forest area have a higher associated error due to a

lower sampling rate in the field, which causes a difference between the sampled area and the

total forest area, very high. However, the results are very good, giving us a sampling error

around 0.1%, which cannot be considered very high compared with other studies surveyed.

The firebreaks on all perimeters of the forest areas should be as wide as possible and should be

kept clean whenever possible. It is essential that at the time of the dry season this should always

be without vegetation.

With regard to the high quality boles intended for these forest settlements, pruning should be

done up to 4-5 meters height. Thus, these same pruning must take into account the cut

branches so that they do not exceed 2cm in diameter. In the general forest area, we should

regard the constant competition between the trees, so that they grow as much as possible,

along with gains in its diameter, with particular attention to the thinning performed.


12.2. VALE DO BURITI’S FARM

Regarding the results of the Vale do Buriti’s farm, presented earlier. Again the sampling error of

the future tree volume is relatively high, due to the same reasons given above. As would be

expected, the results in this population area have a lower associated error due to a higher

sampling rate field, which causes a difference between the sampled area and the total forest

area, smaller. Nevertheless, the results are very good and give us sampling errors around 0.07%,

which is very low.

Thus, for the Vale do Buriti’s farm we achieved an average volume of 34,1m3/ha in all the trees.

Considering their age and reasonable handling in the first months of life it is a very satisfactory

value, being possible to achieve, without a doubt, a higher value.

We must bear in mind that the years of the largest increases in volume are still to come, and

may be possible to achieve the annual average volume initially expected.

In the case of this forest area we have a value of future trees per hectare quite reasonable

making the choice of trees that will make to harvest easier, as we have a larger number of trees

to choose from. This number of future trees, along with a proper fertilization and forestry

management, can be translated into a very productive and homogeneous forest area.

In this population area there are some risk factors identical to those of Santa Maria’s farm.

As for the boles intended for these forest areas, we can evaluate that they are of great quality,

and there are one or another individual tree with this desirable quality. Even so, the bole up to

4-5 meters high must be kept free of branching. So, pruning must take into account the cut

branches, so that they do not exceed two cm in diameter. In the general population area we

should take in consideration the constant competition between the trees so that they grow

together with the greatest possible gains in diameter, and thus special attention to the thinning

that might be made.


13. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

- MARQUES, C.P., FONSECA, T., 2006, “Apontamentos de Inventário florestal”, UTAD, Vila Real.

-MARQUES, C.P., LOPES, D., FONSECA, T., 2007, “Apontamentos de Dendrometria”, UTAD, Vila

Real.

-ALLMETSAT, 13-12-2012, http://pt.allmetsat.com/clima/brasil.php?code=83236.

-INMET, 13-12-2012, http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/.

-EMBASA, 13-12-2012, www.embasa.ba.gov.br.

-IPEF, 15-01-2013, http://www.ipef.br/identificacao/acacia.mangium.asp

http://pt.allmetsat.com/clima/brasil.php?code=83236


ANNEXES


Plots Map – Santa Maria


Plots Maps – Vale do Buriti


Precipitation Graphic from City of Barreiras

greenwood management acacia forestry report

Economy & Finance