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CORNELLUNIVERSITYLIBRARY

In Memory ofANDREW S. WHITE '88

Presented byMrs. Andrew S. WhiteNom d'ArtisteMme. Claire Alcee


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Cornell University LibraryD 626.G7G78Greek atrocities in the Vilayet of Smyrn

3 1924 010 984 353


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Cornell UniversityLibrary

The original of tiiis book is intine Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions inthe United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924010984353


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GREEK RTROCITIESIN THEVILAYET OF SMYRMrt


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c^.iAM- lyr i^^^.V^ ^iyjO^


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INTRODUCTIONThe ancient Eyalet, which became, about three quarters

of a century ago, the present VUayet of Smyrna, is the brigh-test Asiatic jewel of the Ottoman Crown.

Occupied by an overwhehning majority of Turks, evenpreviously to the Seldjoukides (Xth century) it constitutesamongst all the provdnces of Anatolia, the most populous,the richest and the most prosperous. Its inhabitants arerenowned for thier bravery and their proverbial sturdiness.There are 1.500.000 Turks, husbandmen for the most part,as -against 30.000 Greeks, traders and smugglers.

Since the re-establishment of the Constitution (1918) theTurks of Smyrna and Aidin have been amongst aU their feUow-countrjrmen of the EJmpire, those who gave themselves up themost to agricidtural and industrial enterprises and thus wereformidable competitors for the Greeks who enriched them-selves without effort by monopolising the productions of theHinterland by the creation of trusts of purchase and expor-tation.

Ehiring the two last wars^when the Greek merchantsfleeing Ottoman military service as weU indeed as Hellenicconscription descended on the markets of Alexandria, Mar-seilles Vienna, Switzerland and America, which felt the effectsof it very grievously^the commerce of the Vilayet of Smyrnapassed entirely into the hands of the Turkish farmers who,in order to defend themselves against future dangers of thesame sort, created nimaerous local banks, factories and pro-ducers' cooperative societies. ^

The last Greek attack launched under the protection ofthe armistice^which had imposed the demobilisation of theOttoman armies whose field arttilery was all confiscatedwasin fact only an assault of the parasites who had been evicted

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by the awakening of Turkish initiative. It was the venting ofthe helpess rage of the monopolizers and usurers, hopelesslydiispossessed not of their own belongings, but of their ancientfields of cheatery.

The Hellenic authorities with the profound experiencethat characterises them in the oppression and exterminationof the allogeneous peoples who have fallen into their clutches,began, immediately after the occupation, to put into forceagain their former ignoble system which met with suchsuccess in the Morea, in Thessaly, in Epire, in Crete and re-cently also in Macedonia. It consists first of ail in pouring aflood of professional bandits, of criminals of whom Greecemore than any other coimtry possesses the monopoly, intoevery comer of ground where a Hellenic soldier has set foot.The native Greek scoundrels are always ready to lend thema helping hand and an acute period of atrocious tyranny^ beginsat once. WhUe the famous agency of Athens, by a profusionof lies and slanders, of false accounts of Turkish atrocities,diverts attention and throws a thick veil over the crimes ofits andartes and of its palikares, the latter more and moreexcited by the newspapers, assured of impunity, do not shrinkfrom any infamy. Turkish villages burning, violations, mas-sacres perpetrated upon peaceful Turkish inhabitants becomethe order of the day. The unfortunate population, persecuted,terrified, has no longer the courage to withstand such a re-gime : in a body they leave their homes, their villages, theircrops, abandoning their fortune, their possessions, everj^ingto save their lives and their honour. All these poor ruined fold,often bereaved of their dearest ones, are stranded miserablyin the nonoccupied parts of the Mother-country. Everywherein Turkey one meets these poor Mouhadjirs (emigrants),Cretes, Moreans, Macedonians, Epiriens, Thessalonians andothers, uprooted, m quest of aid or protection, and whosetragic fate and account of their misfortunes stir the indigna-tion of the most blase.

The visible persecutions, the sytematic atrocities onlycease to give place to the subtle exactions of the administ-

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rative authorities. Wise oppression, learned despotism, aimingmethodically as Elysee Recliis, the eminent French geographersays, at the degradation of the aUogenes, is applied with averitable art. All that is not Greek ds in fact outlawed. Noopportunity is lost of making them feel the spurred heel ofthe oppressor. Even in the courts of justice which invariablydecide against all who are not Greek! This httle people, im-bued with great imreaMsable ambitions is of a ferocious fana-ticism, an incredible cruelty, a craftiness, an imparaHeledperfidiousness towards those who have the misfortune to fallunder its domination.

Such is the system of government appHed to the aUogenesin the XXth. century, in the civihsed Hellenic Kingdom; suchis the people that aspdres to rule in the East over millions ofpopulations of another race, of another religion than its own.To give over a country to Greece is to doom its inhabitantsto torture to depopulate it, to condemn it to m.oral and ma-terial ruin.

It was thus that they acted in the Morea which hadthree himdred thousand Mussulman inhabitants in 1830, inThessaly which nimibered a hundred and fifty thousand in1878, in Crete which possessed 50,000 Turkish inhabitantsin 1897. In the Morea and in Thessaly to-day there no longerexists a single Turkish soul. In Crete scarcely 20.000 Turkshave been able to sxirvive the painful calvary of twenty yearsof Greek oppression! In a short time none will be left. Mace-donia, under the Greek heel, has lost in a few years the twothirds of her best sons. As for Epire .... if the stones of thispoor country drowned in her blood, could be made to speak,one would be ashamed of being a- man since the authors ofthese abominable erimes consider themselves also as such!

The Greek occupation with all its attendant horrors andcrimes has fallen also on the vilayet of Smyrna.

Detachments of regulars and bands of Greek comitadjishave terrorised and given over to fire and sword these para-disaical regions which the Turkish regime has left free from

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all incursion during five centuries. One of the rare Ottomanprovinces on whose soil no fighting had been witnessed forfive hundred years, has just been the theatre of a hideousinvasion which in a few days reduced it to the likeness of theperpetual battlefields of Macedonia; they have transformedthis marvellous coimtry into a vast desert. Nearly 50.000 Turkshave perished there in the most frightful torments, whilst300.000 other fugitives wander about without medicaments,without shelter and without resource all roimd the zone ofGreek occupation which has become a hell for the Mussulmans.

At Smyrna itself in the great port of the Aegean Sea,under the very eyes of indignant foreigners, no infamy hasbeen spared the Turkish population. The reports that we havepublished to day throw sufficient light on the baseness of theseadventurers. But two parts of this province where the crimesbecome of a truly reyolting magnitude are Menemen and Aidin.

Almost the whole Turkish population of Menemen weremassacred without any provocation, without any motive whicheven the existence of disturbances could justify. As to thetragedy of Aidin, it exceeds in horror all that can be imagined.

Nero, in setting fire to Rome, had not condemned the po-pulation to be burnt ali-^e in their dwellings. That is howeverwhat the Greeks did at Aidin. PYom Smyrna as far as NazUliall the towns, villages, hamlets are nothing but a heap ofruins and ashes. Most of them scarcely hide amongst theirstill smoking wreckage, the carbonised corpses, the bleedingremains of thousands of poor innocent Turks, of women, ofchildren, of old men sacrificed to the ferocity of the Hellenichordes. From all this devastated region, formerly one of themo^ prosperous, a cry of frightful distress arises to-d^y.

The Permanent Bureau of the Turkish Congress at Lau-sanne is able to publish to-day some document bearing wit-ness in the most unquestionable fashion to the extent andmagnitude of the Greek atrocities.

It cannot specially insist on the reading of such and sucha paper, all without exception presenting a documentary and

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historic interest (rf the highest importance on an unexampledcalamity that an error of pohtical appreciation has let looseover a part of our unhappy country.

Nothing can compare with this pitiless and bloody ho-imduig down of the Turk, which from the admission of En-glish, French, and Italian witnesses characterises the Greekoccupation aiid the systematic destruction of cnir dear province.

Women of the high Greek society, elegant ladies ofSmyrna have given proof of a KaffirMke bestiality takingdeligW;, even taking part with songs and laughter in the mostabject mutilations.

But bloodshed is never forgiven and justice works outher ends.

Under whatever regfime we may live omt dead will alwayshave a hold over Hellenism.The victory of the allies cannot be regarded as a victory

of the Cross over the Crescent. The Mussulmans who foughtin the ranks of the allies would be surprised to learn that theyhad shed their blood in such a cause. Quite otherwise werethe affirmations solemnly made to them when they were ia-vited to enrol themselves under the banner of the Entente.

In submitting these reports and testimonies to the superiorfraction of public opinion which professes the same himianita-rian interest towards all the oppressed without distinction ofrace or religion, we appeal to the impartial opinion of Europeand of America that justice nothing but justice^may berendered to the rights of an overwhelming Turkish majorityand that the Turkish province of Smsma may be for ever clean-sed from the pollution of a multitude of criminal adventurers.

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Translation of the letter No 1/24516, dated 26thJune 1919, addressed by the Colonel Kemal, Commandant

General of the Gendarmerie, to the French ColonelFoulon, Inspector General.

Since the signing of the armistice, the various eventswhich take place in the different parts of the Empire as wellas the crimes committed there are regularly communicatedto you by the report which the Commandant General receivesdaily from the commandants of the Gendarmerie units.

You must certainly have remarked that it is the Turkswho suffer the most from these events and from these crimes.The reports that you yourself receive from the foreign officersattached to the reorganisation of the gendarmerie only corro-borate the events which are notified to me by the comman-dants of the aforesaid units, whose reports are submitted toyou in the original.

The Greek bands which are formed everywhere are con-tinually attacking the lives, the property and the honour ofthe Turks. The gendarmerie at whose reorganisation numeri-cally as well as from the point of view of quality you alsowork with such great ardour, .is overcoming the great diffi-culties it encounters from this cause. It carries out its servicewith zeal and the last reports that. reach us, denote that itsactivity is crowned with success in a certain measure.

Only when the gendarmerie is overwhelmed by eventswhose extent is beyond its means to control, inevitably, not-hing can be done to prevent these criminal acts.

Thus for instance, in the course of the occupation ofSmyrna and during the days which followed this occupation,the Hellenic soldiers to whom the native Greeks had formerlyjoined themselves, committed crimes against the population.The officers and men of the Ottoman gendarmerie were notspared. Those of our officers and gendarmes who are now atSmyrna and its neighbourhood continue to be exposed to bad

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treatment and in consequence are prevented from carryingout their service.

It stands out from the reports which I have the honourto forward you, respecting the occupation, under atrociouscircumstances of the Cazas (districts) of Menemen and Ber-gamo, coming after that of Smjma, that the massacres car-ried out by the regular Hellenic troops in conjunction withthe native Greeks were of such a bloody nature that theyform a blot on the history of the twentieth century. Accor-ding to these reports the number of victims, including women,children, old men and sick and infirm people, massacred atMenemen by the Hellenic regulars by the native Greeks isestimated at a thousand Mussulmans. The deputy governorof the Caza as well as most of the functionaries of the localauthorities were abominably massacred without any reason.

It results from the reports that I receive on all handsthat the Turks who from the large majority of the populationof the Cazas in question have had to leave in a body, to themmaber of eighty thousand, their villages, their homes, theircrops and even their children of tender years and to emigrateto other regions in order to save their lives and their honour,and not to share the dreadful lot of their co-religionists.

I am absolutely convinced that the great nations of Europeand America, whose generous and humanitary sentiments arewell known, will never permit this imhappy and innocent popu-lation, which after aU forms part of the human race, to bethus continually and savagely threatened, its property pillagedand destroyed and its honour suHied.

It is beyond all doubt thet the crimes every day morenumerous, committed by the Hellenes, who glory openly inhaving occupied Smyrna by the decision of the Powers of theEntente, would be severely repressed and their authors pu-nished, if they could be brought to the notice, with all theirdetails, of the governments which represent the great, justnations of Europe and of America, Indeed I am convincedthat all sorts of artifices are employed to prevent the crimes

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committed being brought to their knowledge. I have then re-course to your great generosity, which every day manifestsitself afresh, and beg you, in order to save my unhappy nationfrom the unbearable calamities under which she is overwhel-med to point out these crimes to the powerful personages whohold in their hands the destinies of the world and to informthe civilised imiverse that the Turks and the Mussulmans arebeing slaughtered like sheep and that their existence, theirproperty and their honour are being annihilated.

Your compassionate intervention will perhaps contributeto put an end to the injustices to which is exposed an unhappypeople which, Mke very other nation has a right to existence.Though I am at the head of an organisation charged with theprotection, the Hfe, the honour and the property of the popula-tion, I imhappliy do not succeed in fulfilling this mission. ThusI sincerely trust, that with your highly humanitarian senti-ments you- wiU fully share the profoiuid grief that I feel atseeing the innocent blood of my nation shed every day andthat you will receive niy solicitations favourably.

The Turkish people which cherishes in its bleeding hearta well founded hope in you, which awaits with impatience theresults of the steps which you will surely not fail to take forits protection and the defence of its just cause, is ready toinscribe in its glorious history in letters of gold your veneratedname.

I take this opportunity Sir of begging you to accept theexpression of my gratitude.

The Gommandant General of the Gendarmerie,(signed) The Colonel A. KEMAL SIRRI.

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The Tragedy of SmyrnaMEMORIAL

Presented on the 13th of June 1919 by the Committeeforthe Defence of Ottoman Bights m Smyrna to H. H.Tewfick Pacha, Ottoman Plenipotentiary at the Peace

Conference.

Your Highness,We notice with regret that the high political spheres act

under the instigation of certain ambitious and imscrupulouspoliticians who, to aid them in their designs of appropriatingto their own advantage our legitimate rights, do not hesitateto compromise the Turkish good name by slanders and fal-sehoods. It is moreover in this disloyal manner that they sowmistrust amongst the civilised world as to our present or fu-ture conduct, which cannot but be in conformity with the con-ception of hberty and of justice that characterises the newera. Thus the Committee for the Defence of Ottoman Rightsin Smyrna begs Your Highness to be pleased -to present, withall the earnestness they deserve, our complaints here set forth,to the attention and to the spirit


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coimtry was the occupation, with premeditated savagery, ofSmyrna by the Hellenic troops.

This occupation is effected with the aim of preparing apropitious ground, imder the yoke of an imsignificant Greekminority which one seems decided to strengthen by Hellenicmeasures, for a policy of rapid extermination of the enormousMussulman majorty inhabiting the Vilayet of Aidin.

Effected in defiance of the national self-respect of theright to existence and of the sentiment of the Turks, it hasbrought out it is true, the profound difference of conceptionwhich separates the Ottoman Sovereignty from the brutalHellenic domination, but has justly plunged the whole Mus-sulman population into an alarming anxiety as to their ulti-mate safety. The robberies, pillages, outrages, murders andbarbarities of which Smyrna and her dependencies were, andstill are the theatre since this fatal occupation, were neverexperienced for a single day under the Ottoman sovereignty.The Greek army has not hesitated to commit against the Mu-sulmans acts of an ignominy that would have been repugnanteven to the barbarian hordes of antiquity carrying a town bystorm at the cost of heavy and bloody sacrifies.

The native Greeks who have lived for centuries in tran-quillity and opulence, thanks to the benevolent attitude of theTurks and to the privileges they were granted; these peoplewho more than any others have enriched themselves and pro-fited by the economic resources of the EJmpire while the Tur-kish people shed its blood freely in order to maintain the orderand security of the country; these false brothers for whoseprosperity and development we have been drained to the ut-most, were the first to give the bad example to their Hellenicco-reMgionists.

The uniforms, fez, turbans, even the pictures and worksof art representing national subjects were the object of thedestructive rage of the Greek soldiers and civilians. Today theMussulmans of the occupied territories enjoy no liberty at all.The governmental correspondence is under a severe control,

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the Turkish newspapers are under an inexorable censorshipand the Turks are under the continual menace of Greek ruf-fians. The revolting events which took place at Smyrna havinghad for disgusted witnesses all the foreigners and the navalforces of the Entente, we judge it imnecessary to recall themhere; moreover the precautions taken by the Greeks to preventall communication, have deprived us of the details upon theinhuman crimes committed by the Hellenes. We shaU contraitourselves here, with giving a brief simimary of the eventswhich took place at Boumabat, Bosyaka, Djuma-Ovassi, He-uredje, Nife, Sivri-Hissar, Ourla and also a very incompletelist of the human losses and of the Turkish houses and shopspillaged.

In the course of the occupation aU the drawers, cup-boards, safes of the Government were broken open and thecontents scattered everywhere in the hope of finding papermoney; besides that, aU that the employes had on them, eventheir clothes, their overcoats and other things were stolen.From the vali to the humblest clerk all were driven along thequay in a scandalous manner, their hands up, and commandedunder pain of death to shout Zito Venizelos; at every stepthey received showers of blows from the butt ends of gimsand from bayonets. A large group of schoolmasters was con-ducted to the ship Patris with the same revolting ceremo-nial to be interned there. Among the officers who were in thebarracks fourteen were killed; amongst others the ColonelFethy Bey, Nadir Bey, Fahreddin Effendi, Ahmed Bey, etc.The student Ihsan Effendi No 30 of the school of Arts andCrafts was murdered by evzones in front of the Banque Ag-ricole. The mahalebidji (milkman) Ahmed Aga of the Djeditquarter was cut to pieces. The agents of the Central poUceoffice were savagely killed at their posts by the soldiers. ThepoUce superintendent de Nourla Hussdn Effendi was also ciilto pieces in front of the Banque Agricole. The proprietor ofthe newspaper Houkoukou Becher (The Rights of Man) TahsinRedjeb Bey was killed in Im house. Two young printer ladsof the newspaper Keuylu were assassinated. Refik Effendi

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military policeman was killed in a horrible manner. At themilitary hotel opposite the Govenmient buildings eight per-sons, men, women and children were assassinated. HalidEffendy a police functionary was killed. Saghir Hassan andCavass Ahmed de Sparta were victims of the son of the keeperof a house of ill-fame a certain Iskona Marianti. About fiftymussuknans, boatmen of the place called Passports, werechained together and drowned in the sea. Their bodies withthose of a great number of other victims were graduallywashed up along the coast. The tax-gatherer of the Tilkilikquarter, Noiuy Bey, was riddled by bayonets and finallysuccumbed before the printing-house of Keuylu from the effctsof about fifty wounds. The former police officer Ahmed Effen-di was cut to pieces by Greek soldiers. The boatman TatarHussein was murdered. Many famiUes- whose names we ref-rain from mentioning were dishonoured. The following houses,shops, hotels, casinos establishments were pillaged and sac-ked : The casino du Pare, the cafe and Hotel Askeri. The Hand'Evlia Zade, the restaurant Boloulou Mehemed, the books-shop Ahmed Ragbib freres, dairy and pastry cook's IbrahimHak'ki, the chemist's shop Chifa, the Club "Foyer du Droit"of Ekmekdji Bachi H^n, the shoemaker's shop Hadji HafizMustapha Freres, the restaurant Ismail Effendi ajid his houseat Caratache, the shops of Taschdji Osman Effendi; Hadji Ha-fiz Fikri and Selanikli Hafiz Hussein, the Bazaar of Ala-Chehir,the shop of the shoemaker Hakki Arista, the carpets andsedjades of the mosques Hissar and Beulcuk Bashi, the ca-sino of the officers of reserve opposite the Passeports, theshop of the watchmaker Tewfik at Odoun Bazar, at Arastaand in front of the old law court aboul 120 mussuhnan shops,the shop of Kerestedji Djihan Bey, the house at Kilidj Ali ofthe Superintendent of Police Mehmed Effendi, that of theagent Mustapha at Dibek Baschi, the shop of Ali Haydar, thehouse of the census director Hassan Bey at Alay Bey, at Ka-ratach not a stone was left standing of the house Noury Bey,at Gueuz-Tepe of the house of the watchmaker Hafiz MehmedEffendi, of the house of the late Baldji Zade Hamid Bey; atKarantina of the house of Lieutenant Colonel Tahir Bey and

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that of Captain Hilmi Bey; in the street Mektoubdji the houseof the ex-commodore, that of the secretary of the vilayet Ah-med Bey the house and the shop of Akardjali Zade Hadji Bec-kir Effendi, the house of the ex-director of the central prisonNoury Bey, the house at Bozyaka of Hussein Rifat Bey, allthe house of the quarter Eshref Pacha under pretext ofsearching for arms. In the street Franque, the private hospi-tals of the doctors Mehmed All, Essad Nazif, Cherif, Fuad,Djevdet, etc.

At.Boumabat on the 16th May 1919 the mussuhnan popu-lation was the object of the fury of the venizelits who attac-ked their houses, stript them of every object of value and thre-atened them with the worst reprisals if they were denounced.Here is the of list of the proprietors whose houses were sacked.Dr. Ghalib Bey, the retired Major Tahsin Bey, Ahmed Effendiof the Banque Agricole, the retired Hussein Hussni Effendi,Aidinli Karanfil Noury Bey, ete... The losses of these personsamount to about 5000 Turkish pounds. From Ghalib's wife anddaughters the jewels and precious stones they were wearingwere brutally torn away. A large number of cattle and flocksof sheep were carried off. Implements of husbandry to thevaue of 18.000 pounds were destroyed. Among the inhabitantsone named Sadik aged 55 years and one named Hadji OmerOglou Hussein (45 years) were killed and thrown into a well.Dibagh AM and five soldiers who could not be identified atPalajnouth, and the workmen Ali and Hadji Mehmed Aghawere shot by ignoble assassins; the native of Crete Emin andhis son Mouharem were strangled with a cord and throwninto a well. At. Palamouth, Merdjan and Tchoban Husseinwere gravely wounded. Besides these fourteen other personswere killed by firearms. On Sunday, by order of the GreekCominandant, ^he mussuhnans were forbidden to open theirshops before the services in the Christian churches are over.

3. The region of the villages of Gueuredje and DjoumaOvassi were pillaged and burnt; the inhabitants have aUemigrated abandoning their homes.

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4. At Nife, it is an escaped convict named Cassaross,condemned for assassinations and various crimes to 15 yearshard labour, who today in Greek uniform is charged by theGreek authorities, in company with some of his former com-panions in crime, with the maintenance of order and security.The molestations of the mussuhnans by these brigands havereached a point that baffles description. Seven Musulmansarrested by these vagabonds were left 3 days without anythingto eat or drink. The houses of the village of Kara-Tcham werepulled down to be used for fire wood by the Greek soldierssent to look for wood.

5. At Vourla a certain Mehmed died in consequence ofill^reatment inflicted by the Greek soldiers. A great many ofthe Houses of the caza were pillaged whilst those of the sur-rounding villages became the prey of the flames.

6. At Sivri-Hissar the gendarmes and officers were loc-ked up for there days in the Greek school and at the residenceof the Caimakam, respectively, after which they were senton food to Smyrna. The inhabitants under the futile pretextof searching for arms were imprisoned and beaten. The nota-bilities Mehmed Bey and Behdjet Effendi were maltreatedall along the way to Smyrna, where they are still in prison.The latter who is major of the commune of Doghan was thelauhingstock of his warders, who made him sweep the streetsof Vourla.

7. Not content with these cruelties and attacks uponhonour, liberty of conscience was also trampled under footand Mussulmans were forced to conversion by their executi-oners. We can mention here the policemen of the Karakol ofPassoula. Chefket and Ramezan effendis who were namedrespectively Lefter and Dimitri.

Your Highness,These facts that we have just related and those of which

we have not yet been able to get information, these barba-rous and ignoble acts, perpetrated under the very eyes of theforeigners, of the forces of the Entente and of their comman-

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dants including the admiral in chief Calthrop, justify theanguish of the Turkish population which sees its honour, itslife and its prosperity in danger. The Hellenic policy whichhas reduced to nothing the Turkish population of ThessaJy,which in the isle of Crete has reduced it from one third to onetenth, which even in such a short space of time has succeededin reducing it by one half in Macedonia this policy is calculatedto drive to despair even the most short-sighted of optimists.

We beg you consquently to present these facts to the atten-tion of the Peace Ck)nference and to make it cleary understandthat the Mussulman population which composes the 85 % ofthe total population of the Vilayet of Smjma, that is the over-whelming majority will never be able to admit nor accept apeace which would rob it of the smallest portion of these co-untries in order to give it injustly to any other nation, aboveall to the most cruel and intolerant among them. In giving thismandate to Your Highness we are supported by the expresswill of the inhabitants of the whole vilayet, a wiU which isentirely confirmed by the resistance they oppose to the Hellenicintrusion.

Copy of the report addressed to the Ministry ofWar by the General Ali Nadir Pacha commandingthe IVth Army corps of Smyrna.

May 20th 19191. I had informed your Excellency of the official commu-

nication made to me by the English Admiral Calthrop the14/5/1919 at 9 h. in the morning, and announcing to me theoccupation of the fortified positions of Smyrna by the forcesof the Entente according to the clauses of article seven, of thearmistice. It informed me also that this decision had beenbrought to the knowledge of the Sublime-Porte. Your Excelle-ncy had replied that naturaly must conform to the clausesof the armistice, and not give ear to the persistent rumoursof the annexation of the town of Smyrna to Greece, rumoursthat I had also not failed to communicate to Your Excelleney.

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2. The same day at 11 h. 30 a. m. the admiral Calthropcommimicates to me the following note :

"According to the seventh article of the armistice andwith the consent of the Powers of the Entente, Smyrna willbe occupied by the Hellenic troops. The transports which areto convey them will begin the landing tomorrow morning at8 o'clock. From 7 o'clock detachments of Greek sailors willoccupy the landing stairs. To prevent any regrettable incidentand any misunderstanding, all the troops in the quarter ofthe Passeports, as far as the point, except the posts of policeand gendarmerie, must concentrate at the barracks and con-form to the decision of the commandant of the occupationcorps. The Telegraph and Post-Office wiU be immediatelyoccupied by an English detachment to prevent all communi-cation with the exterior."

The note ended with the threat that if necessary orderand tranquilUty would be maintained by means of the navalforces of the Entente present in the port. The case was bro-ught to Your Excellency's knowledge the 15/5/1919 at 1 h. p.m. and orders were immediately given to conform to theprescriptions of the note and for the maintenance of order.

3. The 15/5/1919 the Greek detachment having landedmarched to the barracks at 11 o'clock in the morning. At thehead of the troops, a large Greek flag was carried by nativeGreeks who surrounded and preceded them in a compact body,shouting Zito Venizelos and applauding frantically. It wasin this state that the crowd and the soldiers began to march.In the barracks the officers and men of the army corps of therecruiting office of the 56th division, of the regiment of ca-valry and of divers bodies of troops were at their posts. Theprocession had already passed and turned round the barracksby the tramway street when a shot went off, fired very likelyby a Greek manifester. The Greek troops then immediatelytook up their position against the barracks and opened a steadyfire; a light machine gun posted not far from there also tookpart in the fusillade. The officers surprised by the sudden-

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ness and energy of the attack assembled in the corridors ofthe building wherfe the firing did not take much effect.

Convinced that incident provoked had been premeditatedwith the object of disorganising the Turkish administrativemachinery, and of profiting by that to injure the rights ofthe peaceful inhabitants, and understanding moreover thatto remedy this state of things the only means was to^ stopthe firing, I did my utmost to bring this about. But everyattempt on our part only had the effect of redoubling the fu-sillade. As a last resource I had a white flag fastened to a longpole and following it, I proceeded in person towards the Greektroops. I then saw them, officers and soldiers alike, rushupon us with fixed bayonets. Moreover to prove that we hadabsouutely not returned fire and to leave no room for doubtI and my followers were unarmed. There I stopped. Ourpresence which ought to have imposed cakn upon the leastdisciplined of armies, exasperated them on the contrary andthe firing continued for some time.

4. From the monent that we crossed the doorway of thebarracks there began for us a series of crimes and insults suchas has never been recorded in history up to now. Never hasthe dignity and honour of governments as well as soldiers beenattacked in the way the Greeks attacked ours. Without any dis-tinction of rank or grade, myself included, the disarmed offi-cers were attacked with the grossest insults. Under a rain ofblows from bayonets and butt ends of guns, they were sear-ched, everything found on them was stolen, handkerchiefs,watches, pocketbooks, snuff-boxes, rings, money ete. Ourmilitary head dresses were slashed and trampled upon. Thensurrounded by a crowd spitting out the foulest insults, thisunhappy convoy was marched off. The Hellenic officers whowere there, far from preventing these unworthy abuses, onthe contrary excited by their attitudes and gestures this co-arse populace and their low instincts.

5. Then a most horrible spectacle, a scene to make themost hardened, the most blase heart shudder with indignation,

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took place all along the road. The troops of occupation rangedon both sides and the Greek populace armed with revolversfired at a venture on the convoy and at every step struck thethe officers with sticks, with daggers and anything they couldlay hands on. People who were on the Greek boats anchoredin the, port, on the balconies of the houses and apartments,in cafes or elsewhere, all native Greeks or Hellenic soldiers,all participated more or less in some way or other in thisfrightful ordeal. Officers with their hands up were forced tocry "Zitos", Many of them as well as of the soldiers succumbedbeneath the blows or were killed or wounded by the firearms.It was in front of the Oriental Bank and near a Greek torpedoboat moored to the quay that we were the most exposed tothe fire. All this went on under the eyes of the foreigners, ofthe officers and soldiers of the naval units of the Entente,present at this moment. Although our losses have not beenentirely determined one may count more thiam 40 killed and60 wounded; among the victims may be mentioned the headof the recruiting office of the IVth. Army Corps, ColonelSuleiman Fethi Bey, the staff Colonel Ali Bey, the head doc-tor Lieutenant Colonel Chukri Bey, and the chief of staffAbdoul Hamid Bey and many others.

6. In the boats more than thirty evzones, ordered tosearch the officers afresh, behaved as was to be expected inthe vilest manner. They spared them no insult, no humiliation.

7. All the officers including myself were driven into theholds of the boats beside the animals. After 6 or 7 hours ofill-treatment and imprisonment, I, the chief of staff AbdoulHamid Bey and the ommandant of the 56th division were ledto the barracks with the object of completing in a delay oftwo hours the "evacuation of the town.

8. The officers remaining in the boat were much later, ledby degrees into the second class cabins. In these cabins whichheld at the most thirty persons, were crowded about a hundredand fifty officers and a great number of the policemen and civi-lians who had been arrested. During the 48 hours which elap-

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sed before the arrival of the allied officers absolutely no foodwas given them, and after that they received only dry bread,cheese and a few figs. The wounded officers were bandagedvery earelessly and one of them whose condition was veryserious was left for two days without care and without ban-dages. They could only breathe fresh air for a few momentsevery three or four hours when they were allowed to go upon deck. I spare you all the details of the frightful miseryendured by the body of officers during their internment.

9. As a result of our continual efforts we managed the15/5/1919 to remove the officers from this painful situation:they were taken back to the barracks, from where some hourslater, the married men were able by means of permits deliveredby the Hellenic military authorities, to return home while thosewho were unmarried were kept at the barracks.

10. Here is a summary of the occurrences that took placein the barracks and other military buildings.

The whole barracks were the object of attacks and robbe-ries ; the safes of the Army Corps, the Recruiting office of the56th division, and of the engineers' battalion containing morethan a hundred and fifty thousand pounds were completelypillaged. All the effects of the soldiers and officers were stolen.

11. The soldiers and officers belonging to bo bodies oftroops stationed outside the barracks, were arrested separately,beaten, insulted, robbed and the safes of these establishmentswere likewise pillaged.

12. The officers thus stript of all they had on them, findthemselves in a state of complete destitution. Besides the ho-uses of most of them have been completely sacked. A certainnumber of officers' families also underwent outrages at thehands of Greek bandits. In consequence all the officers ofSmyrna are today prostrated, destitute and profoundly afflic-ted.

13. The regiments of Aivalik, of Magnesie, of Aidin, ofSauke and of Anatolia belonging to my commandment have

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not so far been able to communicate with me, I shall informyou as soon as it is possible for them.

I beg your Excellency to accept ete.Ali Nadir Pacha-

Cipher report addressed the 20/5/1919 to the Ministerof War by Ali Nadir Pacha, commanding

the 17th Army Corps at Smyrna.The victims of the tragic events of Smyrna are the follo-

wing : Among the superior officers and subalterns :Killed : The head of the recruiting office Suleiman Fethy

Bey, the clerk of the third class of the first section of the StaffNadir Bey, the clerk of the third class of the first section ofthe commissariat Ahmed Hamdi, the riegimental secretaryFethy Bey, the Lieutenant Major of the second section ofCommissariat Hussein Nedjati Bey, the head-doctor of theArmy Corps Lieutenant-Colonel Chukri-Bey, the head-chemistcaptain Ahmed Effendi, the Lieutenant Faik of the engineercompany and the captain Nazmi of the recruiting office.

Wounded : The head of the surveying office Colonel AliBey, of the same office Lieutenant Colonel Djemal Bey, thechief of staff Abdul Hamid Bey, the secretaries Sadeddin,Zihni, Hairi, Nazim, Akif, Ibrahim, effendis, the Liutenantaide de camp Nechet, the colonel in chief of the third divisionAbbas Beys, TJie aide de camp of the army corps Behaeddin,the Captain Nassouhi the Lieutenants Galib and Djemal, theTelegraphic-Engineer Selaheddin, the Lieutenant of Commis-sariat Zin, the Engineer-Captain Hairi, the Lieutenant atta-ched to the staff of the 56th division Rifat and the LieutenantMehmed Ali Effendis.

Missing : The Cavalry Lieutenant Chukry, the secretaryHalit, the Captain Mehmed Noury, the Major Houloussy Bey,the Lieutenant-aviator Osman, the Lieutenant Ihsan, Ibrahim

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HakM, Kutchuk Hairi, the Battery Commandant Major Aziz,the artillery Captain Hassan Fehmi, the artillery LieutenantSurrouri Hairi, Edhem and Halid, the Lieutenants Chukri,Hamid, Murteza, Kemal, the adjutant Ali Yaver, the Comman-dant of the field howitzers Major Mahmoud Nedim of the sameArmy Corps, the Captains Seid Ali^ Djelal, the LieutenantsTewfik and Aziz and Ghalib Effendis.

Up to now we do not know if those officers are dead oraUve. I shall not fail to inform you as soon as I receive anyinformation about any them.

Ali Nadir Pacha.

Report sent to the Commandant General of theGendarmerie at Constantinople by the Officer

of Commissariat of the Crovemor Creneral of Smyrna.In my quality of officer of Gendarmerie and Commissariat

of the Governor General of Smyrna, I consider it as a militaryand patriotic duty to set forth to you, herewith, in detail, theevents which took place in the course of the occupation ofSmyrna by the Hellenic army, as well as the cruelties andinjuries of every sort to which our civil and military functi-onaries were exposed and especially the officers and men ofGendarmerie as well as the Mussulman population includingwomen children and old men.

On the 15th of May at 10 h. in the evening. Admiral Calt-hrop sent a note to the Gtovemor-General informing him thaton the morning of the 16th Smyrna and its surroundings wouldbe placed under Greek military occupation. Very early thatmorning indeed, more than twenty transports were to be seenwhich had conveyed the first Hellenic division to the port.Thereupon a proclamation was issued written in Turkish andin Greek and signed by the Colonel Zaffirion.

The first detachment of the occupying forces which landedon the quay went to occupy the pohce transport office. The

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policemen and gendarmes who were in this office were conse-quently withdrawn and taken back to the offices of the Com-mandment of the regiment of gendarmerie. They had scarcelyarrived when one saw advancing along the quays in the direc-tion of the barracks a battalion of Hellenic evzones precededby its Commandant on horseback and followed by an officerof lower rank bearing the Hellenic standard. A great numberof women and children preceded and accompanied this batta-lion. The representatives of the Greek army as well as a greatnumber of members beloning to the organisation of the "Me-gali Idea" (Great Idea) also followed it revolver in hand. Thecrowd like the Greek soldiers passed before the barracks withorder and in perfect tranquillity. At the moment when theywere turning the comer of the street and were about twohundred meters away from the barracks a report was heard.It was one of the individuals armed with a revolver and whoaccompanied the Hellenic battalion who must have fired; heinay even have done so involuntarily, by accident. Howeverthat may be the shot spread panic amongst the Hellenic troopsand, officers and men alike began to free in all directions andprincipally in that from which they had come. The detachmentwhich followed them, then took up their position in the gardensituated between the Governor General's palace and the bar-racks and taking for targets the doors and windows of thebarracks they opened a very heavy fire. It was not returnedfrom any side. Nevertheless the fusUlade was kept up for morethan half an hour. Some Turkish women and children who werethere, seized with terror, had taken refuge in the staircasesat the entrance of the Banque Agricole, thinking to be moreor less sheltered from the fusillade; they were massacredwithout pity. Literally streams of blood were flowing downthe steps of the staircase of the Bank, forming a pool in frontof the building.

In the proclamation which he had had posted up early inthe morning the Commandant of the Hellenic troops of occupa-tion invited the administrative and judiciary functionaries tocontinue to exercice their functions as in the past.

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Trusting to the terms of this proclamation all the func-tionaries of the Turkish Grovermnent were at their post. Butwhen they saw the Greek soldiers mounting to the floor ofthe military casino, situated opposite the Government palace,and from there direct a Uvely fusillade on this palace, all thosepeople in danger went and grouped themselves instinctivelyround the Governor General to await the course of events.

The room where the Vali and the functionaries as well asthe officers of gendarmerie were assembled was in the part ofthe Konak (the governmental Palace) comparatively the leastexposed. It was decided to make the Greeks imderstand bymeans of a white sheet hoisted on the fagade that there wasno firing from the Konak and that the fusillade should bestopped at least on that side. But it was of no avail. Thefiring continued more violently than ever and when at lastit ceased outside, we suddenly heard shots coming from thelower floor of the Governmental Palace. The assailants hadpenetrated into the Konak. But imaginingwrongly howeveras we saw only too well later on^that there would certainlybe an officer at the head of these assaillants who could bebrought to hear reason, we opened wide the doors of theGovernor Greneral's room and in Greek, we invited the soldierswho were already mounting to come in. Two evzones with fixedbayonets penetrated into the salon. They were told severaltimes that this room was the seat of the Government and thatthe Governor himself was there in person. But the two soldiersbegan to utter threats and insults in Greek arid in Tuilkish andoiviering us to hold up our hands obUged us all to descend. Onthe staircase outside the room where we were assembled otherevzones with fixed bayonets had ranged themselves. Everyonefiled past these brutes. Without regard to their rank even thehighest functionaries were struck with the butt-ends of girns,pricked with bayonets and several were seriously wounded.

On the lower floor, the Greek soldiers first of all obligedthe fxmctionaries to trample on their fez and their calpaks(headdresses). Those who hesitated had their headdress takenoff on the points of bayonets. It was thus that many of them

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were wounded in the head and m the face. The native Greekshaving likewise joined the Hellenic soldiers, the civilian fun-ctionaries were for the most part violently beaten with blowsfrom guns, pieces of wood or bars of iron. On the pretext oflooking for arms they were searched, and of course robbedof all they had on them. The Hellenic soldiers tore their uni-forms from our officers of gendarmerie who were, like theothers, the object of odious treatment. Encircled by severalsoldiers who guarded them whem with fixed bayonets, allthose people were conducted to the quay. The were forced atthe bayont's point to cry : "Zito Venizelos!" With hands upand bare heads, this sorry convoy ^which certainly does nohonour to the Hellenes who organisel it^was thus drivenalong for some time.

A certain distance had already been traversed, when therepresentative of Greece arrived in a motor-car and took theGovernor Gteneral and his son away with him. The otherswere without rhyme or reason, beaten, insulted, woimdedwith bayonets and even killed. Dragged along the quay, themost important thoroughfare of the town, no injury, nohumiliation was spared to these poor "people. The militaryrepresentatives of the Powers of the Entente who were inthe battle-ships moored in the port, the foreigners and nota-bilities inhabiting the buildings on the quay were witnessesof these crimes.

Several of our officers and functionaries disarmed anddefenceless, escorted by Hellenic detachments were massac-red by them under the very eyes of the foreigners. The nativeGreeks, had armed themselves for the occasion with piecesof wood, bars of iron, chains and all sorts of insruments ofviolence. When a group of officers under escort arrived infront of the customhouse offices the Hellenic regulars andthe Greek natives fell upon them in a body showering blowsupon them. The adjutantmajor Nedjati Effendi, was thusassassinated with incredible tortures, his son of 8-10 yearswho was with his father that day was dragged along with himand witnessed his tragic end. Mad with grief, in convulsions

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of tears, and with cries of anguish he threw himself on thebleeding and mangled body of his father. It was a horriblesight, the unhappy child also received a bayonet thrust! Nohumane feelings touch a Greek heart, they have given ampleproof of it. Our officers and oxur fimctionaries divided intoseveral groups were, during the whole passage from the Ko-nak and the barracks to the custom-house offices, the objectof the coarsest insults from the Greek populace. Greek ladies,fashionable members of their high society drew special atten-tion by their enthusiasm, and their zeal in uttering the vilestinsults. They threw whatever they could lay their delicatehands on, stones, lumps of earth, broken tiles ete. Some evenfired revolvers the better to prove that they were the worthywives of the modem Greeks.

Besides the functionaries and officers all the Turks andMussulmans who were met that day in the streets and in thecountry, little children not excepted, were arrested and impriso-ned in different places with the same proceedings. The yoimgpupils of the schood Sultanie (high school) situated besidethe Konak were also imprisoned and victims of the sametreatment. These unfortunate children were beaten and marty-rised in a truly inhiunan fashion. All the prisoners were con-fined in groups at the Com Exchange, at the flour depots,in empty shops and in cattle depots. They were left for, threedays without food. And when they were set at liberty, severalamongst them, fathers of families went home to find them-selves in presence of a second tragedy.

The day and the evening when the functionaries and theinhabitants were thrown into prison, the native Greeks, ledby Greek Boy-scouts penetrated into the houses of severalofficers and State employes. Besides pillage in the due formno crime was neglected. A Miissulman whose name and add-ress are known to us, saw his wife violated before his eyesby the Hellenic soldiery. The Mussulman market, as well asthe Mussulman shops in the quarters inhabited by christianswere completely pillaged, the safes broken open and emptiedof their contents. The offices of the authorities were completely

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ransacked. The drawers of the desks were forced open withbayonets all documents destroyed. All the strongboxes belon-ging to the different administrations of the State were burstopen by means of spcial instruments, and their contents stolen.Nothing was left. Even pens and inkstands were carried off.The morocco arm-chairs which were in the Governor's roomwere cut up in order to carry off the morocco leather. All thetelephone apparatus were destroyed or rendered useless. Allthe furniture of the barracks was thrown out of the windows,and so broken as to be of no use.

Moreover during this fatal day the Greeks niassacredall the isolated policemen and gendarmes in the interior orexterior of the town. A fortnight after these events severaldead bodies were still washed up by the sea. The decomposedbodies of three policemen, bound together by chains passedround their necks, were thrown up by the waves upon thequay du pare, opposite the Government Palace. This occurrenceattracted serious attention.

At the place called Boz-yaka nine persons, and at Seidi-Keuy and its vicinity several Mussulmans whose exact niunberhas not yet been ascertained, were massacred and their remainsleft for several days without burial. No Mussulman dared tobury them.

The Colonel Suleiman Fethy Bey, president of the rec-ruiting Commission of the 4th Army Corps, the Vice-MajorNedjati as well as Thasin Redjeb Bey, proprietor of thenewspaper Houkoukou-Becher (The Rights of Man) who wascut to pieces on the quay itself are the principal martyrs ofnote known to us. Amongst the killed there are many othersof our co-religionists whose identity has not yet been estab-lished. There are besides many who were killed by stray bullets.

I should fail in my duty if I did not inform you of a regret-table observation that I made in the course of these events.As I have already said, all these crimes and offences wereperpetrated in broad day-light under the eyes of thousandsof foreigners of the diplomatic and military representatives

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of the Entente The Amarican officers rode about on horsebackall over the town, and were like many others eye-withnessesof all the ignoble acts of which these people were guilty. Iregret to state that not even by a gesture did they do anythingto prevent them.

The 6th. June 1919.

Report of the Turksh Military Commission atSmyrna addressed to the Ministry ofWar at ConstantinopleI have the honour of communicating to you herewith a

summary of the regrettable events of Smjma :1. A violent fusillade having been directed by the Greek

troops landed at Smyrna, against the fagade of the barracks,the Turkish officers and soldiers who had assembled thereaccording to the instructions of Admiral Calthrop, took refugeia the passages and shltered parts of the barracks. Afterniumerous difficulties, to prove that they had no intention ofdefending themselves, all the officers of the army corps wereled in a convoy to the Greek transport "Patris". During thewalk which we were obliged to take along the quay, pursuedby the hoots and jeers of tbe Greek populace, many officersand soldiers were killed or wounded by shots fired by Greeksoldiers and civilians, as the commandant of the Army-Corpshas informed Your Excellency in detail.

The same day more than seven hundred civilians, tra-desman and others, who had been arrested by the Greek mili-tary authorities in different quarters of Smyrna, either inthe streets or in the hotels, inns or shops, were also broughton board the same ship and imprisoned in the hold.

The Commandant Ali Nadir Pacha, his chief of staff, theMajor Abdul Hamid Bey, the Commandant of the 56th divisionHussein Bey and the Lieutenant Enver Bey, the Commandant's

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officer of Commissaxiat, were released at six o'clocik in theafternoon.n. The next day the Greek Colonial Zafirion, Commandantof the Hellenic troops of occupation came on board the "Patris"and asked to speak with one of the imprisoned officers in orderto inquire into the incident which had taken place the daybefore; I volunteered to present myself to him. Here is thesummary of our conversation :::

1. "After having received me very courteously, he toldme that the chief cause of the incident had been that we hadfired from the barracks with the intention of defending it,upon the Greek companies advancing in marching order andthat the soldier on the right wing of the first , company wasmortally wounded. He said that the bravery of the Turkisharmy was well known, and that during the Balkan-war havingbeen continually in contact with it, he had appreciated itsfighting value and its virtues and made me a heap of comp-liments on this subject. He said next that he had occupiedSmyrna on the decision of the Powers of the Entente and thatthe Greeks and the Mussulmans ought by their respectivesituations to live on brotherly terms whether in Greece or inTurkey; he added that he sincerely regretted the incidentsthat had taken place and that he was very much affectedby them.

, "I then replied, that the commandant of the army corpshad received the night before the notice of Admiral Calthropand that he had immediately informed the subaltern authori-

, ties of it : that he had ordered the battalion (Bat. 2. Regiment133) which was at Pounta and all the officers then in Smyrnato assemble at the barracks by 5 o'clock in the morning andat the same time, had taken measures to prevent the occur-rences of any incidents.

"We saw indeed, said I, that a battalion of evzones ad-vanced from the direction of the landing-place of the Hellenictroops, and that the three companies of this battalion hadalready passed the barracks and turning round it, had even

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taken the street of the tramway leading to Kokar-Yali; thehead of this detachment had ah-eady reached the BanqueAgricole When a shot went off from the direction of the Greekcrowd massed opposite the Kona;k and the barracks, fired byan unknown, who surely could only be a Greek. The companieswhich followed this detachment immediately spread out inthe rear, and having taken up a position near the Park, openeda steady fire on the barracks. In consequence, if you say thevan-guard of the battalion advancing towards the barrackshad been fired upon, the three companies of this battalionwould not have txrmed round it to take the tranmway road.On the contrary the first company exposed would have takenup position and opened fire.-

2. Admitting that the occupants of the barracks hadmade use of their arms to defend it, their btdlets should haveleft traces in the Park where your soldiers had taken up theirposition.

3. The Turkish officers, setting aside their military tech-nical instruction, have acquired during these five years ofwar, a great experience in innmnerable combats on the variousfronts. Can one beUeve that any Turkish officer wot^ld attemptsuch an illogical and mad adventure as to defend the barracksbuilt near the sea, against a force of twelve thousand men,having their armaments, munitions and equipment complete?

All the more that an Entente fleet was in the port ofSmyrna precisely to support the Hellenic forces advancingtowards the barracks and ready to second them. It is verynatural that imder these conditions no Turkish officer shouldever have d^-eamt of defending the barracks. We also regretthese events and are as much affected by them as you canbe; considering especially that the other aUied detachmentswhich occupied the fortified regions of the town the day beforeeffected their landing quietly whereas the occupation ofSmjnma by the Greek troops was followed by these incidents.

"I thank you for your kind remarks respecting the Tur-kish army, I said to him. We also, during the different cam-

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paigns in which we had occasion to come in contact with theGreek army, had the opportunity of appreciating the moraland humanitarian merits of its officers and soldiers; we wereall convinced of its quality, as a civiUsed army. Therefore wewere painfully surprised at the inhuman and unworthy con-duct of your officers and soldiers towards ours, brought yes-t;erday, surrounded by bayonets, from the barracks to thisship. The Turkish officers while deploring that the Hellenicauthorities should have let themselves go to such excesses,trust that you will not fail to repair immediately this incorrec-tion".

With these words I left the Commandant of the Hellenicarmy of occupation. Having been again summoned later on.I went to him once more on board a small tug sent specially tothe "Patris" to bring me. Our second conversation turnedsolely on the liberation of the officers and soldiers detainedon board the "Patris". The mode of their liberation was thusdecided and I was able to insure the transfer to the barracksby a tug which was to be sent the next day for all the officersand soldiers. So that four days after the incidents of Smyrnathe officers could be transfered to the barracks and thosewho were married could go home.

All the safes belonging to the army corps or to the contin-gents and different services of the army corps which werein the barracks, having been ransacked and their contentsrifled and moreover the money, watches, and other valuableswhich the officers had on them having been stolen by theGreek soldiers at the moment of their imprisonment, the Turk-ish officers, married or not, found themselves in a state ofcomplete destitution. Consequently we were obliged to dist-ribute among them, for their most pressing needs, a certainsum that the army corps possessed at the Bank.

The third day after their transfer, the officers who wereobliged to report themselves at the Greek barracks every day,were suddenly prevented by the Greek soldiers from comingout once they had gone in. All who heard this news would

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not come to the barracks any mqre. They were sought out,arrested and brought by force to the Greek military authorities,and a second day of insults was thus imposed on the Turkishofficers.

Meanwhile I had another personal interview with the com-mandant of the occupying forces. It was decided that theunmarried officers and soldiers should be sent to Moudaniaon board Greek transport, and that five days should be givento the married ones to prepare their departiu-e for the samedestination. This was carried out. The famihes of the officersmartjrrized during the Smyrna incidents were also aided byus in a private majmer.

m. The commission left at Smyrna for the services ofthe army corps is composed of three persons, but owing to theoverwhelming amount of work it is necessary to increase thenumber. Unfortunately all our applications to the Greek com-mandant on this subject remained without effect. Our Com-mission has many difficulties to contend with in the accom-plishment of its task. Amongst others it is impossible for usto put our hands on the stores of provisions and of equipmentsas weU as on the industrial and other institutions of the armycorps. We have made serious applications to the Greek autho-rities by the intermedimn of the English, for the handingover of these stores and institutions. We have only been ableto obtain in this manner those which were in the barracksitself. We managed thus, under the superintendence of theEnglish, to distribute a few provisions to the famihes of themartjn:ised officers.

All the official registers, the account-books and otherdocuments were ransacked, destroyed and burnt by the Greeksoldiers when these incidents took place. I try to coUect at leastthe remains of them. I shaU sent you shortly the list of aUthat had been pillaged, destroyed or stolen by the Greeks.

rV. A detailed list of the smns stolen from the safes hasbeen handed to the allied representatives, to the Grovemor ofSmyrna and to the Greek Commandant. Another list of all the

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money and objects stolen from the officers by the Greek sol-diers has also been remitted to the allied representatives. Theanimals belonging to the contingents of cavalry and artilleryof the army corps were collected by the Greeks in the courtof the barracks and were nearly dying of starvation. Stepshave been taken for their maintenance.

The list of robber'ies performed by the Greeks is sent youherewith.

Kindly accept etc...(signed) Lieutenant Colonel Siilejmian FEHMY,Chief of Commissariat of the XVUth Corps.

Simamary of the enclosed list.The Greeks have pillaged 20 ?afes belonging to the dif-

ferent services of the army corps. Have been noted :Piastres 5.809.728.15 in receipts,

17.240.093.25 in bank notes; 17.269.20 in copper money, 16.605. in silver money,

59.027.20 in gold.That is in all, money to the value of 23 millions, 142 thou-

sand 690 piasters and a quarter. Which amounts in round figu-res to 5 millions 250 thousand francs.

Extracts from the report of a delegate of theOttoman League.The day of the occup^ation, the Greek soldiers after havingwounded and killed two unfortimate women in front of the

barracks drove into the Government Buildings eight hundredfunctionaries and Turkish inhabitants of the town. Then they

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put them in ranks and marched them though the town, loadingthem with blows and insults and forcing them to shout "Longlive Venizelos". Those who refused to do so were killed on thespot. Amongst the number they noticed that Colonel SuleimanFethi Bey, head of the military division of the IXthe ArmyCorps refrained from shouting. They reported the order tohim and on his refusal to obey pderced and cut him to pieceswith their bayonets, on the quay before thousands of spec-tators. During the march they took the purses, watches andother valuables of all the Turks who made up the sad processi-on. All these people were imprisoned in the building of theExchange. The number of Turks arrested on the most futilepretexts the firts day of the occupation amounted to 26.000persons.

The day of the occupation a sergeant and four Turkishsoldiers wearing the armlet of the Red Crescent were arrestedby the Greek soldiers. Dragged before the great buUding of theOriental Carpet, they were pierced from behind with bayonetsand killed tmder the eyes of hundreds of foreigners massedin the streets and at the windows. The sergeant is a Turkishchemist well known in the town. This murder is recorded inthe report sent to his Grovemment by the English ColonelLymping, who went himself to the house of the poor victimizedchemist and gave 50 Turkish poimds to his family and children.

At the time of the massacre of the Turks at Menemenby the Greeks, the English Colonel Smith was going fromConstantinople to Smyrna. Having heard the outeries, he gotout of the train and accompanied by two English soldiers wentinto the town; he arrived just in time to see the Greeks in theact of massacring. The Greeks pretended that a rising of thepopulation had obliged them to act thus; but none in thetown was armed, except the four gendarmes and the govemerwhose bodies were lying in front of the government building.The Greeks had two whole battalions against these four armedgendarmes. The reports of the international inquiry commissionand of the American doctors confirm this fact. They onlyfoimd eleven wounded to treat as against 759 Turkish corpses

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and they did not seruple to call the Greeks' attention to thisrevolting disroportion.

The day of the occupation about fifteen Greek ruffiansand soldiers penetrated into the house of the former secretarygeneral of the province and violated one after the other hiswife and his two daughters. The same disaster overtook theformer commandant of the port Sinan Bey.

If personages so highly placed suffered such treatmentone can easily imagine what was the lot of persons of lessimportance.

One hears frequently at Smjrma the inedited accounts ofnumerous similarly ignominious actions.

The Mussulman Defence League (33, Palace Street,Westminster) forwards to the Ottoman League by the

intermedium of the Anglo-Ottoman Society ofLondon, the following letter from a British

officer who was witness of the events in Smyrna."Smyrna, May 21st, 1919.

"I am writing to you about affairs in Turkey. I hope youmay be able to get friends in the House to ask questions aboutthe perfectly scandalous happening at Smyrna when the Greektroops landed. I arrived at Sm3mQa the following day, and hadplenty of evidence, both Elnglish and Turkish, of what hadbeen going on.

"The Turkish authorities issued a General Order the daybefore landing instructing all officials to see no resistance wasoffered, and troops and officers were ordered to be at certainbarracks at a certain time, which was also named for handingover G. H. Q.

"The Order seems to have been obeyed, but the Greektroops brolce into some of the places where Turkish officerswere gathered and shot down all who refused to cry Zeto Ve-

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nizelos. I am told that between 200 and 300 officials werekilled, but am not able to substantiate the statemant as tonumbers. ^

"Officers were stripped of their uniforms by Greek sol-diers and left in their shirts and pants. Their boots the soldiersput on themselves. The Vali was dragged along the quay withhis hands up and carried prisoner on board a Greek ship. Hisfez was taken off and trampled under foot. ^ His wife (a pur-dah lady) was hurt and his house looted. The Chief of theTurkish Staff was bayoneted in the face and thrown into thehold of a Greek cattle ship, among the aminals. ' The seniordoctor of the Turkish Army Corps was murdered and on Mon-day last the body had not been foimd. * The Chief of the Artil-lery was also murdered^his brother, a young doctor, wasrobbed of everything, even to his wedding ring; he showedme the mark made to get it off, and said in some cases fingershad been cut to remove rings. ^ His wife, though a Russion,was robbed of everything too.

^ The Bureau is in possession of a list, which though incomplete con-tains the names of nearly a hundred superior officers and others. The Turkishmilitary authorities not having the means at present of making inquiries on thespot, the names of many officers who were at Smyrna on garrison duty or onleave and who were assassinated by the Greeks do not figure on the list.Similarly the Police and Gendarmerie agents and officers especially markeddown by these assasins are not quoted. The number of three hundred reportedin the letter of the English officer is thus below the reality.

" The General All Nadir Pacha, commanding the Turkish army corps un-derwent the same treatment, without regard for his uniform or his rank. Hewas struck by a Greek soldier in the open street. We particularly draw attentionto this fact. It denotes the degree of discipline and the chivalrous spirit ofthis horde.

^ Lieutenant-Colonel Abdul-Hamid Bey.*The doctor Lieutenant-Colonel Chukri Bey, His body attached to a stone

was thrown into the sea and only recovered twelve days later, that is afterthe publication of the English officer's letter.

Several commandants of artillery were killed or disappeared. Probablythis letter refers to Major Mahomed Nedim Bey, commandant of the heavyartillery and who was assassinated in a cowardly manner.

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"A Turkish lieutenant-colonel, whom I met at the hos-pital, told me he hadn't the price of a meal letf in the houseevery stick of furniture had been takenhis wife looted ofevery scrap of jewellery she had on.

"These are only a few cases I saw myselfeverjnvhereit has been the same. In the villages not only have the housesbeen looted, but burnt and pulled down" In the better-classhouses, which were too solid to pull down, doors and windowshave been removed, and in some cases the roofs.

"What the Allied Fleet was ^oiag to aUow this sort ofthing to go on I don't understand; for the Greeks, both mili-tary and civil, took a hand in itand it was not until theywere attacked that the Turks showed fight. The Greeks claimthat Smyrna is Greek-^as a matter of fact. Christians arein a majority here, but not Greek Christians. Of OttomanGreeks and Ottoman Turks there are more Ottoman Turks.

VIn other places, such as Marussa, which I understandGreeks are to occupy, four-fifths of the population is Moslem.

"There are a few purely Greek villages near Smyrna, butthe population as a whole is Moslem. Can nothing be done toget a Commission of Inter-Allied Commissioners, who knowthe country, sent to report on the population?

"If Mr. Wilson's idea of self-determination is to be appliedit should be appUed to this country as to any other. The peopleshould be allowed to select their mandatoryif it is consi-dered absolutely necessary to separate them from Turkey.

"Also there are British and other foreign rights to beconsidered in Smyrna. Under the system of capitulation andextraterritorial rights enjoyed by foreigners in this country,they have built up a very flourishing commercial community,

8 Whole villages were thus sacked or razed to the ground. At BIroun-Abad. for Instance, a charming suburb of Smyrna, inhabited by the EnglishColony, most of the Turkish houses were pillaged under the eyes of the English.Djouma Ovassi, in the neighourhood of Boudja, another suburb of Smyrna,Gueur^dj^ and many others were completely devasted.

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of which some of the leading houses are British. Are we, whospent muchblood arid treasure in the conquest of Turkey, toallow our own nationals to be ruined by Greek misrule? Itis a known fact that in Greece itself British houses have beenunable to succeed.

"In Turkey taxation is HghtTin Greece taxation simplykills everything. Is it right that the commercial communityshould be exploited for the benefit of Greece? Also whatabout the Indian Army? What will the Moslem section of itsay when they learn that they and their friends have foughtand died to hand over a large number of their brother Moslemsto their bitterest foes and the most fanatical people who callthemselves Chistians? As I am serving I am not allowed towrite to the papers, and I have very few friends who knowor care anything about Turkey, and, of course, the countryis in disgrace for her misdeeds. But stiU one would like to seejustice done, and if you have any friends who can do anythingto wake up public opinion do try and get them interested. Itcertainly won't make for peace to leave this place in Greekhands without a most stringent control of some sort."From a British Officer.

Note from the League :Theree questions were in fact put in the House of Com-

mons by the members Aubrey Herbert and Kenworthy in replyto which Mr. Harmsworth, under secretary of State at theForeign Office, recognised in principle the justice of the accu-sations brought against the Greeks and promised to make anofficial inquiry.

It was in consequence of this declaration and the comp-laints made by the Schikk ul Islam that an interallied inquiryCommission was appointed to go and study the matter on thespot; that the general Paroskevopoulos was recalled fromSmyrna and that superior Greek officers were condemnedbefore the Commission had even begun its work.

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Note from the Bureau :The commission in question having, after an impartial

inquiry, finished its work, presented its report to the SupremeCk)uncil. In this report the interallied Commission affirms theauthenticity of the Turkish version and all the ignoble Greekmisdeeds and declaring the landing to be quite without reasonit begged the Supreme Council to order the evacuation ofSmyrna.

M. Pierre Loti communicated to the Ottamon League thefollowing personal letter which he received from ona

of his comrades of the French Navy, referringto the landing of the Greeks at Smyrna : he adds

that all the other French officers relate this incident, with the same indignation but that the censor

forbids its publication in France :"On the 15th of May, at 7 h. 30 in the morning, the Greek

battle-ships Averoff and Limmos, followed by several trans-port vessels anchored before Smjrma, and without any noticeof this strong measure having been given to the Ottomanauthorities, the Hellenic troops began to disembark, underthe command of the Colonel Zaphiriote. These troops werecomposed of a regiment of evzones and of the 40th and 50thinfantery.

An immense crowd had assembled on the quays. TheMetropolitan had thought it his duty to come and stir up theenthusiasm of the ortodox populace by reUgious manifesta-tions of a doubtful opportuness.

The Turks meanwhile had opposed no resistance to thelanding, their troops remaining shut up in the barracks. Butthey had prepared long beforehand the little incident whichwasto permit "the proud conquerors" to give themselves upwith impimity to long premeditated cruelties upon the Mus-sulman population. How could this desired incident fail tobe produced?

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The hired instigators were all at their posts, and to makestill more sure, the Hellenic Red Cross had armed the twomost ignoble bands of comitadjis in Macedonia, and these hadbeen transported to Asia-Minor by Greek tropedo-boats. Itis established by the reports of the different authorities thatthe Greek brigands of Smyrna, who had come to welcomethe Hellenic forces and had encircled them, all carried revolversopenly. Whether intentionally or accidentally a shot wasfired from their ranks, causing an indescribable panic amongthe "proud conquerors" newly landed, the brave evzonesfleeing in all directions firing shots, which increased the di-sorder. It was then that other Greek troops who followed thefirst contingents opened fire against the undefended Turkishbarracks. In spite of all the signals that were made to them,in spite of the white flag immediately hoisted, the Greekscontinued to fire on the Turkish officers disarmed the daybefore.

By dint of provocation and blustering they managed tomake the Turks lose patience; a few shots fired or said tohave been fired from their ranks, gave the expected signalfor the massacre. The Greeks rushed upon the barracks whoseoccupants were killed or woimded.

On the quays the Turkish women are unveiled, insulted.The Greeks ery out to the Mussulmans : "I... thy prophet andthy religion". The word "Nayeow" is frequently on the lipsof the Greks. They are obhged to take off their fez and tramplethem imder foot. If they refuse, they are thrown into the seaor run through with bayonet.

In their blind fury, the Greeks massacre abount fifteen oftheir compatriots who wear the Ottoman fez in their qualityof functionaries; they assassinate the French station-master,two Italians and an English subjeet ete.

The Hellenic commander having decreed a state of siege,murder and pillage are henceforth under the protection ofarmed force. The 40th regiments hasten to imitate them.The Turk are imprisoned in a body and their houses sacked.

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But the Greek do not attack only the property of the Mus-suhnans; they pillage the depot of the Ottoman Bank, thestorehouse of the French-Consulate etc.

They went so far as to give arms to the Palikares in otherwords to the bandits who form the Greek populace of Smyrna.They gave them to their wives too, and the latter used themto outrage the corpses of the Turks, piled up at the Ottomanhospital.

Th^ streets continue to be the scene of every crime andcowardly deed imaginable.An old Turkish Colonel, ill and quasi impotent, is encotm-

tered by the Palikares (taht is to say bravas); he is riddledwith bayonet wounds. At the gates of the town, three unarmedgendarmes are driving home peaceably, quite unaware of whatis going on in Smyrna : they are massacred with every refine-ment of cruelty.

In another place, an officer of our navy sees a Greekpatrol leading away an old man, a corporal strifciag him onthe head with the butt end of his gun.

"Why are you striking an old disarmed man like that?he asked the corporal."

"Because he is a dangerous man. Arms were found inhis house."

"What arms?"It turned out that these arms consisted of 200 grammes

of small shot, 100 grammes of shooting powder and two emptycartridge cases!

Sometimes, Mars must give place to Mercury. As patrolswere circulating in the streets, honest Greeks would offer toguide them to the house of such and a dangerous man. whomthey would indicate. As this dangerous man, by some happychance, always turns out to be the credifor of his denouncer,his account is soon settled.

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Meanwhile the Turks who had been taken prisoners,receive nothing to eat or drink. English officers going to visitthem, protest against this inhumanity. Alarmed the Greekmilitary authoreties allow the Turkish women to carry food tothe captives; when they present themselves with their provi-sions, Greek youths jeer at them, unveil them and only letthem pass if they carry in their hands a paper flag with theglorious colours of the Hellenes.

Such is the truth about the ambuscade of Smyrna, andwe hope that it will be brought to light in spite of aU thosewho gain by its bedng hidden imder a bushel. The balance sheetof the entry of the Greeks into Smjrma amounts to 300 Turksdead and 600 wounded.

This is how the French papers relate this meniorable day :"The Greek troops landed at Smyrna in the midst of uni-

versal enthusiasm."However the enthusiasm of the first moment beginning

to cool down the commander of the Hellenic troops began towonder if in spite of the blind philhellendsm of the Entente,the affair of Smjrma might not revolt the public, if the lattercame to know what had taken place. So it thought it wise toforestall its critics, and published an order blaming the con-duct of "some vagabonds" to whom the Council of War wouldsee that justice was done. We are quite certain that these vaga-bonds have nothing to fear either from the rope or the gallows,richly as they have deserved them, and that on the contrary,they wUl henceforth Uve honoured and free from care.

The events of Smyrna, wrote the Turkish journal "Hdissat"on this subject, have shown that Greece is not only incapableof undertaiking a mandate over another coimtry but that sheherself needs to be controlled".

If we wish to know the opinion of an Armenian who canhardly be suspected of a great partiality for the Turks, thisis how he appreciates the exploits of the descendants ofPericles.

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"We have often been assassinated, says he naively butnever have the Turks treated us as the Greeks have treatedthjem and never have they msulted our beliefs in such a manner.

Let us leave the final word to the chief of one of the divi-sions of the squadron, whose report concludes thus :

"The conduct of the Greeks was ignoble."

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neither the physical strength nor the pecuniary means neces-sary for this journey, they took refuge at Ak-Hissar; andreported with tears in their eyes the odious treatment whichthey had suffered from the Hellenes.A notability, Mehmed Bey Bachzade, was severely beatenand is still confined to bed.

The day of the perquisition of arms were also beatenwith incredible violence : M. Hussein Adanali Zade, notabilityof Manissa, Kiamil Mufti Zade, notability, Ibrahim MuftiZadee deputy major, Bolghour Hussein, Kadri Ghirith Zade.This last grievously wounded in the head fainted. TheGreeks thinking him dead, turned out his pockets, stole hismoney, (500 p. Tk. and besides sacked his house. Kadri GhritliZade is now imdergoing treatment at the hospital of Smjrma.We add to the present letter a list containing the namesof other notabilities and intellectuals of the country who werearrested without any plausible reason.

So many crimes committed, so ^many tortures inflictednaturally exasperated in the highest degree the Mussulmaninhabitants of our commtme. Nevertheless the latter, givingproof of the noble character of the Turkish nation, preservea patience truly most wonderful. But it is to be feared thatthe continuation of the Hellenic atrocities may overexcitepublib opinion and finaly oblige the Mussulmans to abandontheir passive attitude. The responsibility of such a rising couldtherefore only be imputed to the Greeks alone.

We protest then energetically and with indignation aga-inst the doings of the Hellenic army which since its landing,has not ceased a moment from perpetrating the most imheardof abominations.

In the name of justice and humanity "we adjure the GreatPowers to use their authority to order the evacuation of ourbeloved country, that we could never bear to see submitted,even temporarily, to foreign domination.

Follow 60 signatures...

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VIOLATED MOSQUESAll the mosques and religious institutions of Menissa, num-

bering about 150, have been violated by the Greek army, then-doors were forced in and their floors torn up, their carpetsstolen or soiled, their windows broken and their inside wallsdefaced. The worst damaged mosques of the town are thefollowing :

Servih mesdjid. Gune djami.Tchatal djami. Dilchikar.Kenzd djami. Dere mesdjid.Mouradie. Nifli Zade.Ak mesdjid. Hadjdja-djlar.Ayvaz Pacha djami.The convents Kenzi, and Kabak Hadje.The schood of Theology Sinan and the cemetery Tehatal,

Kabristan, are violated, defiled and deteriorated.

Telegram from the Deputy-Governor of Ak-Hissardated 3rd July 1919.

In the night of the seventh instant, HaUd Pacha and fiveof his friends who were in a farm, were killed in a tragicfashion by a detachment of Greek troops, reinforced by con-siderable forces drawn from the neighbouring Greek villages.The body of Halid Pacha had been severed in two, and borethirty-seven wounds inflicted with knives and bayonets, hisfingers had been cut off and his eyes put out. His friendshad their cars and noses ctd off, and their eyes put out. Thegoods found on the premises, as well as the implements hadbeen pillaged and the farm then set on fire. The bodies ofHalid Pacha and of his friends so tragically assasinated weretaken to the chief town of the Caza to be bm-ied. Besides, thisevent I have also to inform you that fifteen women of theneighbourhood of Ghediz-Tchai who were going to their workwere also assassinated and their bodies thrown into the river.

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The Massacres of Bergamoand of Menemen

Memorial upon events of Bergamo.The Greek contingent advancing in the direction of Mene-

men occupied without resistance, on the 12th June, the townof Bergamo and the overlooking heights.

The commandant of this small detachment having givenassurances that the Hellenic Government assumed the moraland material responsibility for any losses and Hi-treatmentwhich might be caused to the population, private persons aswell as functionaries continued to go about their business.

On the application of the local Government a Turkishgendarme was attached to be the Greek military patrolscharged with the preservation of order in the town. Althoughall went normally during the actual occupation, the Greeksoldiers, the officers setting the example, began from the firstdays to perpetrate crimes, pillages, and assaults on Turkishwomen.

The day following the occupation, they killed MehmedEmin, mountar of the village of Tekely, half an hour's dis-tance from Bergamo and carried off the cattle they foimdin the village and in the neighbourhood of Bergamo; theysequestered and took possession of all the cereals belongingto the population and destroyed what they conld not take.A patrol of Greek soldiers fell upo nthe farm of Touzdji Mo-ustapha near the town and pillaged his furniture, carried offhis cattle and destroyed his crops. Near the town they killed,riddling them with bayonets, four unfortun

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