gre wordlist 2
TRANSCRIPT
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ACUMEN
acumen [uncountable]
the ability to think quickly and makegood judgments
business/political/financial etcacumen
The firm's success is largely due to
Brannon's commercial acumen.
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ADULTERATE
adulterate [transitive]
to make food or drink less pure byadding another substance of lowerquality to it [ unadulterated]
adulteration noun [uncountable]
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AMALGAMATE
amalgamate formal 1 [intransitive and transitive] if two organizations
amalgamate, or if one amalgamates withanother, they join and make one big
organization [= merge] amalgamate something with/into/under
something The agency is expected to amalgamate with the
National Rivers Authority.
2 [transitive] to combine two or more thingstogether to make one thing: Stir until the ingredients are amalgamated.
amalgamate something with/intosomething
The editors will amalgamate all the informationinto one article.
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ARCHAICARCHAIC
archaic
1 old and no longer used[= outdated; modern]: archaic words
2 old-fashioned and needing to be
replaced: Many smaller radio stations broadcast
on archaic equipment.
3 from or relating to ancient times: archaic civilizations
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AVERAVER
aver past tense and past participle averred, presentparticiple averring [transitive]
formal to say something firmly and
strongly because you are sure thatit is true [= declare]
The lawyer averred her client'sinnocence.
[+ speech] "He's guilty, I tell you, "she averred.
[+ that ] She averred that he was
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BOLSTERBOLSTER
bolster1 also bolster up[transitive]
1 to help someone to feel better andmore positive:
He is making a bold attempt to bolsterthe territory's confidence.
2 to improve something: his efforts to bolster his career
Bolster 2 [countable]
a long firm pillow, usually shaped like a
tube
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BOMBASTICBOMBASTIC
bombastic
bombastic language contains longwords that sound important buthave no real meaning:
He is best known for three ratherbombastic poems.
bombastnoun [uncountable]
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DIATRIBEDIATRIBE
diatribe [countable] formal
a long speech or piece of writing thatcriticizes someone or somethingvery severely
diatribe against
a diatribe against contemporary
American civilization
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DISSEMBLEDISSEMBLE
dissemble [intransitive and transitive] literary
to hide your true feelings, thoughtsetc
He accused the government ofdissembling.
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CAMOUFLAGECAMOUFLAGE
[U] the use of leaves, branches, paints and clothes forhiding soldiers or military equipment so that they lookpart of what surrounds them
a camouflage jacket
[S or U] the way that the colour or shape of an animal orplant appears to mix with its natural environment toprevent it from being seen by attackers
The lizard's light brown skin acts as (a) camouflage inthe desert sand.
[S or U] something that is meant to hide something, or
behaviour that is intended to hide the truth Using smoke as (a) camouflage, the army advanced up
the hill.
He believed that her kindness was merely a camouflagefor her real intentions.
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ECCENTRICECCENTRIC
eccentric 1 adj
1 behaving in a way that is unusual anddifferent from most people:
His eccentric behaviour lost him his job.
Aunt Nessy was always a bit eccentric. 2 technical eccentric circles do not have the
same centre point [ concentric]
eccentrically adverb Eccentric 2 [countable]
someone who behaves in a way that is differentfrom what is usual or socially accepted:
I was regarded as something of an eccentric.
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ENDEMICENDEMIC
an endemic disease or problem isalways present in a particularplace, or among a particular group
of people [ epidemic, pandemic]: Violent crime is now endemic in parts
of Chicago.
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EVANESCENTEVANESCENT
evanescent literary
something that is evanescent doesnot last very long
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EXACERBATEEXACERBATE
exacerbate [transitive]
to make a bad situation worse:
The recession has exacerbated thisproblem.
I don't want to exacerbate thesituation.
exacerbation noun [uncountable]
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FERVENTFERVENT
fervent
believing or feeling something verystrongly and sincerely:
a fervent appeal for peace
fervent admirer/believer etc
a fervent supporter of human rights
fervently adverb
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FORTUITOUSFORTUITOUS
fortuitous formal
happening by chance, especially in away that has a good result:
The meeting with Jack was fortuitous.
fortuitously adverb
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GERMANEGERMANE
germane formal
an idea, remark etc that is germaneto something is related to it in animportant and suitable way[= relevant]
germane to
an article which is germane to thesubject being discussed
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GRANDILOQUENCEGRANDILOQUENCE
grandiloquent formal
using words that are too long andformal in order to sound important[= pompous]
Her speech was full of grandiloquentlanguage, but it contained no new
ideas. grandiloquence noun [uncountable]
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HACKNEYEDHACKNEYED
hackneyed
a hackneyed phrase is boring anddoes not have much meaningbecause it has been used so often
The plot of the film is just ahackneyed boy-meets-girl scenario.
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HALCYONHALCYON
halcyon
halcyon days literarya time in the past when you
were very happy
She recalled the halcyon days of heryouth.
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HEDONISMHEDONISM
hedonist [countable]
someone who believes that pleasureis the most important thing in life
hedonism noun [uncountable]
hedonistic adjective
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HEGEMONYHEGEMONY
(especially of countries) the positionof being the strongest and mostpowerful and therefore able to
control othersThe three nations competed for
regional hegemony.
Hegemonic adjective
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ICONOCLASTICONOCLAST
a person who strongly opposesgenerally accepted beliefs andtraditions
Rogers, an iconoclast in architecture,is sometimes described as puttingthe insides of buildings on theoutside.
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IDOLATROUSIDOLATROUS
idolatry [uncountable]
1 the practice of worshipping idols
2 when you admire someone orsomething too much
idolatrous adjective
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IMPASSIVEIMPASSIVE
impassive
not showing any emotion:
Her impassive face showed noreaction at all.
impassively adverb:
The children studied him impassively.
impassivity noun [uncountable]
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IMPERTURBABLEIMPERTURBABLE
imperturbable
remaining calm and unworried inspite of problems or difficulties
imperturbably adverb
imperturbability noun [uncountable]
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IMPLACABLEIMPLACABLE
implacable
very determined to continue opposingsomeone or something:
implacable enemies
The government faces implacableopposition on the issue of nuclearwaste.
implacably adverb:
He remained implacably opposed toStalin's regime.
implacability noun [uncountable]
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IMPUNITYIMPUNITY
impunity
do something with impunity
if someone does something bad withimpunity, there is no risk that theywill be punished for it:
It's astonishing that these criminals
are free to walk the streets withimpunity.
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INCHOATEINCHOATE
inchoate formal
inchoate ideas, plans, attitudes etcare only just starting to develop
She had a child's inchoate awarenessof language.
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INCIPIENTINCIPIENT
incipient [only before noun] formal
starting to happen or exist:
a sign of incipient madness
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RUDIMENTARYRUDIMENTARY
rudimentary
1 a rudimentary knowledge orunderstanding of a subject is very
simple and basic [ sophisticated]: Gradually, I acquired a rudimentary
knowledge of music.
my rudimentary German
2 rudimentary equipment, methods,systems etc are very basic and notadvanced:
subsistence farming in its most
rudimentary form
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ININFELICITOUSFELICITOUS
infelicitous adj formal not suitable; not fitting the occasion
an infelicitous remark
Infelicity [C usually plural] formal His article was full of mistakes and
verbal infelicities (= unsuitableexpressions).
felicitous formal or literary well-chosen and suitable:
a felicitous choice of candidate
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INSIPIDINSIPID
insipid
1 food or drink that is insipid doesnot have much taste [= bland]:
an insipid pasta dish
2 not interesting, exciting, orattractive:
insipid colours
insipidly adverb
insipidness, insipidity noun
[uncountable]
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LOQUACIOUSLOQUACIOUS
loquacious formal
a loquacious person likes to talk a lot[= talkative]
loquacity noun [uncountable]
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LUMINOUSLUMINOUS
luminous
1 shining in the dark: luminous paint
Her large dark eyes were almostluminous.
2 very brightly coloured, especially ingreen, pink, or yellow [= Day Glo]:
luminous green socks luminously adverb
luminosity
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MALEVOLENTMALEVOLENT
malevolent formal
a malevolent person wants to harmother people [= evil; benevolent]
malevolent look/stare/smile etc
He gave her a dark, malevolent look.
malevolence noun [uncountable]
malevolently adverb
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MENDACITYMENDACITY
mendacity [uncountable]
formal the quality of not being truthful
Politicians are often accused ofmendacity.
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METICULOUSMETICULOUS
very careful and with great attentionto every detail
Many hours of meticulous preparation
have gone into writing the book.
Meticulously adv
The entire project was meticulously
planned. Meticulousness noun
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MISANTHROPEMISANTHROPE
misanthropist also misanthrope[countable]
formal someone who does not like
other people and prefers to bealone
misanthropic adjective
misanthropy noun [uncountable]
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MITIGATEMITIGATE
mitigate [transitive] formal to make a situation or the effects of
something less unpleasant, harmful,or serious [= alleviate]:
Measures need to be taken to mitigatethe environmental effects of burningmore coal.
mitigating mitigating circumstances/factors facts about a situation that make a
crime or bad mistake seem lessserious:
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OBDURATEOBDURATE
obdurate formal
very determined not to change yourbeliefs, actions, or feelings, in a
way that seems unreasonable[= stubborn]:
They argued, but he remained
obdurate. obduracy noun [uncountable]
obdurately adverb
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OBSEQUIOUSOBSEQUIOUS
obsequious very eager to please or agree with
people who are powerful - used inorder to show disapproval [= servile]:
an obsequious smile She is almost embarrassingly
obsequious to anyone in authority
obsequiously adverb obsequiousness noun [uncountable]
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OCCLUDEOCCLUDE
occlusion noun (WEATHER)
[C] (also occluded front)
specialized a situation in the weatherwhen two masses of air meet,especially when a band of cold airreaches warm air ahead of it and
pushes it up
(v) to obstruct or block
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OPPROBRIUMOPPROBRIUM
opprobrium [uncountable] formal
strong criticism or disapproval,especially expressed publicly
International opprobrium has beenheaped on the country following itsattack on its neighbours.
Opprobrious adjective
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PEDAGOGYPEDAGOGY
pedagogy n [U] specialized
the study of the methods andactivities of teaching
Pedagogic adjective (alsopedagogical )
Pedagogically adverb
The minister's reforms arepedagogically questionable (= notbased on good teaching theory).
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PEDANTICPEDANTIC
pedantic
paying too much attention to rules orto small unimportant details
pedantic about
Some people can be very pedanticabout punctuation.
pedantically adverb
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PENURYPENURY
penury [uncountable]
formal the state of being very poor[= poverty]:
He died in penury in 1644.
penurious adjective
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PERVASIVEPERVASIVE
pervasive
existing everywhere:
the pervasive influence of television
the all-pervasive mood of apathy
pervasiveness noun [uncountable]
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PINEPINE
pine2 [intransitive]
to become sad and not continue your life asnormal because someone has died or goneaway:
Six months after he left, she was still pining. pine away phrasal verb
to become less active, weaker and often ill,especially because you miss someone who hasdied or gone away
pine for somebody/something phrasal verb
1 if you pine for a place or for something, you missit a lot and wish you could be there or have itagain:
After two months in France I was pining for home.
2 if you pine for someone, you feel very unhappy
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PIRATEPIRATE
Pirate [transitive]
to illegally copy and sell anotherperson's work such as a book,
video, or computer program: pirated video tapes
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PITHPITH
pith [uncountable]
1 a white substance just under theoutside skin of oranges and similar
fruit:
Peel the oranges with a sharp knifeto remove all pith.
2 a soft white substance that fills thestems of some plants
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PITHYPITHY
pithy
if something that is said or written ispithy, it is intelligent and strongly
stated, without wasting any words: Press releases must be short and
pithy.
a series of pithy quotations
pithily adverb
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PLACATEPLACATE
placate [transitive] formal
to make someone stop feeling angry[= appease]:
These changes did little to placate theunions.
Placatory adjective: a placatory smile
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PLATITUDEPLATITUDE
platitude [countable] formal
a statement that has been mademany times before and is not
interesting or clever
- used to show disapproval:
His excuse was the platitude 'boys
will be boys.'
Platitudinousadjective
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PLUMMETPLUMMET
plummet also plummet down[intransitive]
1.to suddenly and quickly decrease invalue or amount [= plunge]
2. plummet from something to
something Profits plummeted from 49 million to
11 million. House prices have plummeted down.
2. to fall suddenly and quickly from aver hi h lace [= lun e]:
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POLEMICALPOLEMICAL
polemical also polemic formal
using strong arguments to criticize ordefend a particular idea, opinion, or
person:The reforms were attacked in a highly
polemical piece in the 'New Yorker'.
polemically adverb
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PRODIGALPRODIGAL
prodigal 1 [usually before noun] formal
1prodigal son/daughter
someone who leaves their family andhome without the approval of theirfamily, but who is sorry later andreturns
2 spending money, wasting time etcin a careless way [= extravagant]:
a prodigal lifestyle
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PROFUSEPROFUSE
profuse
produced or existing in largequantities:
He made profuse apologies.
Profuse sweating is one of thesymptoms of heat exhaustion.
profusely adverb:The wound was bleeding profusely.
profuseness noun [uncountable]
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PROLIFERATEPROLIFERATE
proliferate [intransitive]
if something proliferates, it increasesquickly and spreads to many
different places: Computer courses continue to
proliferate.
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QUERIESQUERIES
query1 plural queries[countable]
a question that you ask to get
information, or to check thatsomething is true or correct
query aboutquery about
Give us a ring if you have any queriesabout the contract.
Staff are always available to answeryour queries.
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QUERULOUSQUERULOUS
querulous formal
someone who is querulous complainsabout things in an annoying way:
'But why can't I go?' he said in aquerulous voice.
querulously adverb
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RANCOROUSRANCOROUS
Rancour noun
a feeling of hate and continuinganger about something in the past
They cheated me, but I feel norancour towards / against them.
Rancorous adjective
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RECALCITRANTRECALCITRANT
recalcitrant formal
refusing to do what you are told todo, even after you have been
punished [= unruly]: a recalcitrant pupil
(of a person) unwilling to obey orders or todo what should be done, or (of ananimal) refusing to be controlled
recalcitrance noun [uncountable]
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REPUDIATEREPUDIATE
repudiate [transitive] formal 1 to refuse to accept or continue with
something [= reject]: He repudiated all offers of friendship.
2 to state or show that something is nottrue or correct:
The book repudiates the raciststereotypes about black women.
repudiationnoun [uncountable]
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RESCINDRESCIND
rescind [transitive]
to officially end a law, or change adecision or agreement
The policy of charging air travellersfor vegetarian meals provedunpopular and has already beenrescinded.
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REVERENTREVERENT
reverent formal
showing a lot of respect andadmiration [ irreverent]:
a hushed reverent voice
reverently adverb
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RHETORICRHETORIC
rhetoric [uncountable]1. language that is used to persuade or
influence people, especially language
that sounds impressive but is notactually sincere or useful:The speech was dismissed by some
people as merely political rhetoric.
rhetoric of the rhetoric of socialism
2. the art of speaking or writing topersuade or influence people
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SALUBRIOUSSALUBRIOUS
salubrious formal
a salubrious area or place is pleasantand clean, especially compared to
other places - often usedhumorously:
the less salubrious area near the
docks
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SOLVENTSOLVENT
solvent1 [not usually before noun]
having enough money to pay yourdebts [ insolvent]
stay/remain/keep solvent
I don't know how we managed to
remain solvent.
solvencynoun [uncountable]
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SPECIOUSSPECIOUS
seeming to be true or correct, butactually false:
a specious argument
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SPURIOUSSPURIOUS
spurious
1 a spurious statement, argument etc isnot based on facts or good thinking
and is likely to be incorrect: He demolished the Opposition's spurious
arguments.
2 insincere:
spurious sympathy spuriously adverb
spuriousness noun [uncountable]
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demolishdemolish
demolish [transitive] 1 to completely destroy a building:
The entire east wing of the building was demolishedin the fire.
2 to prove that an idea or opinion is completelywrong:
He demolished my argument in minutes.
3 to end or ruin something completely: These ants can demolish large areas of forest.
4 to defeat someone very easily:
Miami demolished Texas 46 - 3.
5 especially British English informal to eat all ofsomething very quickly:
He demolished a second helping of pie.
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SUBPOENASUBPOENA
subpoena1 [countable]
Law a written order to come to acourt of law and be a witness
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SUCCINCTSUCCINCT
succinct
clearly expressed in a few words -use this to show approval
[= concise]: a succinct explanation
succinctly adverb:
Anderson put the same point moresuccinctly.
succinctnessnoun [uncountable]
S O S
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SUPERFLUOUSSUPERFLUOUS
superfluous formal
more than is needed or wanted[= unnecessary]:
a modern building with nosuperfluous decoration
superfluously adverb
SURFEIT
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SURFEITSURFEIT
surfeit formal
a surfeit of something
an amount of something that is too
large or that is more than you need[= excess]:
a surfeit of food and drink
TENACITY
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TENACITYTENACITY
tenacious1. determined to do something and unwilling
to stop trying even when the situationbecomes difficult:
a tenacious negotiator2. tenacious beliefs, ideas etc continue to
have a lot of influence for a long time: a tenacious religious tradition that is still
practised in Shinto temples
tenaciously adverb tenacity noun [uncountable]
O STENUOUS
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TENUOUSTENUOUS
tenuous 1 a situation or relationship that is
tenuous is uncertain, weak, or likelyto change:
For now, the band's travel plans aretenuous.
tenuous link/connection etcThe United Peace Alliance had only a
tenuous connection with the organizedLabour movement.The link between her family and the
King's is rather tenuous.
2 literaryvery thin and easily broken
TIRADETIRADE
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TIRADETIRADE
tirade [countable]
a long angry speech criticizingsomeone or something
tirade againsttirade against
He launched into a tirade against the
church.
tirade oftirade of
a tirade of abuse
TRANSIENTTRANSIENT
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TRANSIENTTRANSIENT
transient1 formal
1 continuing only for a short time: transient fashions
2 working or staying somewhere foronly a short time: a transient population
transiencenoun [uncountable]
American English someone who hasno home and moves around fromplace to place
ZEALOUSZEALOUS
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ZEALOUSZEALOUS
zealous someone who is zealous does or
supports something with great
energy: a zealous preacher ()
zealous political activists
be zealous in (doing) something No one was more zealous than Neil in
supporting the proposal.
zealously adverb
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TRADUCETRADUCE
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TRADUCETRADUCE
traduce [transitive] formal to deliberately say things that
are untrue or unpleasant
to strongly criticize someone,especially in a way that harms theirreputation
d lib t l
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deliberately
deliberately adverb
intentionallyintentionally
I'm sure he says these things
deliberately to annoy me.
slowly and carefullyslowly and carefully
Calmly and deliberately, she pouredpetrol over the car and set it alight.
CAVORTCAVORT
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CAVORTCAVORT
cavort [intransitive]
to jump or dance around in a playfulor sexual way
cavort about/aroundcavort about/around She cavorted about in the water.
cavort withcavort with
The photograph shows him cavortingwith two young women.
ASSIDUOUSASSIDUOUS
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ASSIDUOUSASSIDUOUS
assiduous formal
very careful to make sure thatsomething is done properly or
completely [= meticulous] assiduous in
He was assiduous in his attendance atchurch.
assiduously adverb: Even young children worked
assiduously for a reward.
assiduity noun [uncountable]
ELDRITCHELDRITCH
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ELDRITCHELDRITCH
eldritch \EL-drich\, adjective:
Strange; unearthly; weird; eerie.
COGNOSCENTECOGNOSCENTE
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COGNOSCENTECOGNOSCENTE
cognoscente \kon-yuh-SHEN-tee; kog-nuh-; -SEN-\, noun:
A person with special knowledge of a
subject; a connoisseur.
TCHOTCHKETCHOTCHKE
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TCHOTCHKETCHOTCHKE
tchotchke \CHOCH-kuh\, noun:
A trinket; a knickknack.
FARRAGOFARRAGO
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FARRAGOFARRAGO
farrago \fuh-RAH-go; fuh-RAY-go\,noun:
A confused mixture; an assortment; a
medley.
Ivan Illich writes "a farrago of sub-
Marxist cliches, false analogies, nonsequiturs, false or bent facts andweird prophesies.
ALACRITYALACRITY
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ALACRITYALACRITY
alacrity \uh-LACK-ruh-tee\, noun:
A cheerful or eager readiness orwillingness, often manifested by
brisk, lively action or promptness inresponse.
brisk
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brisk
brisk 1 quick and full of energy:
a brisk walk
They set off at a brisk pace.
2 quick, practical and showing that you want to get
things done quickly: Her tone of voice is brisk.
3 trade or business that is brisk is very busy, with a lotof products being sold:
The public bar was already doing a brisk trade.
4 weather that is brisk is cold and clear
briskly adverb: They walked briskly.
briskness noun [uncountable]
LOGORRHEA
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LOGORRHEA
logorrhea \law-guh-REE-uh\, noun:
1. Pathologically incoherent,repetitious speech.
2. Incessant or compulsivetalkativeness; wearisome volubility.
It's also not good if your date haslogorrhea.
INCESSANT
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INCESSANT
incessant [usually before noun]
continuing without stopping[= constant]:
The child's incessant talking startedto irritate her.
incessant rain
incessantly adverb: Theyquarreled incessantly.
WEARISOME
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WEARISOME
wearisome formal
making you feel bored, tired, orannoyed:
a wearisome task
LUCUBRATION
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LUCUBRATION
lucubration \loo-kyoo-BRAY-shun; loo-kuh-\, noun:
1. The act of studying by candlelight;
nocturnal study; meditation.2. That which is composed bynight; that which is produced by
meditation in retirement; hence(loosely) any literary composition.
CRAPULOUSCRAPULOUS
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CRAPULOUSCRAPULOUS
crapulous \KRAP-yuh-lus\, adjective: 1. Given to or characterized by gross
excess in drinking or eating.
2. Suffering from or due to suchexcess.
The new money was spent in so muchriotous living, and from end to endthere settled on the country a moodof fretful, crapulous irritation.
-- Stephen McKenna, Sonia
riotous
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riotous
riotous [usually before noun] formal
1 noisy, exciting, and enjoyable in anuncontrolled way [= wild]: a riotous
party 2 noisy or violent, especially in a
public place:
Their riotous behaviour led to theirarrest.
riotously adverb
fretfulfretful
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fretfulfretful
fretful anxious and complaining, and unable
to relax: The child was tired and
fretful. fretfully adverb
fretfulness noun [uncountable]
IMPERATIVEIMPERATIVE
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IMPERATIVEIMPERATIVE
imperative (adj) 1 extremely important and needing to
be done or dealt with immediately: It is imperative that politicians should be
good communicators.
it is imperative (for somebody) todo something
It is imperative to meet face to face withthe client.
2 technical an imperative verb is one thatexpresses an order, such as 'stand up'
IMPERATIVE
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IMPERATIVE
imperative2 [countable] 1 something that must be done urgently: A
broad and balanced education is animperative for raising standards.
2 formal an idea or belief that has a stronginfluence on people, making them behavein a particular way:
Sharing food is the most important moral
imperative in Semai society. 3 technical the form of a verb that expresses
an order. For example, in the order 'comehere', 'come' is in the imperative
ConvivialConvivial
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ConvivialConvivial
Convivial adjective: 1. Fond of feasting, drinking, and
good company; sociable.
2. Merry; festive.
He hated to drink to excess, disliked
convivial entertaining and had nogift for bonhomie.
titivatetitivate
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titivatetitivate
titivate \TIT-uh-vayt\, transitive andintransitive verb:
1. To make decorative additions to;
spruce. intransitive verb:
1. To make oneself smart or spruce.
FOOFARAWFOOFARAW
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FOOFARAWFOOFARAW
foofaraw \FOO-fuh-raw\, noun: 1. Excessive or flashy ornamentation
or decoration.
2. A fuss over a matter of littleimportance.
burgeonburgeon
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burgeonburgeon
burgeon \BUR-juhn\, intransitive verb:1.To grow or develop quickly; flourish.
the burgeoning market for digital
cameras2.To begin to grow or blossom.
transitive verb:
1. To put forth, as buds. noun:
1. A bud; sprout.
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esurientesurient \ih-SUR-ee-uhnt; -ZUR-\,
adjective: Hungry; greedy.
bifurcatebifurcate \BY-fur-kayt; by-FUR-kayt\,transitive verb:
1. To divide into two branches or parts. intransitive verb:
1. To branch or separate into twoparts.
adjective:
1. Divided into two branches or parts;
raffishraffish
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raffishraffish
raffish literary
behaving or dressing in a way whichis not respected by many people
but which is still confident andattractive:
an interesting character with a raffishair
raffishly adverb
raffishness noun [uncountable]
incarnadineincarnadine
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incarnadineincarnadine
incarnadine \in-KAR-nuh-dyn\,adjective:
1. Having a fleshy pink color.
2. Red; blood-red. transitive verb:
1. To make red or crimson.
reveriereverie
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reveriereverie
reverie \REV-uh-ree\, noun: 1. A state of dreamy meditation or
fanciful musing.
2. A daydream. She was startled out of her reverie by a
loud crash.
3. A fantastic, visionary, orimpractical idea.4. Music An instrumental