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FAU NA SPECIES OF THE GREAT LAKES

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Page 1: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

FAUNASPECIES OF THE GREAT LAKES

Page 2: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

Book Design copyright © 2014

By Jerica Raymond

All rights reserved.

Published by Jerica Raymond for course number GRDN1134 Letterform Typographic, taught in class by Patti Lemene, second semester 2014 at Conestoga College, Kitchener, ON. Course GRDN1110 Introduction to Printing Technology, Taught in class by Molly Hill, second semester 2014 at Conestoga College, Kitchener, ON. Course number GRDN1090 Illustration and Rendering Technology, taught in class by Andrew Kolb, second semester 2014 at Conestoga College, Kitchener, ON.

Printed at Conestoga College Graphic Design Printers, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada.

Bound at Conestoga College, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada.

FAUNASPECIES OF THE GREAT LAKES

Page 3: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

Kitchener, Ontario

Jerica Raymond, Publisher

2014

FAUNASPECIES OF THE GREAT LAKES

by Jerica Raymond

Page 4: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

CONTENTS

FishBluegill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Deep Water Sculpin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Lake Sturgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Muskellunge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Pumpkinseed Sunfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

AmphibiansAmerican Toad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Blue-Spotted Salamander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Leopard Frog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

ReptilesBlue Racer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Musk Turtle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Page 5: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

Fauna is an intriguing encyclopedia on species such as Amphibians, Fish and Reptiles of the Great Lakes that is a helpful and handy tool for anyone and every-one. This animal lover’s field guide has every type of animal ever discovered in the Great Lakes region. This book is beneficial to those who want to know more about these creatures and discover the interestingly unheard facts of the rarest species to the common statistics about the well known creatures too. This book is full of exciting knowledge that brings a whole new design to encyclopedias every-where while informing its audience in its traditional way. This book is the kind of book to keep in your library of books as an excellent reference.

Echoria DeLuca

March 25, 2014

FOREWARD

Page 6: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

BLUEGILL ◆ SCULPIN ◆ MUSKELLUNGE ◆ STURGEON ◆ SUNFISH

There are many types of fish that inhabit the Great Lakes. Fish are vital to maintain the balance of the food chain since they are a main food source for many other creatures that live there. They are also important as predators that keep the population of the smaller creatures and plants in check with the nature. Many people depend on the fish of the great lakes for their livelihood.

FISH

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Fauna: Species of the Great Lakes | Fish12

BLUEGILL(LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS)

The Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) is a species of freshwater fish that sometimes referred to as bream, brim, or copper nose. It is a member of the sunfish family Centrarchidae of the order Perciformes. Lepomis, in Greek language, means scaled gill cover and the word macrochirus means large hand, which also may be a reference to its body shape. One defining characteristic of the bluegill is the bright blue edging visible on its gill rakers.

Description

The bluegill is noted for the darkened spot that it has on the posterior edge of the gills and base of the dorsal fin. The sides of its head and chin are a dark shade of blue. It contains 5–9 vertical bars on the sides of its body, but these stripes are not always distinct. It has a yellowish breast and abdomen, with the breast of the breeding male a bright orange. They are all characterized by their deep, flattened, laterally compressed bodies. They have a very large terminal mouth, ctenoid scales, and a lateral line that is usually arched upward anteriorly. The bluegill typically reaches just over 16 inches but can vary in size.

Habitat

Bluegill live the shallow waters such as lakes and ponds, along with slow-moving areas of streams and small rivers. They prefer water that has many aquatic plants, and hides within fallen logs or water weeds. They can are often found around weed beds, where they do their searching for food or spawning grounds.

In the summer time, adults move to the deep, open water where they suspend just below the surface and feed on plankton and other aquatic creatures. Bluegill try to spend most of their time in water from 60 to 80°F (16–27°C), and tend to have a home range of about 320 square feet (34m²) during non-reproductive months. They enjoy heat, but they do not like direct sunlight and they typically live in deeper water, but will linger near the water's surface in the morning to stay warm. Bluegill are found in big schools of 10–20 fish, and these schools will often include other panfish, such as crappie, pumpkinseeds, and other small-mouth bass.

Reproduction

Spawning season for bluegills starts late in the month of May and extend late into month of August. The peak of the spawning season usually occurs in June in the waters of 67–80°F. The male bluegills arrive first at the mating site. They will make a spawning bed of 6–12 inches in diameter in the shallow waters, clustering as many as 50 beds together.

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Perciformes Family Centrarchidae Genus Lepomis Species L . macrochirus

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Fauna: Species of the Great Lakes | Fish16

Description

The deep water sculpin is generally grey-brown with mottling on its head, back, and sides with a whitish underside. When the sculpin is fully grown, they are usually 4–6 inches (10–15cm), but they can reach up to 9 inches (23cm). They weigh less than an ounce (<25g). They are also bottom-feeding species, which can make them vulnerable to a the build-up of contaminants in polluted lakes. They were considered extinct in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, but they have recently been rediscovered there. They mostly eat tiny crustaceans and aquatic insects and are eaten by lake trout and other predatory fish.

Habitat and Life History

The Deep water Sculpin is a bottom dwelling fish that is found in cold areas (<5°C) that are, well oxygenated deep lakes. In the Great Lakes, the adults usually live between 60–150m under the water. Because of this reason, not as much of this information about the biology of this species is well known. The reproductive cycle is not well understood and the time of spawn-ing is not well understood either. Their age of maturity has been estimated at three years for females and two years for the male fish. It appears that individuals from the Great Lakes, especially Lake Ontario, are generally larger compared to other populations. The Deep water Sculpin is also likely preyed upon by deep water Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush).

Diet

The diet of Deep water Sculpin may consists largely of the crustaceans Mysis and Diporeia and chironomid larvae. Zooplankton likely comprise the diet of the larval stage, which is pelagic (open water). They are often found to survive on spineless type Manson bugs that frequent the deep water of the cold deep lakes.

Distribution

The distribution of the Deep water Sculpin is almost entirely limited to Canadian regions with the exception of the species who inhabit the American Great Lakes and a few inland lakes in Michigan, Minnesota and Montana.

The Deep Water Sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsonii) is a fresh-water sculpin fish that inhabits the bottoms of cold, deep fresh-water lakes of northern North America. Its distribution ranges from the Great Bear Lake of Canada to the Great Lakes. It is a designated at-risk fish species in Canada, protected as a species of Special Concern under Canada’s Species at Risk Act.

DEEP WATER SCULPIN(MYOXOCEPHALUS THOMPSONII)

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Scorpaeniformes Family Cottidae Genus Myoxocephalus Species M . thompsonii

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Fauna: Species of the Great Lakes | Fish 19

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Acipenseriformes Family Acipenseridae Genus Acipenser Species A . fulvescens

Description

The Lake Sturgeon has taste buds are usually on and around its barbels near its rubbery, pre-hensile lips. It extends its lips to then vacuum up soft live food which it swallows whole due to its lack of teeth. Its diet consists of various species such as insect larvae, worms (including leeches), and other small organisms like meta-zoan that it finds in the mud. Fish are rarely found in its diet and are likely incidental items only, with the exception of the invasive Round Goby fish. Given that it is a large species that survives by feeding on very small species, its ecology has been compared to some filter feeding fish such as whales.

Habitat

This species can be found in the Mississippi River drainage basin south to Alabama and the Mississippi. It usually spends most of its time in the Great Lakes and around the east end of the St Lawrence River to the edges of the fresh water limits. In the west it reaches as far as the Lake Winnipeg as well as the North and South Saskatchewan Rivers. In the north it has also been found in the Hudson Bay Lowland area.

History

These fish were once killed because they were considered a nuisance by-catch due to their damage they caused to fishing gear. When the meat and eggs became prized, the commercial fishermen targeted them. Between 1879–1900, the Great Lakes commercial sturgeon fishery brought in an average of 4 million pounds (1800 metric tons) per year. Such unsustainable catch rates were coupled with environmental challenges such as pollution and the construc-tion of dams and other flood control measures. Sturgeons, which return each spring to spawn in the streams and rivers in which they were born, found tributaries blocked and spawning shoals destroyed by silt from agriculture and lumbering. The 20th century saw drastic drops in sturgeon catches, increased regulations, and the closure of viable fisheries. Currently 19 of the 20 states within the fish’s original United States range, it is listed as either threatened or endangered and can be mistaken as sharks.

The Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) is a North American temperate freshwater fish, one of about 25 species of sturgeon. Like other sturgeons, this species is an evolutionarily ancient bottom feeder that has a partly cartilaginous skeleton, an overall streamlined shape and skin bearing rows of bony plates on its sides and back, resembling an armored torpedo.

LAKE STURGEON(ACIPENSER FULVESCENS)

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Fauna: Species of the Great Lakes | Fish20

Habitat

Muskellunge are found in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes and the large rivers that range from northern states such as Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota through the Great Lakes region, north into Canada, throughout most of the St Lawrence River drainage and northward throughout the upper Mississippi valley, although the species also extends as far south as Chattanooga in the Tennessee River valley. There is also a small population in the Broad River in South Carolina. Several North Georgia reservoirs also have healthy stocked populations of muskie. They are also found in the Red River drainage of the Hudson Bay basin. Muskie were introduced to the western St John River in the late 1960s and are now spreading to connecting waterways in Maine.

Behaviour

Muskellunge are sometimes gregarious, that form small schools in distinct territories. They spawn in mid to late spring, somewhat later than northern pike, over the shallow, vegetated areas. A rock or sand bottom is preferred for spawning so that the eggs do not sink into the mud and suffocate. The males arrive first and attempt to establish dominance over a territory. Spawning usually can last from five to ten days and happens mainly during the night.

Description

Muskellunge closely resemble other related esocids species such as the northern pike and the American pickerel in both appearance as well as behavior. Like the Northern Pike and other aggressive pikes, the body plan is typical of ambush predators with an elongated body, flat head and dorsal, pelvic and anal fins set far back onto the body. Muskellunge are typically 32–48 (0.71–1.24m) inches long and usually weigh 5–42 pounds (2.3–16.3kg). The fish are a light silver, brown, or green with dark vertical stripes on the flank. In some cases, markings may be absent altogether, especially in fish like from turbid waters.

The muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), also known as muskel-unge, muscallonge, milliganong, or maskinonge (and often abbreviated muskie or musky), is a species of large, relatively uncommon freshwater fish of North America. The muskellunge is the largest member of the pike family, Esocidae. The common name comes from the old Ojibwa word maashkinoozhe, which means ugly pike.

MUSKELLUNGE(ESOX MASQUINONGY)

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Esociformes Family Esocidae Genus Esox Species E . masquinongy

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Fauna: Species of the Great Lakes | Fish24

Description

Pumpkinseeds typically are 6–8 inches long, but can grow up to 10 inches. They can typi-cally weigh less than a pound. They are orange, green, yellow or blue in color, with speckles over their sides and back and a yellow-orange breast and belly. The coloration of the ctenoid scales of the pumpkinseed is one of the most vibrant of any freshwater fish and can some-times range from an olive-green or brown to bright orange and blue. The sides are covered with vertical bars that are a faint green or blue, which are typically more prevalent in female pumpkinseeds. Orange spots sometimes cover the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.

Habitat

Pumpkinseeds typically live in the warm, calm lakes, ponds, and pools of creeks and small rivers with plenty of vegetation. They prefer clear water where they can find shelter to hide. They tend to stay near the shore and can be found in numbers within the shallow and protected areas. Pumpkinseeds are normally active during the day and rest near the bottom in protected or covered areas such as the sub-merged logs during the night. They will feed at all the water levels from the surface to the bottom in the daylight, and their heaviest feed-ing is in the afternoon. Pumpkinseed sunfish travel together in schools that can also include bluegills and other sunfish. Nests are arranged in colonies consisting of about three to 15 nests each. Often, they build their nests near bluegill colonies, and the species tend to interbreed. Females are able to produce hundreds of eggs (1,500–1,700), depending on their size and age.

Reproduction

Nesting sites are typically in shallow water on sand or gravel lake bottoms. The males will use their caudal fins to sweep out shallow, oval-shaped nesting holes that stretch about twice the length of the pumpkinseed itself. The fish will remove debris and large rocks from their nests with their mouths.

The Pumpkinseed Sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) is a freshwater fish of the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) of order Perciformes. It is also referred to as the pond perch, the common sunfish, punkys, sunfish, and sunny.

PUMPKINSEED SUNFISH(LEPOMIS GIBBOSUS)

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Actinopterygii Order Perciformes Family Centrarchidae Genus Lepomis Species L . gibbosus

Page 14: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

The Great Lakes are an excellent habitat for amphibians because of the abundance of surrounding freshwater sys-tems. Because of their delicate skin and tendency to suffer from pollution, amphibians are used by scientists as a scale to determine the health of an ecosystem. Amphibians are also an important food source for many other creatures.

AMPHIBIANSAMERICAN TOAD ◆ SALAMANDER ◆ LEOPARD FROG

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29Fauna: Species of the Great Lakes | Amphibians

Habitat

Eastern American Toads are a medium sized toad can usually range in size from 5–9cm (2.0–3.5in) in length. The color and pattern is can vary. Their skin color can change depend-ing on the humidity, stress, and temperature. Color changes range from yellow to brown to black. Their breeding habits are very similar to Anaxyrus fowleri. The call or voice of a breed-ing male is a high trill, lasting 6–34 seconds, similar to a ringing telephone. They hibernate during the winter. The eastern American toad has spots that contain one to two warts. It also has enlarged warts on the tibia or lower leg below the knee. While the belly is usually spot-ted, it is generally more so on the forward half. The spades on the back legs are blackish. Also eastern American toads have parotoid glands that are the same color as the surrounding skin but the glands don’t have any patterning.

Reproduction

American toads require a semi-permanent freshwater pond or pool with shallow water in which to breed and for their early develop-ment. They also require very dense patches of vegetation, for cover and hunting grounds. Given these two things and a supply of insects for food, these toads can live almost every-where, ranging from forests to flat grassland.

Description

The eggs of this toad are laid in two strings and can hatch in 2–14 days. When hatched the tadpoles are recognized by their skinny tails in relation to the size of their small black bodies. They may advance to adulthood in 50–65 days. When metamorphosis is completed, the toads may stay in the water for a very short period of time before they become mostly land based. Tadpoles swim in small ponds near the edge of the water, usually huddling in groups. Once they grow to their full size they hop onto land.

The American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus) is a very common species of toad that is found throughout the Eastern United States and Canada. It is divided into three subspecies, the Eastern American Toad (B. a. americanus), the Dwarf American Toad (A. a. charlesmithi), and the very rare Hudson Bay Toad (A. a. copei). There is also new taxonomy that considers this species the Anaxyrus americanus.

AMERICAN TOAD(ANAXYRUS AMERICANUS)

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Bufonidae Genus Anaxyrus Species A . americanus

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32 Fauna: Species of the Great Lakes | Amphibians

Habitat

Blue-spotted Salamanders are primarily found in cool and moist deciduous hardwood forests and in swampy woodlands, although they can also be found in coniferous forests and fields. They prefer vernal pools that retain water into the mid-summer, to ensure access to a suitable breeding habitat. Underbrush, leaf litter, rocks and logs are commonly used for their shelters.

Reproduction

Eggs are laid in small agglomerations attached to twigs, rocks or plants at the edge of wood-land ponds or ditches. Clutches average about a dozen eggs in one hatch, and females can sometimes lay up to 500 eggs yearly. Males and females first mate when they reach two years of age. Breeding usually occurs in the early spring near vernal pools. Eggs take approximately one month to hatch. At hatching time, larvae have really well-developed mouth and eyes. Their front limbs form at two weeks, and hind limbs form at three weeks. It will then fully transform into its terrestrial state by late summer. Blue-spotted salamanders are also known to be asso-ciated with unisexual (all-female) populations of ancient origin. The unisexual females often look like blue-spotted salamanders but have hybrid genomes and require related species to fertilize their eggs.

Description

These salamanders are between 8–14cm long, at which the tail comprises of 40%. Their skin is bluish-black, with the characteristic blue and white flecks on its back, and bluish-white spots on the sides of its body and tail. They have an elongated body, though they are not nearly as slender as the Jefferson salamander. The vent is typically black, which contrasts with the paler belly. Larvae, which have transformed, may have yellow splotches; these turn blue once the individual becomes terrestrial. Occasionally, a melanistic individual may be found in the wild.

The Blue-spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) is a mole like salamander that is native to the Great Lakes regions in the Northeastern United States and parts of Canada such as of Ontario and Quebec. They have been known for their range to extend to Northern James Bay to the Southeastern Manitoba.

BLUE-SPOTTED SALAMANDER(AMBYSTOMA LATERALE)

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Order Caudata Family Ambystomatidae Genus Ambystoma Species A . laterale

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35Fauna: Species of the Great Lakes | Amphibians

Variations

The northern leopard frog has several different color variations. The most common being the green morph and the brown morph. There are also morphs known as the burnsi morph. Individuals with the burnsi morph coloration lack spots on their back, but may or may not retain them on their legs. They can be bright green or brown and have yellow dorsal folds. Albinism also appears in this species, but it is very rare.

Habitat

Northern leopard frogs have a wide range of habitats. They are found in permanent ponds, swamps, marshes, and slow moving streams throughout forest, the open, and urban areas. They normally inhabit bodies of water with abundant aquatic vegetation. They are well adapted to cold and can be found in and above 3,000m (9,800ft). Males make a short snore-like call from the water during spring and summer. The Northern Leopard Frog breeds in the spring in March. Up to 6500 eggs are laid in water, and tadpoles complete development within the breeding pond. Tadpoles are very light brown with black spots, and development takes 70–110 days, depending on conditions. Metamorphic frogs are about 2–3cm long and can resemble the adult colouring.

Description

The northern leopard frog is a fairly large species of frog, reaching 11 cm (4.3in) in length. It varies from green to brown in dorsal colour, with large, dark, circular spots on its back, sides, and legs. Each spot is normally bordered by a lighter ring. A pair of dorsolateral folds starting from the back of the eye run parallel to each other down the back. These dorsolateral folds are often lighter or occasionally pinkish in colour. There is also a pale stripe running from the nostril, under the eye and tympanum, terminating at the shoulder. The ventral surface is white or pale green.

The Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens) is a species of leopard frog from the true frog family, native to parts of Canada and the United States. It is the state amphibian of Minnesota and Vermont.

NORTHERN LEOPARD FROG(LITHOBATES PIPIENS)

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Ranidae Genus Lithobates Species L . pipiens

Page 19: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

There is a wide variety of reptiles inhabiting the Great Lake region. Snakes and turtles live and thrive on the abundant vari-ety of plant and animal life. Contrary to popular belief, snakes are very helpful in an ecosystem as they keep the populations of nasty pests such as mice and rats down to a minimum.

BLUE RACER ◆ MUSK TURTLE

REPTILES

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38 Fauna: Species of the Great Lakes | Reptiles

Description

Blue racers often have creamy white ventral scales, dull grey to brilliant blue lateral scales, and pale brown to dark grey dorsums. They also have characteristic black masks, relatively large eyes, and often have brownish-orange rostral scales (snouts). Unlike adults, hatch-lings and yearlings (first full active season) have dorsal blotches that fade completely by the third year; however, juvenile patterning is still visible on the venter until late in the snake’s third season.

Behavior

Blue racers seem to be relatively intolerant of high levels of human activity and for most of the active season they remain in areas of low human density. Evidence to suggest this comes largely from radio telemetry data from both blue racers and eastern fox snakes that inhab-ited the same general areas on Pelee Island (although studies were not conducted concur-rently). In contrast to blue racers, fox snakes were often found under front porches, in barns or garages, and in the foundations of houses; whereas, most (but not all) blue racers were observed in more “natural” settings. Therefore, blue racers are more confined to areas with minimal anthropogenic activity. Campbell and Perrin also noted that racers were among the first snakes to disappear from suburban areas.

Blue racers are active foragers. The younger snakes may consume crickets and other insects, whereas adults feed primarily on rodents, songbirds, and snakes. Adults engage in both terrestrial and arboreal foraging. Blue racers are diurnally active. Probable natural predators of adult blue racers include the larger birds of prey (eg red-tailed hawk, northern harrier, great horned owl) and carnivorous mammals such as raccoons, foxes, and coyotes. Dogs and feral house cats are known to kill and/or harass juvenile blue racers.

Coluber Constrictor Foxii, commonly known as the Blue Racer, is a subspecies of Coluber constrictor, a species of non venom-ous, colubrid snakes commonly referred to as the eastern racers. Blue racers prefer open areas as well as semi-open habitats such as the savanna, old field shoreline, and edge habitats.

BLUE RACER(COLUBER CONSTRICTOR FOXII)

Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder SquamataFamily ColubridaeGenus Coluber Species C . constrictor foxii

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42 Fauna: Species of the Great Lakes | Reptiles

Description

Stinkpots are usually small black, grey or brown turtles with highly domed shells. They grow to approximately 5.1–14cm (2.0–5.5in) and average in weight at 603g (1.329lb). They have long necks and rather short legs. The yel-low lines on the neck are a good field marker, and often can be seen from above in swimming turtles. Males can usually be distinguished from females by their significantly longer tails and by the spike that protrudes at the end of the tail. The anal vent on the underside of the tail extends out beyond the plastron on males and females are typically larger.

Behavior

Musk turtles are almost always entirely aquatic, spending the vast majority of the time in shal-low, heavily vegetated waters of slow moving creeks, or in ponds. They only venture onto land when the female lays her eggs, or in some cases, to bask. They can climb sloping, partially submerged tree trunks or branches to as much as 2m (6.6ft) above the water surface, and have been known to drop into boats or canoes pass-ing underneath. Their defense mechanism is to excrete a musk scent from a very small gland in their underside, hence the name musk turtle. This is used to scare away their predators and natural enemies.

Habitat

This turtle is found in a large variety of wet-land habitats and littoral zones, particularly shallow watercourses with a very slow current and muddy bottom. Although they are more aquatic than some turtles, they are also capable of climbing, and can be seen basking on the fallen trees and woody debris. Fallen trees and coarse woody debris are known to be very important components of wetland habitat, and may be particularly beneficial to the basking turtles. Like all turtles, they must nest on land, and shoreline real estate development is det-rimental. They usually hibernate buried in the mud under logs, or in muskrat lodges.

Sternotherus odoratus is a species of small turtle native to Southeastern Canada and much of the Eastern United States. It is also known as the Common Musk Turtle or Stinkpot due to its ability to release a foul musky odor from scent glands on the edge of its shell, possibly to scare away predators.

COMMON MUSK TURTLE(STERNOTHERUS ODORATUS)

Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder TestudinesFamily KinosternidaeGenus SternotherusSpecies S . odoratus

Page 23: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

“Deep Water Sculpin.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_sculpin>.

“File:Blue-spotted Salamander (Ambystoma Laterale)01.jpg.” Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue-spotted_salamander_(Ambystoma_laterale)01.jpg>.

“Hayley-bot.” Overview for. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://www.reddit.com/user/hayley-bot>.

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“Muskie Fishing Tips for the Fall.” HookedHQ. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://hookedhq.com/muskie-fishing-tips-for-the-fall/>.

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“Oklahoma Turtles.” Turtles in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <https://www.wildlifedepartment.com/wildlifemgmt/turtles.htm>.

Thomas, Brandon. “Brandon’s Stuff: Bluegill Colors.” Brandon’s Stuff: Bluegill Colors. Blogger, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://senorfish.blogspot.ca/2010/07/bluegill-colors.html>.

“Water Blogged: Overlooked Species Theatre Presents: Sculpins.” Water Blogged: Overlooked Species Theatre Presents: Sculpins. Living Oceans, 17 Jan. 2011. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://livingoceanssociety.blogspot.ca/2011/01/overlooked-species-theatre-presents.html>.

“American Toad.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_toad>.

“Blue Racers on the Blue Racer Ranch.” Blue Racer Ranch. WordPress, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://blueracerranch.com/photo-gallery/>.

“Bluecollar Fishin with Jim.” The Way to Bring Up a Child. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://bluecollarfishinwithjim.blogspot.ca/2012/08/the-way-to-bring-up-child.html>.

“Blue-Spotted Salamander.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-spotted_salamander>.

“Fauna of the Great Lakes Region (North America).” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Feb. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%3AFauna_of_the_Great_Lakes_region_%32North_America%29>.

“Fish of the Great Lakes.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%3AFish_of_the_Great_Lakes>.

“Coluber Constrictor Foxii.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluber_constrictor_foxii>.

“Common Musk Turtle (Sternotherus Odoratus) - Wiki.” Common Musk Turtle (Sternotherus Odoratus) - Wiki. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://animal.memozee.com/view.php?tid=3&did=27241>.

Cooooookies. “Bluegill by Cooooookies on DeviantART.” Bluegill by Cooooookies. DeviantART, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://cooooookies.deviantart.com/art/Bluegill-328643251>.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Page 24: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

INDEX

Anatomy American Toad, 28 Bluegill, 14 Blue Racer, 38 Blue-Spotted Salamander, 32 Deep Water Sculpin, 16 Leopard Frog, 34 Muskellunge, 20 Musk Turtle, 42 Pumpkinseed Sunfish, 24

Behaviour Muskellunge, 20 Musk Turtle, 42 Pumpkinseed Sunfish, 24

Feeding American Toad, 28 Bluegill, 14 Blue Racer, 38 Lake Sturgeon, 18 Pumpkinseed Sunfish, 24

Markings American Toad, 28 Bluegill, 14 Blue Racer, 38 Blue-Spotted Salamander, 32 Deep Water Sculpin, 16 Lake Sturgeon, 18 Leopard Frog, 34 Muskellunge, 20 Musk Turtle, 42 Pumpkinseed Sunfish, 24

Mating Call American Toad, 28 Leopard Frog, 34

Predators Bluegill, 14 Blue-Spotted Salamander, 32 Deep Water Sculpin, 16 Pumpkinseed Sunfish, 24

Distribution Bluegill, 14 Deep Water Sculpin, 16

Hatching American Toad, 28 Blue-Spotted Salamander, 32 Leopard Frog, 34 Musk Turtle, 42

Habitat Blue-Spotted Salamander, 32 Lake Sturgeon, 18 Leopard Frog, 34 Muskellunge, 20 Musk Turtle, 42

Locations Muskellunge, 20 Musk Turtle, 42 Lake Sturgeon, 18 Pumpkinseed Sunfish, 24

Reproduction American Toad, 28 Bluegill, 14 Blue Racer, 38 Blue-Spotted Salamander, 32 Deep Water Sculpin, 16 Leopard Frog, 34 Muskellunge, 20 Musk Turtle, 42 Pumpkinseed Sunfish, 24 Lake Sturgeon, 18

Spawning Bluegill, 14 Muskellunge, 20 Pumpkinseed Sunfish, 24 Lake Sturgeon, 18

Tadpoles American Toad, 28 Leopard Frog, 34

Page 25: Great Lakes Encyclopedia: Fauna

Copyright: Jerica Raymond

Instructors: Patti Lemene, Molly Hill and Andrew Kolb

School: Conestoga College, Kitchener, ON

Typeface: Minion Pro

Software: Adobe InDesign CS6

Paper: Hammermill Colour Copy Digital 32LB. 8½” x 11”

Printer: Conestoga College Graphic Design printers

Bindery: bound by Jerica Raymond at Conestoga College

Book Size: 8.5” x 11”

COLOPHON