greek lecture notes
TRANSCRIPT
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ARC 110
History of Architecture I
Module 6
Ancient Greek Architecture
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Module Outline Lecture 17
Historical Background Location and period
Social characteristics and beliefs
Lecture 18 Architecture of the Civilization
Greek Orders
Temple Architecture
Civic Architecture
Lecture 19 Greek City Planning and Design
Greek Architecture in Athens
Lecture 20 Architectural Characteristics
Buildings and other architectural elements
Building materials, construction and technologies
Architectural Organizing principles
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Module Learning Outcomes
What do we expect to learn from the
civilization? Stone construction and decoration
The introduction of Proportion in Architecture The introduction of the classical orders of
architecture
Greek architecture of temples and civicbuildings
Principles of Greek city Planning and Design
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Module 6 Lecture 17
Ancient Greek Architecture
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Outline of Lecture
Lecture 17
Historical Background
Location and period Social characteristics and beliefs
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Historical Background
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Historical Background
Location Greek civilization occurred
in the area around the
Greek mainland, on apeninsula that extends intothe Mediterranean Sea
It started in cities on theGreek mainland and onislands in the Aegean Sea
Towards the later orHellenistic period, Greekcivilization spread to otherfar away places includingAsia Minor and NorthernAfrica
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Historical Background
Location Most of the Greek
mainland was rocky andbarren and therefore badfor agriculture
Most Greeks therefore
lived along the coastline oron islands where the soilwas good for farming
The Aegean andMediterranean Seasprovided a means ofcommunication and trade
with other places
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Historical Background
Period The period of ancient Greek history can
be divided into four as follows: 1100 B. C. 750 B. C. Greek Dark Ages
750 B. C. 500 B. C. Archaic Period
5000 B. C. 323 B. C. Classical Period
323 B. C. 147 B. C. Hellenistic Period
The classical and archaic period aresometimes collectively referred to as
Hellenic period
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Historical Background
Period Greek Dark Ages (1100-750 BC)
The Mycenaean people were Greek in Origin
Greek civilization is therefore usually viewed as a
continuation of the Mycenaean civilization
The start of the Greek civilization is therefore
dated to the end of the Mycenaean civilization in
1100BC
Following the decline of Mycenae, the area
around the Greek mainland went into a period of
decline that is referred to as the Greek Dark ages
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Historical Background
Period Greek Dark Ages (1100-750 BC)
Greece became depopulated with groups ofpeople moving out of mainland Greecetowards the islands of the Aegean
Mycenaean and Greek culture dwindled andmany cultural elements including writing, artand architectural techniques were lost
Trade with Asia Minor, the Middle East andEgypt, which was at the root of Cretanprosperity stopped entirely
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Historical Background
Period Greek Dark Ages (1100-750 BC)
As Greek people migrated from the mainland, otherpeople from other less prosperous mountain regionsof the north migrated to the more fertile coastlineregions
They invade the Greek mainland villages andestablished their rule
The northerners brought with them a Greek dialectcalled Dorian, as opposed to the Ionic Greek spoken
by the main settlers The two dialects and cultures later mixed together to
create a Hellenic culture, which is at the root of
ancient Greek civilization
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Historical Background
Period Greek Dark Ages (1100-750 BC)
These two dialects became equated withcharacteristic architectural forms that evolvedin them
In the period following the invasion by theDorians, there was a shift in lifestyle thatproduced a sedentary agricultural lifestyle and
society. Sedentary lifestyle allowed the Greeks to
rediscover urbanized culture that ultimately
led to evolution of classical Greek culture
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Historical Background
Period Archaic Period (750 - 500 BC)
The revival of Greece from the dark agesstarted during the eight century BC
The Greeks developed a new political form
called city states
City states are cities which are ruled as
independent nations The archaic period saw the renewal interest in
overseas trading contact
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Historical Background
Period Archaic Period (750 - 500 BC)
Greek societies that were engaged in tradebecame rich and by joining with other theirneighbors, sometimes forcefully, formed large
states The polis or city state emerged as the natural
and desirable political entity
Early examples of these city states includeAthens, Corinth, Argos, and Sparta on themainland, and in the Eastern Aegean, Samos,
Chios, Smyrna, Ephesus and Miletus
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Historical Background
Period Archaic Period (750 - 500 BC)
The archaic period marked the rise of the aristocraticfamilies; families that are considered noble or ofhigher status
The archaic period was dominated politically by theleading aristocratic families in each city state acting inconcert or squabbling amongst themselves forsupremacy
At times individual aristocrats were able to takeadvantage of popular dissatisfaction to seizeauthoritarian power
Such rulers were called tyrants
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Historical Background
Period Archaic Period (750 - 500 BC)
Such tyrants stimulated the development ofthe arts through their patronage
The archaic period marked the beginnings of
Greek monumental stone sculpture andarchitecture
Around 546 BC, the rising Persian Empire
conquered some Greek city states The rising threat of the Persian Empire
marked the end of the Greek archaic period
and of classical Greek culture
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Historical Background
Period Classical period (500 - 323 BC)
The Classical period of ancient Greek historyoccurred between 500 BC, and 323 BC.
The period started with the Greek city states
coming into conflict with the rising PersianEmpire
The free Greek cities saw the threat that was
developing from the Persian Empire andprepared for resistance
A seaborne expedition by the Persians to
Athens was defeated at Marathon in 490 BC
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Historical Background
Period Classical period (500 - 323 BC)
Under the Persian King Xerxes, Persia attempted aretribution in 479 BC and was defeated by an alliance
of the Greek states headed by Sparta
The Greek alliance soon transformed into an Empireunder the leadership of Athens
Pericles, the ruler of Athens between 444 and 429 BC
became a driving force for the development of templearchitecture
Pericles used the defense revenue from the alliance
for temple building in Athens to thank the Gods
Hi t i l B k d
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Historical BackgroundPeriod
Classical period (500 - 323 BC) Athens reached its greatest political and cultural
heights during the classical period The full development of the democratic system ofgovernment occurred under Pericles
The Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens was built
Philosophical schools such as those of Socrates andPlato were founded
Between 431 and 404, Athens entered into a series of
wars with Sparta which left it in ruins The fall of Athens gradually led to political chaos in
the whole of Greece
The 4th century saw the rise of Macedonia as apower in the region
Hi t i l B k d
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Historical Background
Period Classical period (500 - 323 BC)
The Macedonian king, Philip rapidly extendedMacedonian power and wealth
In 338 BC, he defeated a coalition of the
major Greek Cities including Athens andThebes, and created a federation of all
Greeks with him as the leader
He proposed a crusade against the Persians
but was assassinated before undertaking it
Hi t i l B k d
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Historical Background
Period Classical period (500 - 323 BC) His son Alexander undertook the crusade and
established himself as the ruler of the formerPersian empire
Alexander undertook a lot of military
campaigns to extend the Greek empire andfounded many new cities such as Alexandriain Egypt
He died in 323 BC without a heir to inherit him
The Death of Alexander marked the end ofthe classical period of Greece civilization
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Historical Background
Period Hellenistic period (323 - 147 BC)
The Hellenistic period of ancient Greekcivilization started with the death of Alexander
in 323 BC
When Alexander died, he did not have a heir
to inherit him
The Greek empire split into smaller stateswith Alexanders generals as their rulers
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Historical Background
Period Hellenistic period (323 - 147 BC)
The period saw the transplanting of Greek art,civic life and culture to newly conquered areas
The period also saw a marked increase in
interest in civic buildings
The Hellenistic period ended in 147 BC, when
the Roman Empire conquered Greece andincorporated the city states into it
Historical Background
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Historical BackgroundSocial Characteristics & Beliefs
Introduction Greek civilization is the first major civilization in Europe
Greek civilization along with the Roman civilization aresaid to be at the root of current western civilization
They two are referred to as classical cultures becauseof their recognition as the root of western civilization
Greek and Roman architecture are also referred to asclassical architecture
Greek civilization started with the mingling of two Greek
cultures, the Dorian and the Ionian to create a singleHellenic culture
The two developed a sedentary agricultural andcommercial society that ultimately gave birth to the
concept of the city state
Historical Background
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Historical BackgroundSocial Characteristics & Beliefs
Societal Organization- The city state The ancient Greeks lived in self governing city-states
called "polis." The city-states were small, independent communities
which were male-dominated and bound together byrace.
The ancient Greek world was made up of hundreds ofthese independent city states
The polis started as a defensible area to which
farmers of an area could retreat in the event of anattack as in the Mycenaean citadels
Over time, towns grew around these defensible
areas.
Hi t i l B k d
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs
Societal Organization- The city state
Every polis was different from another, even thoughthere were similarities between them
They were all bounded by common language andreligious beliefs
They all made efforts to preserve their own uniqueidentity, and each city state believed that their statewas better than all the other states
The city states often fought with one another. The city state of Athens on the Greek mainland was
among the most famous and powerful of the city
states
Hi t i l B k d
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Societal Organization- The city state
It was a major center for learning and the arts. When city-states were first formed, they were ruled by
a few wealthy men.
However, they gradually moved towards democracy. Athens developed an early form of democracy
How did they make laws? Only men who were born in
Athens were allowed to vote. They did this at public assemblies where upper class
citizens discussed and adopted laws that might
benefit Athens.
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Social Organization And Responsibility
The scale of the polis was small.
The philosophers Aristotle and Plato believed that the
polis should be of a small size, so that members know
each other personally
The ideal size of a city state was fixed at 5040 males
by Plato
Citizens in any polis were related by blood and sofamily ties were very strong.
Membership of the polis was hereditary and could not
be passed to persons outside the family
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Social Organization And Responsibility
The society of the polis had a social hierarchy with
citizens at the top, followed by people who are not
citizens and finally slaves
Public life was for male citizens while women were
secluded in the house
Greek citizens did not have rights but duties
All citizens were directly involved in politics, justice,military service, religious ceremonies, intellectual
discussion, athletics and artistic pursuits.
It was not acceptable for Greek citizens to refuse to
carryout their responsibilities
Hi t i l B k d
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Religious Belief
The ancient Greeks were polytheistic, believing in
many different gods and goddesses The God were regarded as all powerful but similar to
human beings in their passions, desires and appetite
All aspect of life was under the protection of the gods,and they controlled everything, from the waves in theocean to the winner of a race.
All the gods and goddesses had specific roles,controlling one or two major aspects of life
Zeus was, for example, the supreme leader of thegods, Hermes was the messenger of the gods, and
Poseidon was the god of the sea
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Religious Belief
The essential concept in religious practice was that of
contract, of obligation and the paying of obligation
Humans call on the gods for protection and make
offerings to the gods to secure this
Ancient Greeks believed that religion would make
their lives better while they were living.
They also believed that the gods would take care of
them when they died.
Religious belief was constantly changing and
developing as new cults were introduced from time to
time
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Place of Worship
Temples were the focus of Greek religious worships Temples were usually built in the cities of the Gods
called Acropolis
Temples were built in every town and city for one ormore god or goddess
The temples were considered as offerings to the gods
Each community was therefore under pressure tomake them beautiful as possible
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Place of Worship
The temples were also considered as the house ofthe gods
They were not designed for functional use
They usually consist of a large open hall called
sanctuary where the statue of the god to whom it isdedicated is kept
The temples were the places for routine festivals tothe gods
The festivals included plays, music, dancing, and thena parade to the temple where they made sacrificesand had a feast.
Animals were usually sacrificed as a gift to the gods
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architecture in service of religion
Architecture in Greece Started in the Service ofReligions
Temples were the abode of gods
The Greeks regarded beauty as an attribute of the
gods and the conscious pursuit of beauty as areligious exercise.
The most important task for architects was how to
make the temple beautiful The search for ways to express architectural beauty
made the Greek civilization among the first to haveestablished ideals of beauty
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs
Architecture in service of religion
The Greeks convinced themselves that the secrets ofbeauty lie in proportions
Man was viewed by the Greeks as having the most
ideal proportions and is the measure of all things Greek developed a system of building proportion that
reflected those of the human body
With time, they refined their system of buildingproportion, and developed the classical Greek orders
which we will soon explore
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architecture in service of religion
The principal building material of the ancientGreeks was stone
Clay and timber were also used
Timber was used mostly for roofing and itsscarcity coupled with limitations in its lengthimposed restrictions on the width of buildings
Temples were the main building type and itwas used as a decoration element by everycity
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architecture in service of religion
Greek society also made buildings other than temples These evolved in response to changes in need with
time
The most common buildings are amphitheaters,council halls, public fountains and theatres, gymnasia,
schools and libraries, public baths and lavatories
As these civic buildings emerge, treatment oncereserved for temple was extended to them even
though on a less grander scale than in the temples
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architecture in service of religion
Greek construction was of a simple post and lintel ortrabeated construction
Their ground plans were always very simple, usuallyrectangular
With a combination of simple ground plans andtrabeated construction, they were able to createamazing buildings
Buildings were constructed by skilled craftsmen whowere in demand and traveled from one state to theother for construction work
Designs were done on the ground by measuring outthe foundation
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architecture in service of religion
Blocks of stone were ordered from the quarry Blocks were given initial preparation on the building
site
Blocks were large and retained in position by theirown weight; it was not necessary to fix them together
in any way
Roofs were of wood beams and rafters cut to squareshapes with tile roof
Carvings and other decorative work were finished
when the building is completed
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Other Activities and Achievements
Greek society contributed to the earliest developmentof science and scientific inquiry
Greeks attempted to explain the world through the
laws of nature. Greeks found out that the earth was round and A
Greek person is credited as being the first to measure
the circumference of the Earth The Greeks also made significant contributions to the
arts, particularly in sculpture and painting
Historical Background
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Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Other Activities and Achievements
They wrote many stories and plays that continue tobe performed today.
The ancient Greeks were huge sports fans and sportswas considered a part of religion
Every four years, the Greeks held the Olympic Gamesin the stadium at Olympia.
The best athletes in Greece competed in different
events Because the games were religious, anyone who was
caught cheating during the games was never allowedto compete again
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End of Lecture
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Module 6 Lecture 18Ancient Greek Architecture
O tli f L t
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Outline of Lecture
Lecture 18
Architecture of the Civilization
Greek Orders
Temple Architecture
Civic Architecture
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Architecture of the Civilization
The Orders
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Introduction Refer to the entire set of formthat makes up the principalelevation of a temple.
Composed of a base, anupright column or support withits capital, and the horizontal
entablature. All the parts of an order areproportionally derived from thesize of the base of the column.
It determines all aspects of theelevation of a buildingincluding its shape and thearrangement and proportion of
its parts
The Orders
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Introduction Greeks are credited with
originating the three orders
of the classical language ofarchitecture, Doric, Ionicand Corinthian.
Columns were understoodby the Greeks to beanthropomorphic orrepresentative of the body
of a human The base suggests the feet,
the shaft the torso and the
capital the head.
The Orders
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Introduction Each order had its own
conventions about the
design of the entablature The entablature is divided
into three sections; the
cornices, the frieze and thearchitrave
According the rules ofclassical architecture, theentablature should alwaysbe divisible into thesethree zones
The Orders
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Doric Order The Doric order was the
earliest to be developed
By the 6th century, a set ofuniversal proportions for theDoric temple had beendeveloped.
The Doric order is made up ofthree elements; stylobate,Column and entablature
The stylobate is a podium
raised three steps on whichthe temple sits
The Doric column is furtherdivided into the shaft and a
square capital
The Orders
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Doric Order It had a height of between 5
and 6 times its diameter.
The shaft is tapered and madeto bulge slightly to providecorrection for optical illusion.
The shaft is usually dividedinto 20 shallow flutes.
The entablature is divided intoan architrave, a frieze and the
cornice. The Doric column represents
the proportions of a mans
body, its strength and beauty.
Doric Order
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Entasis
A characteristic of the Doric order isthe use of entasis
Entasis refers to the practice ofoptical correction in Greek Dorictemples
All buildings are arranged with a
slight curve to correct for opticalillusion when they are viewed
This is done to counteract theconcave appearance produced by
straight edges in perspective The shaft of the column is built to be
slightly convex in shape for opticalcorrection
Columns were also built with a slighttilt
Doric OrderE t i
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Entasis The drawing to the right explains
entasis
Diagram one on top shows how the
ancient Greeks wanted the temple toappear
If the temple is built without correction,then diagram two shows how it would
actually appear To ensure that it appears correctly as
desired in one, the Greeks introducedthe distortions shown in diagram three
The application of entasis is anexpression of the desire for perfectionby Greek architects
The best example of the application ofentasis is found in the Parthenon
The Orders
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Ionic Order
The Ionic order evolved and took
its name from Ionia in modern
day Turkey The ionic column including the
capital and base had a height of
9 to 10times its diameter It had 24 flutes, which is more
than that of the Doric column,
even though it is smaller indiameter.
The flutes were rounded at the
top and bottom.
The Orders
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Ionic Order The Ionic order had a capital
developed from a pair of volute
about two-thirds the diameter of
the column in height
Ornaments are used to decorate
the area between the capital and
the volute
The Ionic column has a base
One of the limitations of the Ionic
order is that it is designed to be
seen from the front only
The Orders
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Ionic Order At the corner of
rectangular buildings, an
angular volute had to be
used.
Entasis was not appliedto the ionic column
The Ionic column is said
to represent the shapeof a women with its
delicacy and feminine
slenderness.
The Orders
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Corinthian Order The Corinthian order takes
its name from the city ofCorinth in Greece
It however appeared to havebeen developed in Athens inthe 5th century BC
This order is similar in itsproportions to the Ionic orderbut has a different capital
The core of the capital isshaped like an inverted bel.
The bell-like capital isdecorated with rows of
carved acanthus leaves
The Orders
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Corinthian Order The rich decorative effect of theCorinthian capital made itattractive.
Because of its symmetry, theCorinthian capital unlike theionic capital is designed to beseen from all directions
The Corinthian column, themost beautifully ornate of thethree orders represents the
figure of a maiden This order was not extensively
used during the Greek period
It became popular during theancient Roman period
The Orders
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Column Construction Do you wonder how the
columns of the Greek
orders were constructed? Each column was made
up of several drums ofmarble
They were held togetherby a stone peg in thecenter
The stones wereassembled and puttogether in their roughform
The Orders
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Column Construction The capital was also
carved out
After they were puttogether, the groovescalled flutes were cut
up and down theshaft of the columnand all around it
This gave the columnits slim and elegantlook
TempleArchitecture
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Introduction The most important Greekbuilding was the temple
The temple had the finest
building materials and therichest decoration.
It was also the most complex ofarchitectural form.
It was designed not to holdworshippers, but as symbolicdwelling of the gods
The temple is usuallyrectangularin plan
It is lifted on a podium, and inplan has colonnades on all itsexternal sides
TempleArchitecture; Introduction
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The number of columns is alwayseven to allow the location of the
entrance in the center; temples
with odd number of columns are
uncommon
Temples with 2 columns in front
are diastyle, 4-tetrastyle, 6-
hexastyle, 8-octastyle and 10-
decastyle
Greek temples usually have twice
the number of columns in frontplus one by the side; A hexastyle
temple =six columns in front &
thirteen on side
Temple Architecture; Introduction
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Colonnades define a portico around the temple The temple building is made up of four walls
enclosing a rectangular space called the naos or
sanctuary This was the house of the god to whom thetemple is dedicated
The interior rectangular space of the naos isframed by a pair of colonnades on the long sidecreating a central processional space
At the head of the processional space is thestatue of the god to whom the temple isdedicated
The temple interior was generally dark, with only
the entrance as a source of light
Temple Architecture; Introduction
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The temple always faced east sothat the rising sun would light thestatues inside
Temples were designed to beadmired from the outside ratherthan used
The Greek temple is believed to
originate from the Mycenaeanmegaron
From the megaron, it wentthrough several stages of
evolution as shown in thediagram
By 500 BC, the final form of the
Greek temple had emerged
TempleArchitecture
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Doric Temple The Doric temple is based
on the Doric order
Both the Doric order andtemple went through a
simultaneous process of
evolution The Basilica at Paestum
550 BC is an example of
early Doric temple It was built during the
archaic period of Greek
civilization
TempleArchitecture
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Doric Temple The columns on the frontare 9, while on the sides
they are 18 The Doric columns appearheavy in comparison withlater temples
The columns have a bulge,pointing to the practice ofoptical correction or
entasis by the time of itsconstruction
The capitals are also huge,heavy and very wide
Doric Temple
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Temple of Aphaia at Aegina The Temple of Aphaia at
Aegina 490 BC is a latertemple than the Basilicaat Paestum
Temple of Aphaia ismuch less heavy than
Paestum The entablature is less
thick
The columns are slimmerwith less entasis or bulge
The capitals are alsosmaller
Doric Temple
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Temple of Aphaia at Aegina This temple is hexastyle but
has only 12 flanking columns-
early temple The interior columns aredivided into a row of twocolumns separated by an
architrave This allowed the designers to
avoid using columns with a
large diameter The temple has triangular
pediment on n the Easternand Western sides decorated
with stories from Greek myths
Doric Temples
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Temple of Hera Argiva at Paestum The Temple of Hera Argiva
(or Neptune) at Paestum
460 BC was built later thanthe Temple of Aphaia
It is one of the bestpreserved of all Greek
temples It is more mature in its
proportions than all the
others examined The columns are 8.8 meters
high and about 4.3 timestheir lower diameter
Doric Temples
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Temple of Hera Argiva at Paestum The temple is hexastyle but
with 24 columns on its flank
It also has a double row of
columns in the interior, and
divided into two separated
by a stone architrave
The most perfect of the
Doric temples is the
Parthenon; We will examine
this temple later
Ionic Temples
Introduction
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Introduction
Ionic temples were built usingthe Ionic order
The most famous of the Ionictemples is the temple ofArtemis at Ephesus
It was considered one of the
seven wonders of the ancientWorld
It was commissioned byAlexander the Great and was
believed to have been builtand destroyed several times
Unfortunately the temple hasnot survived to the present
time
Ionic Temples
Introduction
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Introduction
There are alsouncertainties about its
arrangement in plan The temple stands on aplatform 2.7 meters high
It had 36 columns in its
front and they had anadditional relief sculptureat the base
The best surviving Ionic
temples is the Temple ofAthena located at theAcropolis at Athens
Corinthian Temples
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Introduction The Corinthian order was notwidely used during the Greekperiod
Earliest known example isinside the 5th centuryTemple of Apollo at Bassae.
The temple of OlympianZeus in Athens was in theCorinthian order
The column was constructedin 131 A.D. well after theRoman conquest of Greece
The Corinthian order becamevery popular during the
Roman period.
CivicArchitecture
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Introduction During the Hellenistic period Greeks became
very fascinated by civic buildings
Treatments once reserved for temples and the
gods, were gradually extended to civic and
government buildings. The Agora or market place also became very
important in Greek cities.
The theater and council chamber are examplesof civic buildings found in every Greek city
CivicArchitecture
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Theaters Theater Epidarus The Greeks invented
the theater design thatis still used in moviesand auditoriums today
Every important Greekcity had a theater
Their theater was built
into a hilly landscape The theater had a bankof seats steps created
from the landscape
CivicArchitecture
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Theaters Theater Epidarus The theater had a bank
of seats steps created
from the landscape
It would usually
commands a view to the
landscape
The image shown is of
theater Epidaurus
This was the largesttheater in ancient Greece
It is still in use today
CivicArchitecture
Council Chamber Bouleterion, Miletus
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Council Chamber Bouleterion, Miletus
The Bouleterion is where the
Boule or council of the city
state met It was a covered chamber
fitted with banks of seats like
a theater The example shown is from
the city of Miletus
Similar buildings were foundin every Greek or Hellenistic
city
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End of Lecture
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Module 6 Lecture 19Ancient Greek Architecture
Outline of Lecture
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Lecture 19
Greek City Planning andDesign
Greek Architecture in Athens
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Greek City Planning andDesign
Greek City Planning and DesignPlanning and Design Principles
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g g p
The ancient Greek civilization had establishedprinciples for planning and designing cities
City form were of two types Old cities such as Athens had irregular street
plans reflecting their gradual organic
development New cities, especially colonial cities established
during the Hellenistic period, had a grid-ironstreet plan
Certain things were common among cities
Greek City Planning and DesignPlanning and Design Principles
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g g
Towns had fixed boundaries and some were
protected by fortifications
Much of the town was devoted to public use
The Greek City was usually divided into three
parts; the acropolis, the agora and the town. Site planning and design was centered on the
appreciation of buildings from the outside.
The location of buildings was therefore such that
it could command a good view to it.
Greek City Planning and DesignThe Acropolis
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The Acropolis was the city of temples It is the location where all the major temples of a
city are located
It was built to glorify the gods Greeks considered high places to be important &
sacred
The Acropolis were usually located on the highestground
Other public buildings such as gymnasia, stadia,
and theaters were generally regarded as part ofreligious rituals
They are normally found attached on lower
ground to the hills of the Acropolis
Greek City Planning and DesignThe Agora
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The Agora was the most important gathering place in aGreek city
It started as an open area where the council of the city
met to take decisions With time buildings were constructed to define and
enclose the space
It also transformed into a place for combined social,commercial and political activities
It emerged as the heart of Greek intellectual life anddiscourse.
It was usually located on a flat ground for ease ofcommunication
It was placed to be easily accessible from all directions
In many cities, it is also located close to the Acropolis
Greek City Planning and Design
The Town
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The town was where the people lived
This was the domain of women, who didnot have any public role
Early Greek towns had an irregular street
pattern, resulting from its organic growth Later Hellenistic towns such as Prienne
had a formal rectilinear pattern
The town was made up of only residentialhouses
Greek City Planning and Design
The Town
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Houses were usually constructed of mud
bricks Houses were of the courtyard type, with
rooms arranged around a courtyard
Houses vary according to standing in the
society
Houses of poor people were very simplecompared to the house of the rich, which
had more rooms and better finishing
Greek Architecture in Athens
Architecture, Planning & Design
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Athens is a very good example of a typical
ancient Greek city
The city has the three components of acropolis,
agora and town found in a Greek city
The Acropolis and Agora in Athens also havesome of the best examples of ancient Greek
architecture
We will examine the Acropolis and Agora inAthens to understand Greek architecture,
planning and city design.
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Acropolis in Athens
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The acropolis in Athens was a
religious precinct located on
one of the hills of the city.
The Earliest versions of the
Buildings in the Acropolis
existed until 480 BC In 480 BC, the Persians under
Xerxes burnt Athens and the
Acropolis to the ground Not long after that the Greeks
defeated the Persians
Greek Architecture in Athens
Th A li i Ath
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The Acropolis in Athens The Acropolis in Athens wasrebuilt in about 450 BC
The rebuilding of the Acropolis
was begun by Pericles, the wisestatesman who ruled from 460BC to 429 BC
Pericles commissioned artist
and architects to build a new cityof temples to glorify the gods
The acropolis combined Doricorders and ionic orders in aperfect composition in fourbuildings; the Propylea, theParthenon, the Erechtheumn,and the temple of Nike.
Greek Architecture in Athens
Acropolis Athens
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The best example of Greekemphasis on visualization indesign and site planning is
seen at the Acropolis atAthens
All the buildings on theAcropolis are designed to be
seen than use All the temples on the
Acropolis are place at anangle that enables them to beseen on two sides
If a building cannot see befrom two sides, it iscompletely hidden
Greek Architecture in Athens
Acropolis Athens
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From the entry at thePropylae, a visitor has a
view of all the prominentbuildings in the Acropolis
Buildings are also position
at a distance that ensuresthe appreciation of theirdetails
The central axis of viewfrom the propylae is leftfree of building for a view
into the country side
Greek Architecture in Athens
Propylae
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The propylae is the entrance to theAcropolis
It was built around 437 B.C by
Mnesicles The image highlights what is
currently left of the propylae
To reach the acropolis, people had
to enter through the center sectionof the propylae
The two wings on either side werenever finished
The columns on the outside of thepropylae were Doric
The columns in the interior werehowever Ionic
Greek Architecture in AthensPropylae
Explanation for this is found in the
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Explanation for this is found in theproportions of the Doric and Ioniccolumns
If the Doric order were used in the
interior, the height of the roof wouldmake its diameter very large
To overcome this difficult, the designersused the Ionic column which is muchslender than the Doric column
Inside the propylae was a library andpicture gallery with a place for people toread and rest
In times of peace, the gates of the
propylae were usually left wide open When an enemy threatened, the
wooden doors of the propylae wereclosed and there was no other access tothe acropolis
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Parthenon
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The Parthenon was themost prominent building
on the AthenianAcropolis
It was designed byIctinus and Callicrates in
447 BC The Parthenon is the
most perfect Dorictemple ever built.
It was lighter and moregraceful than previoustemples
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Parthenon
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It also embodies the
perfection of the Greek
system of proportioning
The proportions of the
Parthenon are based
on the proportions of aman, which is seven to
one
The ideal human bodywas seven heads tall
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Parthenon
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The Parthenon is an octastyletemple with 8 columns in frontand 17 columns by its side
In the Parthenon we also findthe best example of theapplication of entasis
The Parthenon had two roomsin plan; the treasury, which ismost often empty and thenaos or inner sanctuary
An ivory gold statue ofAthena, 11 meters tall carvedby Phidas once stood in thenoas or inner sanctuary of theParthenon
Greek Architecture in Athens
The ParthenonTh t t h d th
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The statue reached thewooden roof of the temple
Parts of the inside and outside
of the Parthenon were oncepainted
The inside of the temple was
often not used Processions and ceremonies
were held outside
The temples alter was placedon the Eastern side
During the Christian period,the Parthenon was used as a
church
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Parthenon
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Later the Turks converted it
into a Mosque
In 1687, the Turks used it tostore ammunition and when
they were attacked by the
Venetians, it exploded The images shows what
remains of it
In 1801 An English mangathered the broken pieces
and shipped them to the
British museum in England
Greek Architecture in AthensThe Erectheum
Th hth i l t d t
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The erechtheum is located atthe point of a mythical fightbetween Poseidon and
Athena for the possession ofAthens
Athena is believed to have
won the fight and so Athenswas named after her
The erechtheum was namedafter Erechtheus, thelegendary king of Athens,whose mother was thegoddess of the earth and
whose father was the fire god
Greek Architecture in AthensThe Erectheum
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He was brought up by
Athena and is believed
to have judged the fightbetween Poseidon and
Athena
The shape of the
erechtheum is not a
perfect rectangular andit does not have a
colonnade surrounding
it
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Erectheum Two porches spring out from the
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Two porches spring out from thecore rectangle of the temple atdifferent levels
A small porch faces the Parthenon This has columns in the shape of awoman called caryatid
The caryatids are linked to a
historical story The caryatids are a people who
lived in Asia minor
They were believed to have fought
with the Persians against theGreeks
When the Greeks won, theydestroyed the cities of the caryatids
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Erectheum They killed all the men and
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They killed all the men andbrought back the women asslaves
For revenge the Greeks copiedthe Caryatid slave women instone and forced them to carrythe roof the Erechtheum for all
time The weight of the roof is carried
from the top of the head of thecaryatid through their leg
A larger porch on the northernside has ionic columns
The ionic columns have all thecharacteristics of the Ionicorder
Greek Architecture in Athens
Temple of Nike
Just beside the propylae
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Just beside the propylaeis the Temple of AthenaNike, meaning victoriousAthena
It was built around 420BC and was designed by
Callicrates during thePeloponnesian wars
The Athenians
worshipped Athena Nikein the hope of victory
Greek Architecture in AthensTemple of Nike
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This is an ionic temple
It had a pediment thatno longer exist
The temple has anentrance of four ionic
columns on two sides The temple looks the
same from the front
and back
Greek Architecture in Athens
The Agora
The Agora in Athens was a
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The Agora in Athens was a
space used for social,
commercial and political
activities
The Agora at Athens was
located at the base of the
hill of the Acropolis
Civic and religious
buildings were
progressively erectedaround the perimeter of the
Agora space
Greek Architecture in AthensThe Agora
Of all the buildings the
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Of all the buildings, the
stoa was the most
important Stoas were useful
buildings in the context of
the Agora
They provided shelter
and served for many
other purposes
They also served to
embellish the boundary of
the Agora
Greek Architecture in Athens
Introduction
The Agora at Athens
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The Agora at Athenscontains otheradministrative buildings
There was the bouleterionfor the meeting of thecouncil
There was also a tholos, a
circular building where thestanding committee of thecouncil when in officedined at state expense
There were also twobuildings for the meetingof the jury court.
Greek Architecture in Athens
Introduction
And a shrine where the
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And a shrine where theremains of Alexander wasburied
The central area of the Agorawas free of building
This image shows areconstruction of how social
life may have taken place inthe Agora
People would be in the spaceof the Agora carrying out allsorts of activities with theAcropolis prominent in thebackground and the godshopefully looking after them
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End of Lecture
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Module 6 Lecture 20
Ancient Greek Architecture
Outline of Lecture
Lecture 20
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Lecture 20 Architectural Characteristics
Buildings and other architectural elements
Building materials, construction and
technologies
Architectural Organizing principles
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Architectural Characteristics
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Buildings & Other ArchElements
Buildings & Other Arch. ElementsBuilding Types
The major architectural element of the Greek civilization isthe order and their principal building type is the temple
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the order and their principal building type is the temple
Greek buildings also feature civic buildings such astheater, council chamber, stoa, etc
Greeks invented the classical orders of architecture
Their invention of the orders was a result of the search forrational methods of expressing beauty
The orders embody a system of proportion that determineshow the whole building looks
An order consist of a column shaft with its base andcapital, and an entablature
All its dimensions were derived from the diameter of thecolumn
The entablature is further divided into architrave, frieze and
cornice
Buildings & Other Arch. ElementsBuilding Types
Three orders of architecture were invented by Greeks;
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Three orders of architecture were invented by Greeks;Doric, Ionic and Corinthian
Doric was the earliest and has a square capital and thestoutest proportion, resembling the power of a man
Ionic was taller in its proportion, has a volute capital andresembles the proportion of a maiden
Corinthian has the same characteristics with the Ionicexcept that its capital is decorated with the Acanthus leaf
Temples were the principal building types of the Greeks
Temples were considered as house of the Gods andefforts to beautify them pushed architectural development
Buildings & Other Arch. ElementsBuilding Types
Temples were design to be seen and
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e p es e e des g o be see a dappreciated rather than used
The evolution of the orders led to standardtemple forms based on them
Towards the later part of the Greek civilization,there was also a focus on civic construction
The Greeks needed civic buildings to supporttheir democratic institutions and also satisfytheir social and recreational needs
Council chambers, theaters, Stoas, wereamong the civic buildings that became popularwith the city states
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Materials, Const. & Tech.
Materials, Construction & Tech.Materials
Examination of Greek architecture points to threecommon materials of construction
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common materials of construction
These are Stone, timber and clay
Stone was the most common construction material forbuildings
Greece had an abundant supply of stone, particularly
marble Stone was used for all types of temple and civic
construction
It was used for all type of building elements
The characteristic grey color of the stone of the area isalso what gives most ancient Greek buildings theircharacteristics color
Materials, Construction & Tech.Materials
Timber was used mainly for roofing
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It was a very scarce commodity and it also hadlimited length
This limited its use
The limitation in length meant that the width ofbuildings was restricted and only very importantbuildings such as the Parthenon could gobeyond a certain width
We did not examine Houses but clay was used
mostly in housing construction Clay was made into sun dried blocks for use in
construction
Materials, Construction & Tech.
Construction and Technology
The principal Building Material of ancient
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gGreece was stone
The principal construction system wastrabeated or column and beam construction
Combined, the two were used for temples andcivic buildings
Construction technology involves orderingstones in semi-prepared state from quarries,
On site, they were roughly shaped and placedin position on the building
Elements placed in position would be beensized to the right proportion
Materials, Construction & Tech.
Construction and Technology
Building blocks were not bonded, but are ratherheld in position by their weight
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held in position by their weight
Then the rough stones were finished to achievethe final form and treatment of the building
Finishing enables the builders to createbuildings of a particular order
It is in finishing that the Greeks showed theirmastery of construction
Finishing work involved creating the fluting, base
and capital decoration on columns The Frieze and cornices of buildings were also
decorated with appropriate relief carving
Materials, Construction & Tech.
Construction and Technology
Pediments were also finished with relief carvings,hi h i t l d i t t i f th d
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which in temples depict stories of the gods
Full statues of gods were also carved and placedon strategic places on the outside of the templeand also as the major element in the interior
The Greeks essentially formalized architecturalsculpture and decoration
They were able to effectively translate their ideasof beauty into tangible buildings
Ancient Greeks did not make significantcontributions in the aspect of buildingtechnologies
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Principles of Arch.Organization
Principles of Arch. OrganizationPrinciples
It is possible to understand forces and
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p
principles shaping Greek architecture by
examining the following issues;
The role of religion in architectural
development Ideas about architectural aesthetics
Principles of architectural organization
Principles of city planning and urban design
Principles of Arch. OrganizationThe Role of Religion in Arch. Dev.
Religion played a significant role in thedevelopment of Greek architecture
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p
Architecture started in the service of religion
The important question for Greek architects wasthe right form of the temple
Temples were the house of the Gods
The duty of the architect was to make thembeautiful
The search for how to make the temple beautiful
resulted in the establishment of Greek ideals ofbeauty
Greek ideals of beauty was rooted in
mathematical proportions
Principles of Arch. OrganizationIdeas about Architectural Aesthetics
The Greeks believed that mathematicalproportion is at the root of beauty
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p p y
They also believed that the human body has
the best of proportions Greeks also valued harmony, balance and
symmetry in design
Greeks developed principles based on theirbelieves about aesthetics
These principles were refined over time as theyare applied in building
With time they developed into a standard that is
widely applied
Principles of Arch. OrganizationIdeas about Architectural Aesthetics
Builders exerted great effort in ensuringthat buildings were created to meet the
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that buildings were created to meet the
aesthetic ideals of the society The Greeks in essence became the first
society to have well established ideas
about architectural aesthetics with
principles for their translation into physical
design
Principles of Arch. OrganizationPrinciples of Organization
The Greek ideals of mathematicalproportion was applied in architecture
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proportion was applied in architecture
through the use of the orders The orders provide a means to codify
mathematical proportioning, by linking all
the elements of the building with the
diameter of the column
The orders were also viewed asanthropomorphic, representing the human
body
Principles of Arch. OrganizationPrinciples of Organization
The Doric represents a man and the Ionicand Corinthian represent a woman
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and Corinthian represent a woman
The use of the orders also provided ameans for the Greeks to design buildings
to meet their ideals of harmony, balance
and symmetry
The use of optical correction, entasis, is a
pointer to the desire of the Greeks toachieve their ideals of beauty in
architecture
Principles of Arch. OrganizationPrinciples of City Planning & Design
Ancient Greeks not only develop ideals of architecturalaesthetics, but they also developed principles for thed i d l i f iti l ti f hit t
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design and planning of cities as location for architecture
The ancient Greek city states developed a standard planof the city
The city consisted of three defined elements; the town,acropolis and Agora
Principles were developed for organizing each element ofthe city based on activities and its symbolism
The town was a place to retire for the day
It was composed of simple courtyard houses separatedby streets
It could either be organic or grid-iron
Principles of Arch. OrganizationPrinciples of City Planning & Design
The Acropolis was the city of the gods This is where buildings reflecting the highest ideals of
beauty were placed to be seen rather than used
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beauty were placed to be seen rather than used
The principle of its design is that of isolated objectsarranged in open space
The objects are arranged to be seen in three-dimension
The Agora was a mundane place for social, commercial
and political activities The principle of its design centers on creating boundaries
to contain space for activities
In practice, stoas and other civic buildings are used toloosely define the space
These are usually treated with continuous colonnades orporticoes along the side of the court with occasionalpenetrations by footpaths
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End of Module 5