greece
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The Persians
• 550 B.C.E., Cyrus the Great• Zoroastrianism
–Good vs. evil–Last judgment
•Challenged the Greeks – invasions by Achaemenid Empire (Xerxes)•Conquered by Alexander the Great
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The Persian Empire in Its Main Stages
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Classical Greece•Classical Greece
–City-states (polis)–Mountainous terrain = rivalries
Variety of governments
• Literature– Iliad, Odyssey - Basis for Hellenic (Greek) culture
• Architecture–Columns
• Arts–Sculpture (ideal form)
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The Greek World
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The City-State as a Political Unit
•Greece formed into many city-states - polis• Each polis deeply united
–Public religion–Political participation–Cultural events, e.g. theatre
• Social hierarchy–Aristocrats (wealthy land-owners) at the top–Captures slaves at the bottom
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The Rise of Democracy in Athens
• Solon & Pericles - Athenian statesmen• Popular assembly
–Oversight of most of the government
•Offices filled by lot•Who was excluded?
–Women–Slaves–Foreigners and their children
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Greek Unity
•Colonization–Spread of Greek culture (Hellenism)
throughout Mediterranean–Expansion of trade
•Religious games–Truces – war against Persia (Delian League)–Olympics–Oracle at Delphi
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Fragmentation
•Conflict between cities–Athens versus Sparta (military oligarchy)
Political contrasts Competing alliances Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.E.• Athenian surrender, 404 B.C.E.
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Macedonian Conquest
•Macedon (north) compared to southern Greece–Monarchy v. city-state–Plains v. mountains–Linguistic differences
• Philip II of Macedon (359-336 B.C.E.)–By 338 B.C.E., Greece conquered
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Alexander the Great
•Conquests, 334-331 B.C.E.
– Into India, Egypt–Founded:
Alexandria – ancient city New and important trade routes, libraries
•Death, 323 B.C.E.
•Division of successor states by generals–Egypt: Ptolemies–Persia: Seleucids
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Alexander’s Empire and the Hellenistic World, c. 323 B.C.E.
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Creativity in Greek and Hellenistic Culture
•Religion, Philosophy, and Science–Religion
Pantheon of gods with human traits–Philosophy
Socrates - Skepticism Plato
–Stoics - Moral fortitude
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Creativity in Greek and Hellenistic Culture
•Religion, Philosophy, and Science–Science
Pythagoras Euclid Archimedes
•Drama–Public, religious, typified by conflict–Sophocles - Tragedy–Aristophanes - Comedy
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Literature and the Visual Arts
•Drama–Oral epic
Homer
–History Herodotus – mix of myth and history Thucydides – first true historian
•Human achievement important• Temples
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Patterns of Greek and Hellenistic Society
•Men, Women, and Social Divisions–Patriarchal–Women – legal/cultural disadvantages–Athens – very patriarchal–Sparta – more rights for women