greece!. the ancient greeks and romans were two groups of people who made s ignificant contributions...
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Greece!
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The ancient Greeks and Romans were two groups of people who made significant contributions to society in terms of architecture, government, and sports.
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The ancient Greeks and Romans have influenced the lives of people today.
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Know the following terms: Direct democracy: a government in
which people vote to make their own rules and laws
Representative democracy: a government in which people vote for (elect) a smaller group of citizens to make their rules and laws for everyone
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Ancient Ancient GreeceGreecewas locatedwas locatednear the near the MediterraneanMediterraneanSea.Sea.
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Geography Ancient Greece:
located among mountains and hills, surrounded by Mediterranean Sea and limited rich soil.
the Land-difficult to unite city-states
Climate moderate temps
perfect for outdoor life
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Ancient Greece: farmers, shipbuilders, and traders
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The people of Ancient Greece The people of Ancient Greece Farmed on hillsides; Farmed on hillsides; Trading took place on the Trading took place on the Mediterranean Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Small independent Small independent communities developed communities developed because of the manybecause of the manymountains.mountains.
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Trojan War Still seeking to gain entrance into Troy,
clever Odysseus ordered a large wooden horse to be built. Its insides were to be hollow so that soldiers could hide within it.
Once the statue had been built by the artist Epeius, a number of the Greek warriors, along with Odysseus, climbed inside. The rest of the Greek fleet sailed away, so as to deceive the Trojans.
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One man, Sinon, was left behind. When the Trojans came to marvel at the huge creation, Sinon pretended to be angry with the Greeks, stating that they had deserted him. He assured the Trojans that the wooden horse was safe and would bring luck to the Trojans.
Only two people, Laocoon and Cassandra, spoke out against the horse, but they were ignored. The Trojans celebrated what they thought was their victory, and dragged the wooden horse into Troy.
That night, after most of Troy was asleep or in a drunken stupor, Sinon let the Greek warriors out from the horse, and they slaughtered the Trojans. Priam was killed as he huddled by Zeus' altar and Cassandra was pulled from the statue of Athena and raped.
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Epics of Homer
The IliadThe Odyssey
Myths helps the Greeks understand nature and human behavior
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Early City-States of the Aegean Minoans settled Crete by 6000 B.C.E. Produced pottery, written script, bronze tools Palaces destroyed for unknown reasons in
1450 and 1370 B.C.E. Development of new script hows rising
influence of Greeks over Minoans Reemergence of Greek culture in 850 B.C.E.
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The Greek Polis Small, locally organized government Size restricted by…?
Geography!
Overpopulation addressed by colonization Built for defense and to accommodate
mountains Poorest lived at lower levels Agora (open meeting space) on higher ground Acropolis (temple) on highest ground
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Political Structure Monarchy – Kings
Aristocracy - small groups of nobles
Oligarchy- gov. ruled by a few people
Direct Democracy- state ruled by its citizens
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Athens and the Development of Democracy Developed modern
concept of political democracy
A leader among city-states
Left the most historical record
Moved farthest from kings and oligarchies to rule by the people
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Reforms of Solon moved toward democracy [600-560 B.C.E.] Wealthy represented in
Council of 400 All free men could participate
in decisions Canceled all public and
private debt Ended enslavement for debt
payment Reforms ended with class
conflict and clan rivalries
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Cleisthenes 500 B.C ish (Reformer?) Broke power with nobility,
power now based on where they lived
Increased power of assembly by allowing all citizens to submit laws
Council of 500 Citizenship was restricted
to a relatively small number
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Sparta Government Governed by an Oligarchyassembly of all free adult males
elects officials - vote major issues
Council of Elders-(30 people) proposed laws for assembly to vote on
controlled educationprosecuted court cases
Only ruling families (own the land) and working-class people are citizens
Helots worked the land they were just above slaves
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Pericles1) To strengthen Athenian
democracy (direct democracy)
2) To hold and strengthen the empire (Delian League)
3) To glorify Athens (beautify Athens-gold, ivory, marble with money from the DL)
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Persian representation in the movie, 300:
“The Immortals”
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Persians:Shields made of Wicker
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Bronze Helmet of Corinth500 B.C.E.
Hoplites: Armor made of Bronze
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Leonidas fighting the Persiansin the movie 300
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War with Persia Revolt of Greek colonists in
Asia Minor prompted Persian attack on Athens
Battle of Marathon: 10,000 man Greek army defeats 48,000 man Persian army (490 B.C.E.)
Greek key was hoplite soldiers organized into tightly-knit phalanxes, symbolic of citizen unity of city-state
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Pheidippides had race back to Athens 490 B.C., semi-legendary
Athenian courier sent to Sparta to request help when the Persians landed at Marathon. He ran 150 miles in two days. At the conclusion of the battle, he ran the 22 mi (35 km) back to Athens, where he reportedly shouted “Rejoice! We conquer!” and then died of exhaustion.
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Greek Phalanx
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Thermopylae Xerxes, son of Darius, tried to
defeat Greeks Decisive Greek victory at
Thermopylae, 480 B.C.E. Narrow pass bounded by
mountains on one side and the sea on the other.
200,000 Persians V. 300 Spartans and 7,000 Greeks in total
All of the Spartans died Athenians evacuated their city &
regrouped
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Victory at Salamis plus persistence in face of Persian pressure insured victory
Greek motivation offset power of Persians who were overextending their powers
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Mountain pass in Thermopylae, Greece
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PHILOSOPHERS
The philosophers were “seekers of wisdom” who tried to study the world in a systematic way
Believed people could understand the universe through logic and reason
The earliest group was known as sophists- men of wisdom
Their main concern was political and social success Many were teachers who trained the children of the
wealthy
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SOCRATES469-399-BC
Developed the Socratic Method - A question and answer technique of studying issues
This method was designed to make people examine their beliefs
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Plato
Was a student of Socrates
In The Republic-Plato outlines his ideas of the ideal society
Believed no one would have wealth or luxury and all would do what they are best suited to
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Aristotle
A student of Plato Established the
Lyceum- the world first scientific institute
Believed that reason was the highest good
Praised the virtues of self reliance and self control
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Alexander the Great
356-323 B.C.E.
Alexander the Great
356-323 B.C.E.
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Alexander the Great’s EmpireAlexander the Great’s Empire
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Pergamum:A New “Hellenistic”City
Pergamum:A New “Hellenistic”City
CosmopolitanCosmopolitanCultureCulture
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Trade in the Hellenistic World
Trade in the Hellenistic World
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Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)
Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)
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Hellenic vs. Hellenistic Art
Hellenic vs. Hellenistic Art
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Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Cynics Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.
citizens of the world.
live a humble, simple life.
$ Epicurians Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure.
all excess leads to pain!
politics should be avoided.
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Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno
nature is the expansion of divine will.
concept of natural law.
get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.
true happiness is found in great achievements.
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Hellenism:The Arts & Sciences
Hellenism:The Arts & Sciences
$ Scientists / Mathematicians:
Aristarchus heliocentric theory.
Euclid geometry.
Archimedes pulley.
Ptolemy geocentric theory.
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Ptolemaic View of the Universe
Ptolemaic View of the Universe
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The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
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The Incursion of Rome into the Hellenistic World
The Incursion of Rome into the Hellenistic World