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7/30/2019 Green Insect

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282 2008 Ohio Vegetable Production GuideGreenhouse Insect and Mite Control

Greenhouse Insect and Mite ControlChemical Control

Te ollowing products can be used to control insects attacking vegetables grown inside greenhouses. Tey have beengrouped according to their mode o action (based on the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee, 2007; http://www.irac-online.org/Crop_Protection/MoA.asp). Always remember to rotateproductsbelongingtodiferentmodeoac-

tiongroups when establishing a rotation program.Remember to always read the label beore using pesticides and to double check the pH and alkalinity requirementso the solution.

New products available or use in greenhouse vegetables include: alus (buproezin) and Pylon (chlorenapyr).Note: a ? mark indicates that you should consult with manuacturer. All products are listed starting with their active

ingredient. Te dierent trademarks are included at the end o each segment.

Group 2, Neuronal inhibitors (unknown mode o action).Bienazate (PHI, 3 days; REI, 12 hrs).For various mite species.Registered only on tomato varieties greater than 1 inch in diameter.Floramite: 4-8 oz/100 gal.

Group 18B, Ecdysone agonists / moulting disruptors, insect growth regulator, neem extract.Azadirachtin (PHI, 0 days; REI, 4 hours or Azatin XL, and Neemix, 12 hours or Ornazin).For aphids, whiteies, thrips, leaminers, ungus gnats, caterpillars.Registered on all vegetables, herbs and spices.Azatin XL: 10-16 oz/100 gal.Neemix: 64-128 oz/100 gal.Ornazin: 8-10 oz/100 gal.

Group 16, Inhibitors o chitin, Homopteran.Buproezin (PHI, 7 days; REI, 12 hrs).For leafoppers, mealybugs and whiteies.Registered or greenhouse tomatoes. No more than two applications per season, at least 28 days apart.

alus: 9-13 oz/A.

Group 1, Uncouplers o oxidative phosphorylation via disruption o proton gradient.Chlorenapyr (PHI, 0 days; REI, 12 hrs).For caterpillars, two spotted spider mites, broad mites, western ower thrips, melon thrips.Registered or tomato, tomatillo, ground cherry, peppers, eggplant, pepinos. DO NO apply more than 39 oz (0.6 lb

a.i.) per acre, per crop growing cycle.Pylon: 6.5-13 oz/A.

Group 11, microbial disruptors o insect midgut membranes.Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (PHI, 0 days; REI, 4 hours)For loopers, tomato ruitworms/corn earworms, learollers, diamondback moths.Registered on all greenhouse vegetables, herbs and spices, and watercress.Biobit HP: 0.5-2.0 lb/A.DiPel ES: 1-4 pt/A; DiPel DF: 0.5-2.0 lb/A.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (PHI, 0 days; REI, 4 hours).For loopers, tomato ruitworms/corn earworms, learollers, diamondback moths.Xenari registered on all greenhouse vegetables, herbs and spices; Ketch DF registered on tomatoes, cole crops and

peppers.Xenari: 0.5-2.0 lb/A.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.israelensis (PHI, 0 days; REI, 4 hours)For ungus gnat larvae.Registered on tomato, cucumber, pepper, eggplant, leay vegetables, cole crops.


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282008 Ohio Vegetable Production Guide Greenhouse Insect and Mite Control

Gnatrol: 64-128 oz/100 gal (Depending on inestation level).Note: Gnatrol can be applied in irrigation systems. See label or details.

Unclassiied (products in this category can be used in the same rotation).Beauveria bassiana, strain GHA (PHI, 0 days; REI, 12 hours)For whiteies, aphids, thrips, psyllids.Registered on all greenhouse vegetables, herbs and spices.BotaniGard ES: 1.5-3 qt/100 gal.

NeemOil (PHI, 0 days; REI, 4 hours)For aphids, mealybugs, rust mites, spider mites, so scale, whiteies (suppression), thrips (suppression). Also registeredor ungal disease control.

Registered on all vegetables, herbs and spices.rilogy 70%: 0.5-2% in 25-100 gal water per acre.

InsecticidalSoap (PHI, 1 day; REI, 12 hours)For aphids, whiteies, spider mites, ungus gnats, thrips, caterpillars.Registered on all vegetables, herbs and spices.M-Pede: 1-2.5 gal/100 gal.

ParanicOil (PHI, 0 days; REI, 4 hours)For aphids, beetle larvae, lea miners, thrips, whiteies, spider mites.

Registered on all vegetables, herbs and spices.Prescription reatment Ultra-Fine Oil: 1-2 gal/100 gal.

Nuclearpolyhedrosisvirus (PHI, 0 days; REI, 4 hours)For beet armyworm.Registered on all tomatoes, lettuce, cabbage, beans, peppers, celery, escarole, sweet corn, peas, asparagus, beets, cauli-

ower, cucumber, broccoli, onion.Spod X LC: 1.7-3.4 oz/A.

Metaldehyde (PHI, ? days; REI, 12 hours)For slugs and snails.Registered on Artichoke, Asparagus, Beans, Beets, Black-eyed peas, Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts, Cabbage, Cantaloupes,

Carrots, Cauliower, Celery, Collards, Corn, Cowpeas, Cucumbers, Eggplant, Endive, Garlic, Ginseng, Horseradish,Kale, Kohlrabi, Leeks, Lettuce, Melons, Mustard Greens, Okra, Onions, Parsnips, Peas, Peppers, Pimentos, Potatoes,Pumpkins, Radishes, Rhubarb, Rutabagas, Salsiy, Shallots, Spinach, Squash, Sweet Potatoes, Swiss Chard, omatoes,urnips, and Watermelons.

Do not contaminate edible parts. Keep bait rom coming in contact with plants.Durham 7.5: 17.5-20 lb/A.

Group B, Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor agonists / antagonists.Nicotine (PHI: 1 day, tomato and cucumber; 5 days, lettuce; REI: aer ventilation criteria* have been met as specied

by the Worker Protection Standard). RESRICED USE PESICIDE. For aphids, thrips. Registered on cucumbers,lettuce, tomatoes.Fulex Nicotine Smoke Fumigator: Use one can (12 oz)/20,000 cu .

Group , Sodium channel modulators.Pyrethrins+PiperonylButoxide (PHI, 0 days; REI, 12 hours; REI: aer ventilation criteria* have been met or total

release products).For aphids, beetles, caterpillars, ies, ungus gnats, mealybugs, whiteies, thrips, spider mites.Registered on all vegetables, herbs and spices. See directions on can or area coverage.Pyreth-It: 2-16 oz/A.1100 Pyrethrum R: 2 oz can or 1,500-3,000 sq ; 6 oz can or 3,000-9,000 sq .

Pyrethrum+Rotenone (PHI, 12 hours; REI, 12 hours)For aphids, loopers, tomato ruitworms, beetles, whiteies, thrips, ruit ies.Registered on all vegetables, herbs and spices.

Pyrellin: 1-2 pt/A.


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Group 2A, Cyclodiene organochlorines.

Endosulan (REI, 24 hours)For aphids, whiteies, thrips, loopers, tomato ruitworms, ea beetles, tomato russet mites.Registered on tomatoes (all ormulations) and cucumbers (Fulex Tiodan only).Fulex Tiodan Smoke (PHI: tomato, 4 days; cucumber, 7 days): See label or rates. Note that the 24 hour REI does not

begin until aer the ventilation criteria* have been met as specied by the Worker Protection Standard. Fulex TiodanSmoke is registered only or whiteies and thrips.

Tionex 50WP (PHI: tomato, 2 days): 1.5-2 lb/A or all pests except whiteies. For whiteies apply 1 lb/100 gal.

Phaser 3EC, Tionex 3EC (PHI: tomato, 2 days): 0.67-1.3 qt/A or all pests but whiteies. For whiteies apply 0.67 qt/100 gal.

* Ventilation criteria or greenhouses: I a pesticide is being applied as a umigant, smoke, mist, og or aerosol, oneo the ollowing ventilation criteria must be met. Te concentration o the pesticide in the air is measured to be lessthan or equal to any inhalation exposure level required on the labeling. I no inhalation exposure level is listed on thelabeling, workers must not enter the treated area until aer:

10 air exchanges, or2 hours o ventilation using ans or other mechanical ventilating systems, or4 hours o ventilation using vents, windows or other passive ventilation, or11 hours with no ventilation ollowed by 1 hour o mechanical ventilation, or

11 hours with no ventilation ollowed by 2 hours o passive ventilation, or24 hours with no ventilation.

Integrated Insect Mite and Disease ManagementPrograms on Greenhouse Vegetable Crops

Please reer to the general description o integrated pest management on page 63 in this bulletin. Te inormationbelow is specic to greenhouse pest management and is supplemental to the general inormation.

Pest Detection by TrapsYellow sticky traps in greenhouses will catch winged aphids, leaminers, thrips, whiteies, ungus gnats and shoreies. Blue traps are sometimes better at detecting western ower thrips, but yellow is satisactory.Place traps vertically at or just above plant height. Tis is where most o the action is in insect ight activity. How-

ever, ungus gnats, shore ies, thrips, and leaminers can also be trapped quite well just above the growing mediumsurace. Fungus gnat capture is much better on horizontal traps. Be sure to place some traps near side vents, doors andother areas where pests may be ound. Some growers place some traps outside o the greenhouse to help detect insectsmoving in rom outside. Te number o traps to use will depend upon your objectives and ability to inspect them. Aminimum number should be somewhere around 4-5/acre, but more will be better, especially i using traps to monitorwhitey population trends (1 trap per 1,000 sq ).

raps should be inspected at least weekly and counts or estimates made o pest numbers. Estimates are usually su-cient. Some people preer to deploy traps or shorter periods; or example, a ew hours or a day, to get a better pictureo insect activity at that moment. Number the traps and have a greenhouse outline map. Tis should be used to keep

records o trap locations and insect inestations.

Pest and Disease Detection Using Indicator PlantsIndicator plants are plants that are more attractive to specic insect or mite pests and/or plants that show eeding

injury or virus symptoms sooner than the main crop being grown. Te idea is to get an early warning o a pest or diseaseproblem. Te most use o this technique or greenhouse crops in the United States is in monitoring western ower thripsand the viruses spread by these insects. Yellow or blue sticky traps are also involved. Tis is how the method is used.Potted petunia plants (cultivars Blue Carpet, Burgundy Madness, Red Cloud, Summer Madness, and Super MagicCoral) are placed around and among the crop at about the same density as sticky traps. All petunia owers should beremoved. Non-sticky yellow or blue trap cards are placed near each petunia to attract thrips.


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Te non-sticky traps can be made by covering sticky traps with clear plastic wrap. Trips eeding injury is easilyvisible on the petunia leaves. I any thrips are carrying virus, the petunias will show the symptoms in 3 to 7 days aerinection, which is much sooner than most virus-susceptible crops (which include tomato, pepper, lettuce).

Indicator plants, combined with the use o sticky traps to show the direction o thrips movement, are very useul ina thrips and virus management program. For a more complete discussion, color photographs, etc., see GMPRO, March,1998 (pp. 31-33).

Pest and Disease Detection by Plant InspectionSticky traps and/or indicator plants will not replace plant inspection as a pest detection method. Sticky traps are

useless or disease detection. Whiteies occur in localized inestations that traps may not detect. Non-winged aphidsand spider mites are not caught on traps. Tereore, plant inspection is a very important part o a pest managementprogram. Inspect plants in all areas o the greenhouse, looking underneath leaves near the top, middle and lower partso plants. Te same hand lens used or trap inspection can be used or plant inspection. Isolated inested plants canbe marked with a colored ribbon or ag or later inspection ollowing a pesticide application or release o benecialinsects and mites.

Cultural ControlDestroy crop residues promptly aer harvest. Te longer these plants remain, the greater the chances are or increased

pest and disease problems. Do not place the crop residues outside o the greenhouse; the ying adults rom many insect

species will simply move back into the greenhouse. Virus-inected plants may serve as a source o virus or the plantsremaining in the greenhouse, i pests such as western ower thrips are able to complete their development on them. Donot plant a vegetable garden adjacent to the greenhouse, or these same reasons.

Physical/Mechanical ControlInsect screens can be useul in reducing the movement o some insects into the greenhouse. Whiteies, leaminers,

Lepidoptera (moths), and winged aphids can be excluded relatively easily. Trips are very dicult to exclude because othe small screen mesh size required. Te use o screens will require increasing the screen surace area over openings inthe greenhouse to compensate or reduced air ow. Te calculations or surace area increase can be made in coopera-tion with the screen supplier. Greenhouses with mechanical ventilation can be screened more easily than greenhouseswith natural ventilation.

Environmental ControlManipulating the greenhouse environment has long been suggested as a way o preventing the establishment o plant

pathogens (e.g., venting and heating at sundown to reduce lea wetness and prevent ungal spore germination). Tis is anarea that will be more useul as more environmental control computer systems are installed in commercial greenhouses.o date, very little work has been done on manipulating the greenhouse environment to make it less avorable or pestinsects and mites and/or more avorable or natural enemies.

Keeping the greenhouse warm between crops (aer the greenhouse has been emptied) is a useul method to reducethe carryover o pests rom one crop to another. Pests will complete their development, but aer emerging as adults willnot have any ood and should starve. Some growers even solarize their greenhouses during warm weather monthsauseul technique, but unless greenhouse openings are screened, pests rom outdoors will be able to move back in as soon

as the vents are opened and any ventilation system is again operated. Heating is much better than cooling the greenhouse.Sticky traps should be placed in the empty greenhouse to help detect pests that emerge and begin to y.

Biological ControlBiological control o insects and mites on greenhouse vegetable crops is practiced worldwide. Tere are benecial

insects and mites available rom commercial sources or control o nearly every major insect or mite pest. Te mostdicult pest to control biologically (chemically as well) is the western ower thrips. Many growers are able to use bio-logical control as their primary pest management method. Other growers will try to integrate pesticides with ew orno harmul eects on benecials into their program (see the table), or apply pesticides only to localized areas wherepest inestations are higher than desired. Some growers will use biological controls or part o the year, changing topesticides i pests become too numerous. Even more than when using pesticides, biological control requires that a good

pest scouting and monitoring program be in place.


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Some Commercially Available Biological Controls

Common Name Scientifc Name Pests Attacked

Whitey parasitoid Encarsia formosa Whiteies, especially the greenhouse whitey

Whitey parasitoid Eretmocerous eremicusEretmocerus mundus

Whiteies, especially the silverlea whitey

Whitey predator Amblyseius swirskii Whiteies, greenhouse and silverlea whitey,also attacks thrips

Lea miner parasitoids Diglyphus spp., Dacnusa spp. Leaminers

Mealybug destroyer Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Citrus mealybugs

Mealybug parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii Citrus mealybugs

Aphid midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza Aphids

Aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani Green peach and melon aphids

Aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi, Aphelinus abdomalis Potato aphids

Soil insects predator Atheta coriaria Fungus gnat larvae, shore y larvae, western

ower thrips pupae

Entomopathogenic nematodes or

ungus gnats

Steinernema feltiae, plus others Fungus gnat larvae

Fungus gnat and thrips predatorymite

Hypoaspis miles Fungus gnat larvae, thrips prepupae (Also:shore y larvae)

Spider mite predator Phytoseiulus persimilis, other phytoseiids

Amblyseius californicus

Spider mites

Green lacewings Chrysoperla sp. Aphids, whiteies, mites, caterpillars

Minute pirate bug Orius insidiosus Trips, other pests

Trips predator Neoseiulus cucumeris,

Amblyseius degenerans

Amblyseius cucumeris

Trips

Moth parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Moth eggs

Where can inormation on biological control be obtained? A list o commercial companies that supply benecialinsect and mites can be obtained rom:

Caliornia Environmental Protection AgencyDepartment o Pesticide Regulation Environmental Monitoring and Pest ManagementP.O. Box 942871Sacramento, CA 94271-0001

Tere are many inormation sources on the World Wide Web. Some excellent ones include the ollowing:

http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/ipminov/ben_supp/ben_sup2.htm(Caliornia Environmental Protection Agency. Te same list o companies that supply benecials as in theprinted version listed above.)

http://www.anbp.org/(Association o Natural Biological Control Producers)

http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/(Cornell Universitys site or general inormation on biological control)

http://www.ipmlabs.com(Web site o IPM Laboratories, a major supplier o benecial insects and mites)

http://www.koppert.nl/e005.shtml(Web site o the Koppert Company, a major supplier o benecial insects, nematodes and mites)

http://www.biobest.be/

(Web site o Biobest Company, a major supplier o benecial insects, nematodes and mites)


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Integrating Pesticides with Biological ControlAlthough there are not many products registered or use on greenhouse vegetables, insecticides, miticides and

ungicides are integral parts o a pest and disease management system. Most insecticides and some ungicides areharmul to parasites and predators. Tese harmul eects can last or weeks ollowing application. Do not use them orat least 30 days beore beginning a biological control program, and do not use them anywhere in the greenhouse aerbeginning a program. Local or spot applications generally are less harmul to natural enemies than treating the entiregreenhouse.

Some o the newly registered pesticides are so on benecial insects and mites. Bacillus thuringiensis ormulations

are harmless to natural enemies. Insecticidal soaps, Beauveria bassiana, azadirachtin, and pyrethrum + rotenone tendto be less harmul than conventional materials. Tis does not mean that these materials are harmless, but that naturalenemies can be re-introduced soon aer an application without any deleterious eects.

Application method and ormulation will aect the toxicity, or lack thereo, o pesticides to natural enemies. Tereare a number o studies that have conicting inormation concerning how long a particular pesticide will remain harm-ul to a natural enemy. When in doubt, be conservative. Te eects o specic pesticides on some o the most commonnatural enemies used in greenhouses are listed in the table below.

Eects o Insecticides Registered on Greenhouse Vegetables, Herbs and Spices onSome Common Biological Control Agents and Bumblebees*

Pesticide Trade

Name

Pesticide Common

Name

Encarsia

formosa

Phytoseiulus

persimilis

Amblyseius

cucumeris Orius insidiosus Bumble beesAzatin azadirachtin H (adult) H (nymph,

adult)

? S Remove (1.5)

Floramite bifenazate S S S? ? S

Botanigard Beauveria bassiana S? S? S? S? Cover (0)?

DiPel, Gnatrol,

etc.

Bacillus thuringiensis

ormulations

S S S S Cover (0)

M Pede, Olym-

pic

Potassium salts o atty

acids

H (pupa,

adult, 0)

H (egg,

nymph, adult,

0)

H (egg, nymph,

adult, 0)

? Cover (0)

Ultra Fine Oil paranic oil S H (nymph,adult) H (nymph,adult) S Cover (0)

Spod X Nuclear Polyhedrosis

virus

S S S S S (0)

Fulex Nicotine nicotine smoke H (adult, 0.5) H (nymph,

adult, 1)

H (nymph,

adult, 1)

? Remove (0.5)

1100 Pyrethrum

R

pyrethrins + piperonyl

butoxide

H (pupa,

adult, 2)

H (nymph,

adult, 1)

H (nymph,

adult, 1)

H (adult, 0) Remove (1.5)

Tiodan endosulan H (adult,8-12)

H (egg,nymph, adult,

2)

H (egg, nymph,adult, 6-8)

H (nymph, adult) H (14)

H-harmul; S-Sae; ?-not known S?-probably sae but ew reports are available. Numbers in ( ) ollowing H or the our benecial

insects and mites are the number oweeks aer application that a material remains harmul to the listed developmental stages.Numbers in ( ) in the bumble bee column are number odays that a material is harmul. Also indicated is whether the hivesshould be covered, removed rom the greenhouse, or i the product is simply not compatible with bumble bees.

*Modied rom inormation supplied by Koppert BV, Te Netherlands and Biobest, Belgium (see web sites above).


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Products Registered or Insect and Mite Control onGreenhouse Vegetables, Herbs and Spices

Product Aphids BeetlesCater-pillars

FungusGnats

FruitFlies

Lea-hoppers

Lea-miners

Mealy-bugs

Psyllids ThripsWhite-

iesRussetMites

SpiderMites

Azadirachtin (Azatin,

Ornazin, Neemix)X X X X X X X X X X X

Floramite X

Beauveria bassiana

(Botanigard)X X X X X X


kurstaki (Biobit, DiPel)X


aizawai (Xenari)X


israelensis (Gnatrol)X

Insecticidal soap (M-

Pede, Olympic)X X X X X X X X

Spray oil (Ultra-Fine Oil) X X X X X X X

Neem Oil (rilogy 70%) X X X X

Nuclear polyhedrosis

virus (Spod X)X

nicotine (Fulex Nicotine) X X X

pyrethrins + piperonyl

butoxide (1100 Pyre-

thrum R)

X X X X X X X X X X

Endosulan (Phaser,

Tionex)X X X X X X

*See listing o individual products on pages 282-284 or specic pests within each group (e.g., caterpillars, beetles) and registered

crops.

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