greek and romans chapter 4
TRANSCRIPT
Hum 2220
Ms Owens1
Greece Humanism and the Speculative Leap(ca 3000ndash332 BCE)
ldquoWe are all Greeksrdquo Percy Bysshe Shelley (19th cen British Poet)
Humanists concerned with life
as it is lived here on earth
humanists of the ancient World
3
4
Greek city-states first emerged on islands and peninsulas in the Aegean Sea along the coast of Asia Minor and in southern Italy and Sicily
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Minoan culture (1900-1300 bce)
Centered on the island of CreteLinear A (Minoans)
un-decipheredLinear B (Mycenaean )
bureaucratic and administrative purposes
5
Sir Arthur Evans the Excavation of the Palace at Knossos (1900)
With his American contemporary Harriet Boyd
6
Minotaur head of AriadneEvans was particularly drawn to Crete as one
such source of seals containing undeciphered early inscriptions
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 7
Minoan Art
8
Frescos Ship Fresco from TheraMinos was a seafaring
cultureThera island near Crete
included a seaportThe Ship Fresco depicts
the seaport of Akrotiri Thera
This was clearly an important harbor in the sea lanes of the Mediterranean
Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-
breasted women holding a snake in either hand
Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil
The woman could be a priestess or a goddess
Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress
Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Greece Humanism and the Speculative Leap(ca 3000ndash332 BCE)
ldquoWe are all Greeksrdquo Percy Bysshe Shelley (19th cen British Poet)
Humanists concerned with life
as it is lived here on earth
humanists of the ancient World
3
4
Greek city-states first emerged on islands and peninsulas in the Aegean Sea along the coast of Asia Minor and in southern Italy and Sicily
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Minoan culture (1900-1300 bce)
Centered on the island of CreteLinear A (Minoans)
un-decipheredLinear B (Mycenaean )
bureaucratic and administrative purposes
5
Sir Arthur Evans the Excavation of the Palace at Knossos (1900)
With his American contemporary Harriet Boyd
6
Minotaur head of AriadneEvans was particularly drawn to Crete as one
such source of seals containing undeciphered early inscriptions
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 7
Minoan Art
8
Frescos Ship Fresco from TheraMinos was a seafaring
cultureThera island near Crete
included a seaportThe Ship Fresco depicts
the seaport of Akrotiri Thera
This was clearly an important harbor in the sea lanes of the Mediterranean
Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-
breasted women holding a snake in either hand
Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil
The woman could be a priestess or a goddess
Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress
Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Humanists concerned with life
as it is lived here on earth
humanists of the ancient World
3
4
Greek city-states first emerged on islands and peninsulas in the Aegean Sea along the coast of Asia Minor and in southern Italy and Sicily
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Minoan culture (1900-1300 bce)
Centered on the island of CreteLinear A (Minoans)
un-decipheredLinear B (Mycenaean )
bureaucratic and administrative purposes
5
Sir Arthur Evans the Excavation of the Palace at Knossos (1900)
With his American contemporary Harriet Boyd
6
Minotaur head of AriadneEvans was particularly drawn to Crete as one
such source of seals containing undeciphered early inscriptions
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 7
Minoan Art
8
Frescos Ship Fresco from TheraMinos was a seafaring
cultureThera island near Crete
included a seaportThe Ship Fresco depicts
the seaport of Akrotiri Thera
This was clearly an important harbor in the sea lanes of the Mediterranean
Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-
breasted women holding a snake in either hand
Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil
The woman could be a priestess or a goddess
Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress
Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
4
Greek city-states first emerged on islands and peninsulas in the Aegean Sea along the coast of Asia Minor and in southern Italy and Sicily
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Minoan culture (1900-1300 bce)
Centered on the island of CreteLinear A (Minoans)
un-decipheredLinear B (Mycenaean )
bureaucratic and administrative purposes
5
Sir Arthur Evans the Excavation of the Palace at Knossos (1900)
With his American contemporary Harriet Boyd
6
Minotaur head of AriadneEvans was particularly drawn to Crete as one
such source of seals containing undeciphered early inscriptions
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 7
Minoan Art
8
Frescos Ship Fresco from TheraMinos was a seafaring
cultureThera island near Crete
included a seaportThe Ship Fresco depicts
the seaport of Akrotiri Thera
This was clearly an important harbor in the sea lanes of the Mediterranean
Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-
breasted women holding a snake in either hand
Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil
The woman could be a priestess or a goddess
Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress
Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Minoan culture (1900-1300 bce)
Centered on the island of CreteLinear A (Minoans)
un-decipheredLinear B (Mycenaean )
bureaucratic and administrative purposes
5
Sir Arthur Evans the Excavation of the Palace at Knossos (1900)
With his American contemporary Harriet Boyd
6
Minotaur head of AriadneEvans was particularly drawn to Crete as one
such source of seals containing undeciphered early inscriptions
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 7
Minoan Art
8
Frescos Ship Fresco from TheraMinos was a seafaring
cultureThera island near Crete
included a seaportThe Ship Fresco depicts
the seaport of Akrotiri Thera
This was clearly an important harbor in the sea lanes of the Mediterranean
Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-
breasted women holding a snake in either hand
Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil
The woman could be a priestess or a goddess
Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress
Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Sir Arthur Evans the Excavation of the Palace at Knossos (1900)
With his American contemporary Harriet Boyd
6
Minotaur head of AriadneEvans was particularly drawn to Crete as one
such source of seals containing undeciphered early inscriptions
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 7
Minoan Art
8
Frescos Ship Fresco from TheraMinos was a seafaring
cultureThera island near Crete
included a seaportThe Ship Fresco depicts
the seaport of Akrotiri Thera
This was clearly an important harbor in the sea lanes of the Mediterranean
Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-
breasted women holding a snake in either hand
Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil
The woman could be a priestess or a goddess
Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress
Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Minotaur head of AriadneEvans was particularly drawn to Crete as one
such source of seals containing undeciphered early inscriptions
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 7
Minoan Art
8
Frescos Ship Fresco from TheraMinos was a seafaring
cultureThera island near Crete
included a seaportThe Ship Fresco depicts
the seaport of Akrotiri Thera
This was clearly an important harbor in the sea lanes of the Mediterranean
Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-
breasted women holding a snake in either hand
Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil
The woman could be a priestess or a goddess
Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress
Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Minoan Art
8
Frescos Ship Fresco from TheraMinos was a seafaring
cultureThera island near Crete
included a seaportThe Ship Fresco depicts
the seaport of Akrotiri Thera
This was clearly an important harbor in the sea lanes of the Mediterranean
Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-
breasted women holding a snake in either hand
Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil
The woman could be a priestess or a goddess
Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress
Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Frescos Ship Fresco from TheraMinos was a seafaring
cultureThera island near Crete
included a seaportThe Ship Fresco depicts
the seaport of Akrotiri Thera
This was clearly an important harbor in the sea lanes of the Mediterranean
Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-
breasted women holding a snake in either hand
Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil
The woman could be a priestess or a goddess
Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress
Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Statuettes of Minos Snake GoddessThis statuette depicts a bare-
breasted women holding a snake in either hand
Snakes were the symbol of fertility preceding their interpretations as depictions of evil
The woman could be a priestess or a goddess
Style flounced skirt cat perching on her headdress
Technique faiumlence glazing earthenware by using a glass paste
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
11
Palace of Minos Knossos on the island of Crete ca 1500 bce
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
copy 12
The queenrsquos quarters
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete ca 1450 bce
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Minoan Flying Fish fresco 14
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
15
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete16
La ParisienneBoxing Boys
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
copy 17Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
18
Palace of Minos Knossos Crete
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Minoan ceramics
19
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Minoan WomenWomen in Minoan culture had as important a
place as men and economically all prosperedmatrilineal
20
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Volcanic Eruption
Santorini Islands
21
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Legend of Atlantis
22
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Minotaur Minoanrsquos mythA minotaur ndash a
monstrous half-man half ndashbull hybrid born of the union on Minosrsquo queen and a sacred white bull
23
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Minoan ArtifactsSuggest the persistence of
ancient fertility cults honoring gods rationally associated with procreation
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Mistress of AnimalsWomen gathering crocus
blossoms for the Mistress of Nature
Image of the Master of Animals from a Minoan stamp seal
25
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Cretan cave shrine is the Cave of Eileithyia (island of Crete)
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 26
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 27
Goddess of growth (Astarte) with two serpents (pendant) Ugarit Phoenicia 15 th cen bce Gold
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
By contrast with the Minoans the Mycenaeans were a militant and aggressive people
28
Mycenaean Civilization (ca 1600-1200 BCE)
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Mycenae Lion Gate c 1350-1200 BCE constructed heavily fortified citadels and walls so Massive that later generations thought
they had been built by a mythical race of giants known as the Cycops
I
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
30
Upper left - pre-linear A script from Crete - hierogliphicUpper right - Linear A (untranslated) - Lower - Linear B Script the Mycenaean language -
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Linear B Script
Linear B Script is the first phonetic script in EuropeBased on syllables each symbol represents a syllable
rather than a speech sound Vowel is the peak of a syllable
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The palace at Mycenae 32
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Reconstruction of the large megaron at Pylos 33
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Mycenaean Civilization Burial of rulers in giant beehive-shaped tombs
34
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Grave Circle A at Mycenae aerial view
35
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask Tomb V 16 BCEI
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Edward Dowdell 1834 drawing of the interior of what Schliemann called the Treasury of Atreus after a king mentioned by Homer in The Iliad
37
the entrance to the tomb of Atreus
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
38
Mycenaean Pottery
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Was there a Trojan WarAlways be the best my boy the bravest and
hold your head up high above the others Never disgrace the generations of your fathers -- The Iliad Hippolochus to his son Glaucus
397th century BC pottery depiction of the Trojan Horse
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
40
computer modeled reconstruction of Troy 6
Troy 7 walls - an archeologists reconstruction
The city of Troy
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1200 BCE)
More of a militaristic peoples with warships vying for control of the Eastern Mediterranean
The Citadel of Mycenae includes heavily fortified walls expected of a militaristic society
Storage rooms ensure the population could hold out for weeks
Peasants and townspeople were accommodated during periods of siege
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Heroic Age
(ca 1200-750 BCE)A more powerful iron-bearing tribes of Dorians a Greek-speaking people from the north destroyed Mycenaean civilization
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
It took three hundred years
before they were written down
The Iliad and Odyssey became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient GreeceAchilles bandages the arm of his friend Patroclus
(Homer gets credit)
The adventures of the Mycenaeans
and the Trojan War
Iliad
and
Odyssey
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 44Euphronios and Euxitheos Death of Sarpedon ca 515 B C E
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
HomerHomer gets credit
- The Iliad and The Odyssey
For the Greeks of the 7th century BC E these books were their history
45
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
46
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Achaeans
47
Agamemnon- King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army
Arrogant and often selfish Menelaus - King of Sparta the
younger brother of Agamemnon
His abduction of his wife Helen by the
Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan
War
Mycenaean Agamemnon Mask
Tomb V 16 BCE
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
48
Patroclus - Achillesrsquo beloved friend companion and advisor
Helen - Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world Helen left her husband Menelaus to run away with Paris
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Trojans
Hector - mightiest Trojan warrior Resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city
Paris - Parisrsquos abduction of the beautiful Helen wife of Menelaus sparked the Trojan War self-centered
49
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Greek Mythology Greek Mythology The Gods of OlympusThe Gods of Olympus
The OlympiansThe Olympians are a group gods who ruled after the are a group gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some overthrow of the Titans All the Olympians are related in some
way They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympusway They are named from their dwelling Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Mount Olympus (Greek Όλυμπος also transliterated as Oacutelympos and on Greek maps Oacuteros Oacutelimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece at 2919 meters high (9570 feet)
Mount Olympus amp Litochoro Mitikas the highest peak
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Although Greek popular religion produced no sacred scriptures or doctrines the oracle at Delphi became very famous throughout the region
52
Oracle at Delphi
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Delphi Site of the OracleFounding Myth A sanctuary
for the Titan earth goddess Gaia
Sun God (Apollo) slays the Python the dragon who guarded the gate
Founded the Temple of Apollo henceforth the oracle of prophesy
This is where King Laius receives the prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Layout of Delphi including the Temple of Apollo
Upper left amphitheater
Center Temple of Apollo (columned building)
Other sanctuaries are set aside for Dionysius other gods and kings
For complete plan see p 139
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Perseus
Perseus with Medusas Head
Benvenuto CelliniBronze statue 1545-54
Loggia dei Lanzi Florence
55
Once there was a king named Acrisius he had a beautiful daughter named Danae The
oracle of Apollo told Acrisius that Danaes son would one day kill him Acrisius could
not let that happen so he locked Danae in a bronze
tower so that she would never marry or have children
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Atlanta
She came into the world in the undesirable state of being female As a result her Father had her carried into the woods and left exposed to die Instead she was raised during her childhood by a bear
56
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Athenas BirthOracle of Gaea then
prophesied that Metis first child would be a girl but her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus as had happened to his father and grandfather
57
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice a woman of unique beauty they got married and lived happily for many years Hymen was called to bless the marriage and he predicted that their perfection was not meant to last for years
58
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Orpheus Son of God Apollo
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Zeus amp Ganymedes Olympia Museum Greece
Zeus Museo del Prado Madrid Spain
Zeus (Dias)
Zeus overthrew his Father Cronus and then drew lots with his brothers Poseidon and Hades Zeus won the draw and became the supreme ruler of the gods
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Hera is Zeus wife and sister She is the protector of marriage and takes special care of married women
Musee du Louvre Paris France
Hera Hera amp Zeus
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
National Archaeological
Museum Athens Greece
Sculpture Copenhagen
PortPoseidon ndash
Milos
Poseidon is the brother of Zeus After the overthrow of their Father Cronus he drew lots with Zeus and Hades(brothers) to share the power of the world His prize was to become lord of the sea
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Athena is the daughter of Zeus She is fierce and brave in battle but only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies She is the goddess of the city handicrafts and agriculture
Varvakeion Athena Parthenos National Archaelogical Museum Athens
Greece
Athena
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto His twin sister is Artemis He is the god of music playing a golden lyre of light and truth who can not tell a lie
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece
Apollo - west pediment of Zeuslsquo temple at Olympia
Greece
British Museum London UK
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto Her twin brother is Apollo She is the lady of the wild things She is the huntsman of the gods She is the protector of the young
Musee Du Louvre Paris FranceArtemis ndash Face
Artemis - Draw
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia He is Zeusrsquos messenger He is the fastest of the gods He wears winged sandals a winged hat and carries a magic wand
Hermes of Praxitelis Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Greece
Hermes of Lysippos Hermes - statue
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Demeter is the Greek earth goddess par excellence who brings forth the fruits of the earth particularly the various grains
Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani Vatican City Italy
DemeterPersephoneTriptolemus
Demeter
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera Both parents disliked him He is the god of war and he is considered murderous and bloodstained but also a coward
Palazzo Altemps Museo Romano Nazionale RomeItaly
Head of Ares copy ca 150ndash160 CE after a
votive statue of Alcamenes in the temple
of Ares in Athens
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Aphrodite is the goddess of love desire and beauty In addition to her natural gifts she has a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her
Aphrodite Eros amp Pan National Archaelogical MuseumAthensGreece
Aphrodite by Boticelli
Aphrodite of Milos Musee du Louvre
Paris France
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Hephaestus is the son of Zeus and Hera Sometimes He is the god of fire and the forge He is the patron god of both smiths and weavers He is kind and peace loving
Hephaestus God of fire and the forge
Hephaestus - draw
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Hestia is Zeus sister She is a virgin goddess She does not have a distinct personality She plays no part in myths
Athenian red-figure clay vase 525-475 BC Characterized as the most gentle peace-loving and
charitable of the Olympian gods Hestia Goddess of hearth and
home remains guardian of the threshold of personal security and
happiness
Hestia State Hermitage Museum
StPetersburgRussia
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia which housed
the magnificent gold and ivory statue of Zeus by
Phidias one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world
Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion Attica
Greece The temple is of Doric style and was built in
the 5th Century BCE supposedly on the location of an even older temple
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Temple of Hephaistos in central ancient Athens-
Greece is the best-preserved ancient Greek
temple in the world
Temple of Apollo at Delphi Fokidos Greece Central
among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on
the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Temple of Athena Nike (Victorius Athena) in Athens Greece was the earliest Ionic
building to be built on the Acropolis The temple was
begun around 427 BCE and completed during the unrest of
the Peloponnesian war
The temple of Hera at Olympia is
one of the oldest monumental
temples in Greece protected by a
powerful terrace wall
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The site of the temple of Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) is one of the
most important historical and archaeological sites that have survived in the
center of Athens
The building of the Temple of Olympian Zeus actually began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos but work was stopped and the temple was not finished until the
Emperor Hadrian completed in 131 CE seven hundred
years later
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The recently restored Temple of Demeter in Naxos Greece Until recently the 6th-century BC Temple of Demeter was in a state of complete ruin It had
been partially dismantled in the 6th century AD to build a chapel on the site and what
was left was plundered repeatedly over the years The Temple of Ares stood in
the northern part of the Agora in Athens originally built on
another site around 440 BC it was moved to its present
position in the Augustan period
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Samos - Temple of Hermes and Aphrodite
was built in the beginning of the 7th
century
Temple of Aphrodite at Rhodes Greece is situated
opposite the Gate of Freedom This temple was built in the beginning of the 3rd century BCE and is
one of the few ancient remains to be found in the
Old Town of Rhodes
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars Polis
200 Independent Greek city-stateThe early Greek city-states were forced to unite
against the rising threat of the Persians
77
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Greek City-StateHerodotus (ca 485-425 bce)
Worldrsquos first documented historianldquofather of historyrdquo
travelogue of Egypt and Asia History of the Persians Wars
78
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Persian warThe Persian war began after the Persians
conquered the lands of Lydia on the coasts of Asia Minor
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Battle of MarathonIn 490 BCE - Athenians vs Persians at Marathon The Athenians were outnumbered
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Greek LeagueThe Greek League was the alliance of the
Greek city-states led by Athens Corinth and Sparta
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Major BattlesThe Persian War - three key battles after Marathon ThermopylaeSalamisPlataea
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
ThermopylaeThis is the most well known battle during the
Persian War 300 Spartans sacrificed themselves
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Thermopyale ContinuedThese brave men could have held out longer if
not for the betrayal of Ephialtes military formation the Hoplite
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
SalamisThis was the defining battle that delivered the
crippling blow to the Persians The Greeks lured the Persian navy to the island of Salamis
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
200 TriremesThemistoclesCitizens rich with sliver
86
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Plataea final battle of the war 479 BCE the remaining Persian army was
defeated
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
ResultsThe victory for the Greeks set their tone
of superiority in the world especially the Athenians
The Greeks had excessive pride or ldquohubrisrdquo after winning battles Athens establishes an empire
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Spartan family The word spartan has
come down to us to describe self-denial and simplicity
89
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
90
Spartan children were taught stories of courage and
fortitude
The boy who followed the Spartan code
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Spartan Women
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 91
Spartans believed that strong mothers produced strong children
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Athenian DemocracyFrom oligarchy to democracy
Assembly of the DemosCouncil of 500Peoplersquos Court
Citizens of Athens included only landed males over the age of eighteen
92
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
citizens owned at least one slave
Slavery was common practiceThey worked not only as
domestic servants but as factory workers shopkeepers mineworkers farm workers and as ships crewmembers
Funerary stele of Mnesarete a young servant (left) is facing her dead mistress[1] Attica circa 380 BC
93
Slavery in Ancient Greece
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Athens and the Greek Golden Age Periclesrsquo glorification of Athens(ca 495-429 bce)a leading statesman and proponent
of Athenian democracy who dominated the city-states politics for over thirty years
94
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Pericles Funeral Oration given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC) as a part of the annual public Funeral for the war dead
95
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Pericles Funeral Orationldquoprinciples of actionrdquo ldquothe school of
HellasrdquoThe greatness of Athens lies not merely in
its military might and in the superiority of its political institutions but in the quality of its citizens their nobility of spirit and their love of beauty and wisdom
96
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
97
The most famous woman of Ancient AthensHer influence was so great that Plato later joked that she had written Pericles most famous speech The Funeral Oration
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
bull The Greek Golden Age was one of the most creative in the history of the world
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Myron Discobolus ca 450 BCE
The Olympic Games (776 BCE)
All city-states of Greece participated at OlympiaHonor Greek Gods Midsummer every four yearsWinners received garlands of wild olive or laurel leaves olive oil and the acclaim of Greek painters and poets
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
bull Where did the name Marathon
come from
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Ancient Greeks marked time using a four-year measurement called the Olympiad
copy 101
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Epidarus
Greek DramaTwice annuallythe individual the community and the godsGreeks were the first masters in the art of drama
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Design of a Greek Theater
The stage was very narrow and often crowdedThe chorus often performed in the orchestra
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 104
Festivals to worship Dionysus
(Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides and Aristophanes)
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Greek Drama OverviewCharacters were all played by menThe structure comprised a stage rather
small and the seating for the audience which were levels of stair-like seats
The chorus played an important role of informing the sequence of events
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Athens and the Greek Golden Age
Sophoclesrsquo Antigone The individual and the community
106
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Antigone (an-tig-uh-nee the devoted daughter of Oedipus king of Thebes in Greek legend
107
William Henry Rinehart Antigone Pouring a Libation Over the Corpse of her Brother Polynices Marble 1867-1870
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
After his death attempted to reunite her quarreling brothers Both brothers were killed but her uncle King Creon forbade the burial
108
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
When Antigone secretly buried her brother she was walled up alive in a tomb
His son Haemon to whom Antigone is betrothed pleads in vain for her life and threatens to die with her
109
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
But he is too late he finds lying side by side Antigone and Haemon
The Queen stabbed herself in the heart
110
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
p
ott
ery
dep
icti
ng
dra
ma
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Sappho Sappho ca 610-580 BCEca 610-580 BCE
(The female Homer)(The female Homer)
Great Greek lyristsOne of a few known female poets of the
ancient worldSettled on The island of Lesbos where
she led a group of young women dedicated to the cult of Aphrodite
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Sapphorsquos He is more than a hero
He is more than a hero he is a god in my eyes-- the man who is allowed to sit beside you -- he
who listens intimately to the sweet murmur of your voice the enticing
laughter that makes my own heart beat fast If I meet you suddenly I can
speak -- my tongue is broken a thin flame runs under
my skin seeing nothing
hearing only my own ears drumming I drip with sweat
trembling shakes my body
and I turn paler than dry grass At such times death isnt far from me
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Naturalist philosophy pre-Socratics Thales Heraclitus Leucippus Democritus Pythagoras Hippocrates
The Greek physician ldquoHippocratesrdquo remembered as the father of medicine
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 114
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Thales of Miletus624 BC - 547 BC First Philosopher
Produces an accurate theory of the solar eclipse he also advance the study of deceptive geometry
instructed his students to question any and all mathematical problems
115
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Heraclitus (ca500 BCE)
Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications
116
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Leucippus (5th C BCE)Leucippus was the founder of Atomism Leucippus was the first philosopher to affirm
the existence of empty space The Pythagorean void had been more or less identified with lsquoairrsquo but the void of Leucippus was really a vacuum
117
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Democritus (460mdash370 BCE)Gave public lectures acquainted with the
virtues of herbs plants and stones
spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies
118
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Pythagoras (c570mdashc495 BCE)Argues for a spherical earth
around which five planets revolve
the ldquoPythagorean Theoremrdquo
119
If the triangle had a right angle (90deg) and you made a square on each of the three sides then the biggest square had the exact same area as the other two squares put together
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Hippocrates (c450mdashc380 BCE)
ldquothe Father of Medicinerdquo
Hippocratic OathInvestigated the
influences of diets and environment on general health
120
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Agnodice first female doctor and gynecologist
Athenian high societylaws that banned women from
studying she cut her hair and dressed like
a manattended classes of famous
physician Herophilus
121
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Sophists
The growing demand for education in 5th century BCE Greece called into existence a class of teachers known as sophists
122
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Greek Philosophy The Speculative Leap
Dialectical method In 300 BC Socrates (470-399BCE) engaged his learners by asking questions (now known as the Socratic or dialectic method)
He often insisted that he really knew nothing but his questioning skills allowed others to learn by self-generated understanding
124
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
He was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock a poisonous herb
Jacques-Louis Davidrsquos The Death of Socrates 1787
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Socrates and the quest for virtue The Crito
The dialogue takes place in Socrates prison cell where he awaits execution
He is visited before dawn by his old friend Crito who has made arrangements to smuggle Socrates out of prison to the safety of exile
126
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
He founded the first school of philosophy the Academy two dozen treaties most of which were cast in the dialogue of SocratesPlato is one of the worldrsquos best known and most widely read and studied philosophers He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Plato (ca 428 ndash 347bce)
The Theory of Forms Every discussion of a general issue turns ultimately upon
one or more general notions or ideas The just society (Republic)
The major intent of the debate in the Republic is to determine an extended definition of what constitutes Justice
128
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Platorsquos student from Macedonian whose contributions rivaled his teacher Aristotle was the greatest scientist of the ancient world Father of the Natural SciencesTaught Alexander the Great
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Aristotle on tragedy (384-322 bce)
In the Poetics the worldrsquos first treatise on literary criticism
131
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Aristotle (384-322 bce) In his Ethics Aristotle
argued that the good life was identical to the life of reason and would be guided by the Golden Mean
What is the Golden Mean
132
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Theory of the Good Life and the Nature of Happiness
Ideal conduct is the middle ground between any two extremes of behavior
Ethics required individuals to reason their way to ethical conduct
133
AristotlersquosThe Golden Mean
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The First Hospital There was nothing like a
hospital until the cult of Asclepius and the Temples of Healing
134
votive tablet from the Temple of Asclepius at Athens depicting a case of
scalpels and cupping instruments
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The end
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 135
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
bullThe Achaeans Achillesrsquo wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize the maiden Briseis forms the main subject of The Iliad
Achilles- greatest hero Proud and headstrong
136
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Iliad (Homer)Describe the charter Achilles in the
epic poem The IliadCompare the storyrsquos focus on war to
that of Greek Society Why do you think the Iliad became the
ldquonationalrdquo poems of ancient Greece
137
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Anaximander (c610mdash546 BCE)
Anaximander was the author of the first surviving lines of Western philosophy He speculated and argued about ldquothe Boundlessrdquo as the origin of all that is He also worked on the fields of what we now call geography and biology Moreover Anaximander was the first speculative astronomer He originated the world-picture of the open universe which replaced the closed universe of the celestial vault
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 138
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Presocratics
Our western philosophical tradition began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE The first philosophers are called ldquoPresocraticsrdquo which designates that they came before Socrates The Presocratics were from either the eastern or western regions of the Greek world Athens mdash home of Socrates Plato and Aristotle mdash is in the central Greek region and was late in joining the philosophical game The Presocraticrsquos most distinguishing feature is emphasis on questions of physics indeed Aristotle refers to them as ldquoInvestigators of Naturerdquo
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 139
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Anaxagoras (c500mdash428 BCE)
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years He gained notoriety for his materialistic views particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 140
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Neoplatonism
The closing period of Greek philosophy is marked in the third century CE by the establishment of Neoplatonism in Rome Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and Stoic systems and with Eastern speculations At the summit of existences stands the One or the Good as the source of all things It emanates from itself as if from the reflection of its own being reason wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 141
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Bronze Age (Aegean) Civilizations Mycenaean civilization Construction of gigantic fortifications on
the Greek mainlandWar with Troy forms the setting for both
the Iliad and the Odyssey
The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 142
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Socrates and his Followers
A new period of philosophy opens with the Athenian Socrates (469-399 BCE) Like the Sophists he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point but whereas it was the thoughts of and opinions of the individual that the Sophists took for the standard Socrates questioned people relentlessly about their beliefs
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 143
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Sophists
Interior of a red-figured kylix (a Greek drinking cup) Douris ca 480 bce Terracotta height 4 38rdquo The scene
recreates a moment of conversation between a teacher and a student scholars interpret the painting to depict an older man propositioning a younger one The artist Douris is said to have ornamented some 10000 pieces of pottery in the course of his career
copy144
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Heracles
145
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Extra credit31 What scene from the movie The Ten
Commandments did we see in classa God giving Moses the 10 Commandmentsb The birth of Jesus Christ c Moses parting the red sead All of the above
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 146
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Iliad Parisrsquos ChoiceEris the Goddess of Discord throws an
apple with the inscription ldquoTo The Fairestrdquo in a crowd at a wedding
Athena the Goddess of Wisdom Hera the wife of Zeus and Aphrodite the Goddess of Love Sex Beauty and Fertility vie for the apple
They agree to allow Paris a moral (and Trojan) to make the judgment
Athena promises victory against the Greeks Hera promises dominion over the known world
Aphrodite promises him the love of a beautiful women
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Choices Have Consequences The Trojan War
Paris gives the golden apple to Aphrodite
The spurned goddesses Hera and Athena conspire with other deities for revenge
Paris kidnaps Helen (Daughter of Zeus and Leda)Menaleus King of Sparta
and her husband forms an alliance with other Achaeans (Greeks) to get his wife back
A ten-year war ensues
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Iliad The Battle of TroyThrough an alliance of gods and
mortals war breaks out between the ldquoAchaeansrdquo and the Trojans of Troy a commercial center in Asia Minor (now Turkey)
The Iliad is set in the last days of the Trojan war
The war end when the Trojan Horse containing Achaean solders taken to be a gift is haled onto the fortress and the Achaeans slaughter the Trojans in a ruse
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Iliad Achilles as Central CharacterThe central figure of the Iliad is
Achilles a powerful warrior who at first refuses to join the Achaeans
He consents only after a close friend of his Patroclus is killed in battle by Hector the chieftain of the Trojans
Though half-god half man he has a flaw his heel which his mother Thetis held while dipping into the river Styx which rendered him invulnerable
Except for the heel which any weapon could penetrate
Note the penetration of the arrow in his heel
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Iliad The Main ThemesThe theme of Achilles that recurs in Greek
thoughtSelfhood vs community responsibilityWe see it later in Socratesrsquos refusal to
escape after being condemned to deathHeroic act to prove virtue or excellence
(arecircte has both connotations)Both God and Man displays a range of
human emotions anger love grief (over loss of friend)
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Odyssey Frustrated HomecomingOdysseus encounters obstaclesmdashadventuresmdashwhile
trying to sail home to Ithaca after the warOn one occasion he is within sight of Ithaca when a
strong wind blows the ship out to open sea He has to navigate the ship between Scylla a monster
perched on a rock and Charybdis the monster lurking in a large whirlpool
Allows himself to listen to the Sirens while tied to the mast and the men rowing with earplugs so they can hear neither him nor then otherwise the ship would have been lost to the rocks
In the end he does arrive home and he slaughters the suitors trying to woo his wife Penelope because of his long absence
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Assembly (Ekklesia ἐκκλησία ) was the regular gathering of male Athenian citizens (women also enjoyed a certain citizen status but without political rights) to listen to discuss and vote on decrees that affected every aspect of Athenian life both public and private from financial matters to religious ones from public festivals to war from treaties with foreign powers to regulations governing ferry boats
153
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
The Council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens It consisted of 500 citizens 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year The Council could issue decrees on its own regarding certain matters but its main function was to prepare the agenda for meetings of the Assembly The Council would meet to discuss and vote on ldquoPreliminary decreesrdquo (probouleumata προβουλεύματα ) and any of these that passed the Councilrsquos vote went on for discussion and voting in the Assembly
154
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Athenian Democracy the Peoplersquos Court middot Of almost equal importance to the Assembly and Council and probably of greater importance (if not greater prestige) than the Areopagus was the Peoplersquos Court the Heliaea and other courts where juries of citizens would listen to cases would vote on the guilt or innocence of their fellow citizens and vote on punishments for those found guilty
155
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Types of Greek Drama
Tragedy A work with tragic consequences for the hero
The hero is usually a noble often one who has accomplished great things
But he has some defect (see tragic flaw)That brings him to ruin at lastComedy A work usually with happy endingsOnly later did it become identified with
amusement Often a work with realistic ends
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Greek TragedyHubris Tragic FlawThe hero is a nobleHe is a man (almost always a man) of some
accomplishment)But he has some defectThat defect proves destructive to the hero Catharsis the cleansing of the soul brought
about by witnessing a demiseTragic Waste
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Socrates and the quest for virtue The nature of virtue
Athensrsquo premier philosopher and proponent of cross examination and inductive reasoning
Socrates maintains that most of his contemporary Greeks and Athenians have been led astray from the path of virtue exactly because they mistake false routines of pleasure for true arts of good
copy2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc All Rights Reserved 158
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159
Aristotle (384mdash322 BCE)
making contributions to logic metaphysics mathematics physics biology botany ethics politics agriculture medicine dance and theatre He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Platorsquos theory of forms
copy 159