greek fire wyatt self
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Greek Fire
Wyatt Self
http://www.ask.com/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions
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History of Greek Fire• Possible inventor Kallinikos• Byzantine Empire approx. 7th century• Common use naval warfare• Deployed by siphons and grenades
http://www.ask.com/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liquid_fire_granades_Chania.jpg
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General Information
• Could not be put out by water• Burnt on top of underwater• Lit by water or other flame• Some sources say it explodes on impact• Extremely sticky
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Possible Formula• sulfur, sarcocolla, pitch, melted
saltpeter, petroleum oil(naphtha)
• sticky• burn on water• burn underwater• explodes on impact• ignited by water
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Potassium Nitrate(Saltpeter)
• Oxidizer in gunpowder
http://0.tqn.com/d/chemistry/1/0/2/f/potassiumnitate.jpg
(Potassium Nitrate after buring)2 KNO3 → 2 KNO2 + O2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_peter
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LEIDENFROST EFFECT
• Water makes a bubble around objects over 220 degrees Celsius
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Quicklime(Calcium Oxide
• Quicklime added to first formula
• Heats to 150 degrees Celsius upon contact with water
• CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
CaO (s) + H2O (l) is in equilibrium with Ca(OH)2 (aq) (ΔHr = −63.7 kJ/mol of CaO)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxide
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Other Additions
• Magnesium
• Magnesium burns at 3100 degrees Celsius
• Burns underwater
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Breakdown of Components
• Sticky- Pitches and resins• Burns on top of water- Low density of oil• Ignited by water- Calcium oxide reaction• Underwater burning- Possibly Leidenfrost
Effect or magnesium• Ignition on impact- No possible compounds
available to ancient Greeks were found
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Bibliography • "Calcium Oxide." n.pag. Strategic Services Division . Web. 13 Nov 2011.
<http://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/c0462.htm>.• "Greek Fire." n.pag. Middle Ages Website. Web. 12 Nov 2011. <http://www.middle-
ages.org.uk/greek-fire.htm>.• "Greek Fire and Gunpowder." Math & Science Footnotes for Khan Amore’s Hypatia 2002. n.pag.
Web. 12 Nov 2011. • <http://www.freepyroinfo.com/Pyrotechnic/Black_Powder/Section_10.pdf>.• Homes-Farley, Randy. "A Simplified Guide to the Relationship Between Calcium, Alkalinity,
Magnesium and pH." n.pag. Reefkeeping . Web. 13 Nov 2011. <http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-06/rhf/index.php>.
• "List of Byzantine inventions." 04 Nov 2011. n.pag. Wikipedia. Web. 11 Nov 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions>.
• Provatas, Nikolaos. "Greek Fire." Hellenism in the Middle Ages 29 Nov 2001. n.pag. Web. 12 Nov 2011. <http://www.greece.org/romiosini/greek_fire.html>.
• "Potassium Nitrate or Saltpeter." n.pag. About.com. Web. 12 Nov 2011. <http://0.tqn.com/d/chemistry/1/0/2/f/potassiumnitate.jpg>.
• WALKER, JEARL. "Boiling and the Leidenfrost Effect." n.pag. Web. 12 Nov 2011. <http://www.wiley.com/college/phy/halliday320005