Greatest Inventions of the last 100 yearsColor Television 1940Color television is a television transmission technology that includes information onthe color of the picture, so the videoimagecanbedisplayedincoloronthetelevision screen. It is an improvement onthe earliest television technology,monochrome or black and whitetelevision, in which the image isdisplayedin shadesofgrey (greyscale).Television broadcasting stations andnetworks in most parts of the worldupgradedfromblackandwhitetocolortransmissioninthe1!"sand1#"s, andtodayvirtuallyall televisionbesidessome ine$pensive closed%circuit surveillance video systems is color television, sothetermisbecomingredundant andisnot usedmuch. Theinventionof colortelevisionstandardsispart of thehistoryof television, andisdescribedinthetechnology of television.The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image hadbeen e$perimented with almost as soon as black%and%white televisions had first been built.&mong the earliest published proposals fortelevisionwasoneby'aurice(e)lancin1**"for a color system, including the first mentions intelevisionliteratureof lineandframescanning,although he gave no practical details. +olishinventor ,an -.c.epanik patented a colortelevision system in 1*#, using a seleniumphotoelectric cell at the transmitter and anelectromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror andamovingprismat thereceiver. )ut hissystemcontained no means of analy.ing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end,and could not have worked as he described it. &n &rmenian inventor, /ovannes&damian, also e$perimented with color television as early as 1"#. The first colortelevision pro0ect is claimed by him, and was patented in 1ermany on 'arch 21,1"*, patent 3 1#1*2, then in )ritain, on &pril 1, 1"*, patent 3 #41, in 5rance(patent 3 2"24!) and in 6ussia in 11" (patent 3 1#14).-cottish inventor ,ohn (ogie )aird demonstrated theworld7s first color transmission on ,uly 2, 14*, usingscanning discs at the transmitting and receiving endswith three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filtersof a different primary color8 and three light sources atthereceivingend, withacommutator toalternatetheir illumination.)aird also made the world7s firstcolor broadcast on 5ebruary 9, 12*, sending amechanicallyscanned14"%lineimagefrom)aird7sCrystal +alace studios to a pro0ection screen at(ondon7s :ominion Theatre.'echanically scanned color television was alsodemonstrated by )ell (aboratories in ,une 14 using three complete systems ofphoto electric cells, amplifiers, glow%tubes, and color filters, with a series of mirrorsto superimpose the red, green, and blue images into one full color image.Artificial Heart -1941&n artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart. &rtificial hearts are typicallyused to bridge the time to heart transplantation, or to permanently replace the heartin case heart transplantation is impossible. &lthough other similarinventions preceded it going back to the late 19"s, the firstartificial heart to be successfully implanted in a human wasthe ,arvik%# in 1*4, designed by a team including ;illem,ohan 2 during a successful open heartsurgery. ,ohn /eysham 1ibbon, theinventor of the machine, performed theoperation and developed the heart%lungsubstitute himself.&lthough ,arvik created the idea andrough draft for the artificial heart, hismodels were not created of a material thatthe human bodywould accept. :ayton,?hio7sIval ?. -alyer,alongwithvariouscolleagues, developed a polymer materialthat the human body would notnecessarily re0ect.?n,uly2, 1>4, 91%year%old /enry?pitek, sufferingfromshortnessof breath,mademedical historyat /arper @niversity/ospital at ;ayne-tate@niversity in'ichigan. The:odrill%1'6 heart machine, consideredtobethefirst operationalmechanical heart, was successfully used while performing heart surgery. 5orest :ewey :odrill, working closelywith 'atthew :udley, used the machine in 1>4to bypass /enry ?pitek7s left ventricle for >"minutes while he opened the patient7s left atriumand worked to repair the mitral valve. In :odrill7spost%operative report, he notes, ATo ourknowledge, this is the first instance of survival of apatient when a mechanical heart mechanism wasused to take over the complete body function ofmaintaining the blood supply of the body while theheart was open and operated on.A Jet Engine 1930& 0et engine is a reaction engine discharging a fast moving 0et thatgenerates thrust by 0et propulsion in accordance with Bewton7s laws of motion. Thisbroad definition of 0et engines includes turbo0ets, turbofans, rockets, ram0ets,and pulse 0ets. In general, 0et engines are combustion engines but non%combustingforms also e$ist)ythe1>"sthe0et enginewasalmost universal incombat aircraft, withthee$ception of cargo, liaison and other specialty types. )y this point some of the)ritish designs were alreadycleared for civilian use, andhad appeared on earlymodels like the de /avillandComet and &vro Canada,etliner. )y the 1!"s alllarge civilian aircraft werealso 0et powered, leavingthe piston engine in low%cost niche roles suchas cargo flights.The efficiency of turbo0et engines was still rather worse than piston engines, but bythe 1#"s, with the advent of high%bypass turbofan 0et engines (an innovation notforeseen by the early commentators such as Cdgar )uckingham, at high speedsand high altitudes that seemed absurd to them), fuel efficiency was about the sameas the best piston and propeller engines.a!ar -193"6adar is an ob0ect%detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range,altitude, direction, orspeedof ob0ects. It canbeusedtodetect aircraft, ships,spacecraft, guidedmissiles, motorvehicles, weatherformations, andterrain. The radar dish (or antenna) transmits pulses of radio waves ormicrowaves that bounce off any ob0ectin their path. Theob0ect returnsatinypart of the wave7s energy to a dish orantenna that is usually located at thesame site as the transmitter.6adar was secretly developed byseveralnations before and during ;orld ;ar II. The term6&:&6 was coined in 19" by the @nited -tatesBavy as an acronym for 6&dio :etection &nd6anging. Thetermradar hassinceenteredCnglishandother languagesasacommonnoun, losing all capitali.ation.& helicopter is a type of rotorcraft inwhich lift and thrust aresuppliedby rotors. Thisallowsthehelicopter totakeoffandlandvertically, tohover, andtoflyforward, backward, andlaterally. Theseattributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas wherefi$ed%wing aircraft and many forms of =T?( (vertical takeoff and landing) aircraft cannotperform.Theword helicopter isadapted fromthe5renchlanguage hDlicoptEre,coined by1ustave +onton d7&mDcourt in 1*!1, which originates from the 1reek heli$ ( FGH )Aheli$, spiral, whirl, convolutionA and pteron (IJKLMN) AwingA. Cnglish%languagenicknames for helicopter include AchopperA, AcopterA, AheloA, AheliA, and AwhirlybirdA./elicoptersweredevelopedandbuilt duringthefirst half%centuryof flight, withthe 5ocke%;ulf 5w !1 being the first operational helicopter in 12!. -omehelicoptersreachedlimitedproduction,but it was not until 194 that ahelicopter designed by Igor -ikorsky reachedfull%scale production, with 121 aircraftbuilt. Though most earlier designs usedmore than one main rotor, it is thesingle main rotor with anti%torOue tailrotor configuration that has become themost common helicopterconfiguration. Tandemrotor helicoptersare also in widespread use due to their greater payloadcapacity. Coa$ial helicopters, tiltrotor aircraft, and compound helicopters are allflyingtoday. Puadcopter helicopters pioneeredasearlyas 1"# in5rance, andother types of multicopter have been developed for speciali.ed applications suchas unmanned drones.Themodernusesof radararehighlydiverse, includingairandterrestrial trafficcontrol, radar astronomy, air%defense systems, antimissile systems8 marine radarsto locate landmarks and other ships8 aircraft anticollision systems8 oceansurveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rende.vous systems8meteorological precipitation monitoring8 altimetry and flight control systems8 guidedmissile target locating systems8 and ground%penetrating radar for geologicalobservations. /igh tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processingand are capable of e$tracting useful information from very high noise levels.#reathaly$er 19""& breathaly.er or breathalyser (a portmanteau of breath and analy.erQanalyser) isa device for estimating blood alcohol content()&C) from a breathsample. )reathaly.er is the brand name for the instrument developed byinventor 6obert 5rank )orkenstein. It was registered as a trademark on 'ay 12,1>*, and is active as of 4"1> but the word has become a generic trademark. In1!#in)ritain, Tom+arry,ones developedandmarketedthefirst electronicbreathalyser. /e established (ion (aboratories in Cardiff with hiscolleague, electrical engineer )ill :ulcie. The 6oad-afety &ct 1!# introduced the first legallyenforceable ma$imum blood alcohol level fordrivers in the @1 Chrysler Imperial under the name A/ydraguideA. TheChrysler system was based on some of :avis7s e$pired patents. 1eneral'otors introduced the 1>4 Cadillac with a power steering system using the work:avis had done for the company almost twenty years earlier. Charles 5. /ammond,an&merican, bornin:etroit, filedseveral patentsfor improvementsof powersteering with the Canadian Intellectual +roperty ?ffice in 1>*. (light ecor!er-19"3& flightrecorder, colloOuially stillcalled black bo$,although it is noworange%coloured, isan electronic recording deviceplaced in anaircraft for the purpose of facilitating theinvestigation of aviation accidents and incidents.&ny type of aircraft in any condition of flight can be viewed in terms ofits input parameters (e.g. control instructions) and output parameters (e.g.flight sensors), without any knowledge of its internalworkings, as a black bo$model. The flight data recorder (5:6) is an independent device that preserves therecent history of the flight through the recording of do.ens of parameterscollectedseveral timespersecond. The cockpit voicerecorder (C=6)preservesthe recent history of thesoundsin thecockpit including the conversation of thepilots. The two recorders give a testimony, narrating the flight history with accuracyand impartiality, to assist in an investigation.The first modern flight recorder,called A'ata /ariA, was created in194 by 5innish aviation engineer=ei0o /ietala. This black high%techmechanical bo$ was able to record allimportant aviationdetailsduringtestflights of ;orld ;ar II fighteraircraft that the 5innish army repairedor built intheir mainaviationfactoryin Tampere, 5inland. The A'ata /ariAblack bo$ is displayed in the =apriikki'useum in Tampere, 5inland.%ace)a*er -19"+& pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, soasnotto be confused with the heart7snatural pacemaker) is a medical device that useselectrical impulses, deliveredby electrodes contractingtheheart muscles, toregulate the beating of the heart.The primary purpose of a pacemaker is tomaintain an adeOuate heart rate, either becausethe heart7s natural pacemaker is not fast enough,or there is a block in the heart7s electricalconductionsystem. 'odernpacemakers aree$ternallyprogrammable andallowthe cardiologist to select the optimum pacing modes for individual patients. -omecombine a pacemaker and defibrillator in a single implantable device. ?thers havemultiple electrodes stimulating differing positions within the heart toimprove synchroni.ation of the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart.In 124, &merican physiologist &lbert /yman, working independently, described anelectro%mechanical instrument of his own, powered by a spring%wound hand%cranked motor. /yman himself referred to his invention as an AartificialpacemakerA, the term continuing in use to this day. &n apparent hiatus in publication of research conductedbetween the early 12"s and ;orld ;ar II maybeattributedtothepublicperceptionof interfering with nature by Areviving the deadA.5or e$ample, A/yman did not publish data onthe use of his pacemaker in humansbecause of adverse publicity, both among his fellowphysicians, and due to newspaperreporting at the time. (idwell may havebeen aware of this and did notproceed with his e$periments inhumansThe Internet-19,9The Internet is a global system ofinterconnected computer networks thatuse the standard Internet protocolsuite (TC+QI+) to link several billiondevices worldwide. It is a network ofnetworks that consists of millions ofprivate, public, academic, business, andgovernment networks of localto globalscope, linked by a broad array ofelectronic, wireless, and opticalnetworking technologies. The Internetcarriesane$tensiverangeof informationresourcesandservices, suchastheinter%linked hyperte$t documents and applications of the ;orld ;ide ;eb (;;;),the infrastructure tosupport email, and peer%to%peer networksfor filesharing andtelephony.6esearchinto packet switching startedintheearly1!"sandpacket switchednetworks such as 'ark I at B+( in the @"92*9