green agriculture in vietnam
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GREEN AGRICULTURE IN VIETNAMCase of rice sector in Mekong river delta
Green Inclusive Growth Conference SEA
Siemriep, 25-26 March 2014
Nguyen Anh Phong
Institute of Policy and Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development
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INTRODUCTION• During last decades, Vietnam's economy grown mainly
based on the exploitation of natural resources inefficiently by outdated technologies, which created more waste and pollution
• Decision 1393/QD-TTg (Sept 2012) of PM approved "The national strategy for green growth in the 2011-2020 period and vision to 2050”
• The Mekong Delta has best comparative advantage in agriculture and aquaculture production in Vietnam
• The Mekong Delta has developed a number of “green” agricultural production models. Can we scale up the green models as “green” development strategy in Mekong Delta?
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Environmental pollution from agricultural production
• The over-used of fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and veterinary medicines is still fairly common
• Many agricultural by-products are not utilized effectively and discharged as wastes– 39.4 million tons of straw and million tons of rice husk (burned) – 2.47 million tons of sugar tops and leaves, 1.42 million tons of
bagasse,…
• Livestock and aquaculture are the largest sources of waste in rural areas.– About 40-70% of livestock solid waste is processed, and the rest are
discharged directly into the environment– Aquaculture in the Mekong Delta discharged nearly 500 million m3 of
sludge and waste annually
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Food safety and bio-security
• Overused and lack of controlled of plant protection (prevalence of chronic toxic chemicals contamination in farmer is 18%)
• Inappropriate use of antibiotics and other chemicals (100% of farms are using veterinary drugs for prevention and treatment)
• Limited understanding of effects of pesticides and chemicals on the environment and health of farmers and sale agents
• Highly polluted environment of livestock production areas also cause negative effects to the surrounding ecological environment – 4.4% vegetables exceed maximum allowable concentrations of
pesticide-infected
– 30% livestock, poultry products exceed allowable concentrations of microbiological contamination
– 0.8% of aquaculture products contains chemical residues
– 6.7% seafood is biological contaminated
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Quality of agricultural inputs
• 10% of 70 thousand tons of plant protection are of low quality
• Fake and poor quality fertilizers consumed mostly in Central Highlands, the Mekong Delta and Red River Delta (key agriculture areas of Vietnam)
– 64.3 % of samples in 2010 and 41.8 % of samples of fertilizers in 2011 failed to meet the standards
• Difficulties to control feed quality, especially in sale process
• Quality of agricultural input on market are unregulated and it has a strong influence on the efficiency of agricultural production and environmental protection
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What is green development?• There are many concepts, but commonly include of three
main points:– Green Economy is an environment-friendly economy,
reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change effects.
– Green Economy is an economy with intensive development, using less fuel and strengthening the ecological industries and technological innovation.
– Green Economy is an economy with sustainable growth, poverty reduction and equitable development.
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What is green agriculture development?
• Green and clean agriculture:– The synchronous application of processes, technologies that
use reasonably and save inputs for agricultural production, along with the efficient use of land, water resources, etc.
– Lessen greenhouse gas emissions through sustainable agricultural development.
– Enhance the competitiveness of agricultural products.– Develop processing technology and recycle by-products,
wastes, etc.– Ensure sustainability in all economic, social and
environmental pillars.
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Green and clean agricultural production models for rice
Models Flower on rice field
Place My Thanh Nam Commune, Cai Lay District, Tien Giang Province
ContentsThe use of biological measures – growing flowers on rice bounds to attract natural enemies to destroy insects that harmful to rice (e.g. brown plant hoppers, rice leaf folder etc.)
Strength
• Reduce pesticide• Create ecological balance• Enhance landscape values for the field• Reducing environmental pollution and production costs • Improving income
Weakness
• Difficulties to develop on a large scale on the large fields and small dike systems.
• This model relies heavily on self-discipline of the farmers • It is lack of mechanisms to ensure the stability
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MODELS 3 REDUCTION, 3 INCREASES
Place An Giang (2001)
Contents3 reductions: seed; N fertilizer, plant protection chems; and 3 increases: productivity and quality; economic efficiency, and health and environmental protection
Strength
• Average reduction of 94 kg seed / ha • Reduce of 11-13 kg nitrogen / ha• Reduce by 2.5 times for spraying pesticides• Reduce of one sprays time for disease• Increase yield by 0.1-0.5 tones / ha• The average profit increased by 2.25 million VND / ha
Weakness
• Inorganic fertilizer and pesticides decrease but not much, • Still use much water• Unstable • Different with GAP practices
Green and clean agricultural production models for rice
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Models 1 MUST, 5 REDUCTION
Place An Giang (2006)
Contents 1 must: certified seed; 5 reduction: seed, N fertilizer, plant protection chems, water and harvest-post harvest losses
Strength
• Certified seed guarantee output quality • Costs reduced by 15-20%• profit increased by VND 4 mil/ha• 1M5R provides a foundation for applying VietGAP, GlobalGAP • Potential to lower carbon emissions due to AWD (alternate
wetting and drying) and N use based on LCC (leaf control chart) Reduce loss during and after harvest
Weakness
• Poor internal transport and irrigation systems, poorly leveled rice fields -> difficulties in water savings, combine harvestor
• Difficulty in introduced AWD in central pumping areas as of the agreement b/w cooperatives and famers signed before crop estabilshment
• Public investment in mass media for 1M5R may not be adequate • Famers still care about yield rather than costs and profits
Green and clean agricultural production models for rice
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COMPARISON OF PROFITABILITY BETWEEN 2 PRACTICES
WS(n=66) SA(n=76)
1M5R Control Diff. 1M5R Control Diff.
Seed rate (kg/ha) 115.4 191 75.6 109.0 181.7 72.7
Nitrogen (kgN/ha) 103.7 127.2 23.5 103.5 125.1 21.6
Insecticide (sprays/crop) 1.4 3.8 2.4 1.1 3.5 2.4
Fungicide (sprays/crop) 2.7 3.7 1 3.1 4.6 1.5
Water use (pump/crop) 7 8.5 1.5 6.4 7.7 1.3
Lodging rice ratio(%) 4.9 15.9 11 6.8 17.7 10.9
Yield (tonnes/ha) 7.6 7.4 0.2 5.9 5.7 0.2
Production cost (VND/kg of rice)
2,490 3,134 644 3,418 4,053 635
Profit (mil VND/ha) 21.371 17.129 4.242 12.876 8.570 4.306
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CH4 gas emissions in different practices
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By products for higher value added and green production
• Straw: materials for mushroom, bio-ethanol, bio-coal, carbon credit (by reduction of straw fires)
• Husk: rice husk briquettes (coal), plywood• Broken rice: rice powder (noodle, cakes, confectioneries etc.)• Rice bran: extract Gamma Oryzanol for pharmaceutical
products, cosmetics, food supplements for anti-aging )
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CONCLUSION
• Green application existed by market driven and incentives of stakeholders
• Green development would be in many apsects/ activities along the value chain of a agriculture commodity
• Need a strong linkage among stakeholders in value chain to sustain the green application
• Private sector would be “leading factor” for the green development of a agriculture product
• Need a support of public sector in providing public good and services and in creating suitable policy environment