green computing. current system extremely wasteful – need energy to power – need energy to cool...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Green Computing
![Page 2: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Green Computing
• Current system extremely wasteful– Need energy to power– Need energy to cool• 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to
dissipate heat
• Need a system more efficient, less expensive strategy with immediate impact on energy consumption
![Page 3: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Data Centers• Focus by green computing movement on data
centers (SUVs of the tech world)• 6,000 data centers in US– Consume 61B kWh of energy in 2006– Cost: $4.5 B (more than used by all color TVs in US)– In 2007, DOE reported data centers 1.5% of all
electricity in US– Greenhouse gas emission projected to more than
double from 2007 to 2020
![Page 4: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Data Centers
• Within a few years, cost of power for data center was expected to exceed cost of original capital investment
![Page 5: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Goal
• Fed. Gov. wanted data center energy consumption to be reduced by at least 10%– Same as energy consumed by 1M average US
households
![Page 6: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Data Center Metrics
• Metrics– SPECPowerjbb benchmark and DCiE from Green
Grid
• Green Grid – group of IT professionals– Power Usage Effectiveness PUE
PUE = Total facility power/IT equipment power
– Data Center infrastructure Efficiency metric DCiE1/PUE
![Page 10: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Future Vision
• Sources of computing power in remote server warehouses
• Located near renewable energy sources – wind, solar
• Usage shifts across globe depending on where energy most abundant
![Page 11: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Current approaches
• Some “low hanging fruit” approaches– Orient racks of servers to exhaust in a uniform
direction
• Higher fruit - Microsoft– Built near hydroelectric power in WA – Built in Ireland - can air cool, 50% more energy
efficient– Countries with favorable climates: Canada,
Finland, Sweden and Switzerland
![Page 12: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Current approaches
• Google – trying to reduce carbon footprintCarbon footprint includes direct fuel use, purchased electricity and business travel, employee commuting, construction, server manufacturing
– According to Google, its data centers use ½ industry’s average amount of power
– How? Ultra efficient evaporative cooling (customized)
• Yahoo (are they back??)– Data centers also carbon-neutral because of use of
carbon offsets
![Page 13: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Current approaches• US government– EPA has phase-one of Energy Star standards for
servers– Measure server power supply efficiency and
energy consumption while idle– Must also measure energy use at peak demand
• Green Grid consortium– Dell, IBM, Sun VM-Wear AMD
• Green500 – 500 most green supercomputers
![Page 14: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Data Center Product Specification Completion
• 2009 – Servers v1.0
• 2011– Data Center Buildings Program
• 2012– UPS v1.0 (uninterruptable power supply)
• 2013– Servers 2.0– Storage v1.0
• 2014– Large Network Equipment v1.0
• 2015– Data Center Cooling Equipment v1.0
![Page 15: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Current approaches• Replace old computers with new more energy-
efficient• But manufacturing through day-to-day uses energy
• Dell - reducing hazardous substances in computers, OptiPlex 50% more energy efficient
• Greenest computer company – VirtualBoxImages• What is “Greenest computer ever” ?– Is MacBook air (pro) greenest?
![Page 16: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Goals for Future
1. Consider energy to manufacture, operate, dispose of
2. Sense and optimize world around us3. Predict and respond to future events by
modeling behavior (grown in performance)4. Benefit of digital alternative to physical
activities– E-newspapers, online shopping
• Personal energy meter??
![Page 17: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Case for Energy-Proportional Computing
Barroso and Holzle (Google)
![Page 18: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Intro
• Energy proportional computing primary design goal for servers
• Cooling and provisioning proportional to average energy servers consume
• Energy efficiency benefits all components• Computer energy consumption lowered if:– Adopt high-efficiency power supplies– Use power saving features already in equipment
![Page 19: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Intro
• More efficient CPUs on chips based on multiprocessing has helped
• But, higher performance means increased energy usage
![Page 20: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Laptops vs. Servers
• Mobile device techniques– Multiple voltage planes, energy efficient circuit
techniques, clock gating, dynamic voltage frequency scaling
– Mobile high performance, short time followed by long idle interval
– High energy efficiency at peak performance, low energy inactive states
![Page 21: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Servers
• Servers– Rarely completely idle– Seldom operate at maximum– 10-50% of max utilization levels– 100% utilization not acceptable for meeting
throughput, etc. – no slack time
![Page 22: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Servers
– Completely idle server waste of capital• Difficult to idle subset of servers
– Servers need to be available• Perform background tasks• Move data around• Can help recovery of crash
– Applications can be restructured to create idle intervals• Difficult, hard to maintain
– Devices with highest energy savings, highest wake-up penalty, e.g disk spin up
![Page 24: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Energy Efficiency at varying utilization levels
• Utilization – measure of performance normalized to performance at peak loads
• Energy efficient server still consumes ½ power when doing almost no work
• Power efficiency – utilization/power value• Peak energy efficiency occurs at peak utilization
and drops as util. decreases• At 20-30% utilization, efficiency drops to less
than ½ at peak performance
![Page 25: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Toward energy-proportional machines
• Mismatch between servers’ high-energy efficiency characteristics and behavior
• Designers need to address this• Design machines that consume energy in
proportion to amount of work performed– No power when idle (easy)– Nearly no power when little work (harder)– More as activity increases (even harder)
![Page 27: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
CPU power• Fraction of total server power consumed by
CPU changed since 2005• CPU no longer dominates power at peak
usage, trend will continue– Even less when idle
• Processors close to energy-proportional– Consume < 1/3 power at low activity (70% of
peak)– Power range less for other components• < 50% for DRAM, 25% for disk drives, 15% for network
switches
![Page 28: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Dynamic range• Processors can run at lower voltage frequency mode
without impacting performance• No other components with such modes– Only inactive modes in DRAM and disks
• Inactive to active mode transition penalty (even it only idle to submilliseconds)
• Servers with 90% dynamic range could cut energy by ½ in data centers
• Lower peak power by 30%• Energy proportional hardware reduce need for
power management software
![Page 29: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Disks - Inactive/active• Penalty for transition to active from inactive
state makes it less useful– Disk penalty 1000 higher for spin up than regular
access latency– Only useful if idle for several minutes (rarely
occurs)– More beneficial to have smaller penalty even if
higher energy levels– Active energy savings schemes are useful even if
higher penalty to transition because in low energy mode for longer periods
![Page 31: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Conclusions
• CPUS already exhibit energy proportional profiles, other components less so
• Need significant improvements in memory and disk subsystems– Such systems responsible for larger fraction of
energy usage
• Need energy efficient benchmark developers to report measurements at nonpeak levels for complete picture
![Page 32: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Green Introspection by K. Cameron
![Page 33: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
History of Green
• In the 1970s– Energy crisis– High gas prices– Fuel shortages– Pollution
• Education and action– Environmental activism– Energy awareness and conservation– Technological innovation
![Page 34: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Gifts from the 70s• Energy crisis subsided• In the meantime advances in computing
responsible for:– Innovation for energy-efficient buildings and cars– Identified causes and effects of global climate
change– Grassroots activism, distributing info about energy
consumption, carbon emission, etc.
• The same computing technologies pioneered by hippie geeks (???) are the problem now
![Page 35: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What happened next• Call to action within IT community (what about the
80s??)• In 1990s– General-purpose microprocessors built for performance– Competing processors
• ever-increasing clock rates and transistor densities • fast processing power and exponentially increasing power
consumption
– Power wall at 130 watts– Power is a design constraint
![Page 36: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Better, but also worse?
• To reduce power consumption– Multicore architectures – higher performance,
lower power budgets
• But– Users expect performance doubling every 2 years– Developers must harness parallelism of multicore
architectures– Power problems ubiquitous – energy-aware design
needed at all levels
![Page 37: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
More problems
– Memory architectures consume significant amounts of power
– Need energy-aware design at systems level• Disks, boards, fans switches, peripherals
– Maintain quality of computing devices, decrease environmental footprint
– Can’t rely on nonrenewable resources or toxic ingredients
![Page 38: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Those data centers
• IT helping in data centers – Reducing energy with virtualization and
consolidation– Need to address chip level device to
heating/cooling of building
• Need metrics
![Page 39: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Yet another group
• Metrics– SPECPowerjbb benchmark and DCiE from Green
Grid
• Green Grid – group of IT professionals– Power Usage Effectiveness PUE
PUE = Total facility power/IT equipment power
– Data Center infrastructure Efficiency metric DCiE1/PUE
• Benchmark acceptance takes time
![Page 40: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Big government
• US EPA Energy Star specification for servers• Will have impact– US gov. procurements required to purchase energy
star machines (already true of monitors0
• May be further gov. regulations (with Dems in power ??)
• EU implemented carbon cap and trade scheme, US to follow
![Page 41: Green Computing. Current system extremely wasteful – Need energy to power – Need energy to cool 1000 racks, 25,000 sq ft, 10MW for computing, 5MW to dissipate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070406/56649e055503460f94af191a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Trade-off
• How often to replace aging systems?– 2% of solid waste comes from consumer
electronic components – E-waste fastest growing component of waste
stream– In US 130,000 computers thrown away daily and
100 M cell phones annually
• Recycle e-waste (good luck)• Use computers as long as possible?