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GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

MAPS

PRIMARY RESOURCES

CHARTS/GRAPHS

TAKING NOTES: Key Ideas and DetailsAs you read, use a graphic organizer like this one to list details of the different Reconstruction plans.

LESSON 1

Rebuilding the South ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do new ideas change the way people live?

It Matters BecauseLeaders in the national government could not agree on what should happen to the South after the war.

Rejoining the UnionGUIDING QUESTION Why did leaders disagree about the South rejoining the Union?

Reconstruction

A Plan for Reconstruction

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Reading ! HELPDESK

4E Identify the causes of the Civil War, including sectionalism, states’ rights, and slavery, and the effects of the Civil War, including Reconstruction and the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the U.S. Constitution. 5C Identify the accomplishments of individuals and groups such as Jane Addams, Susan B. Anthony, Dwight Eisenhower, Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Cesar Chavez, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ronald Reagan, Colin Powell, the Tuskegee Airmen, and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team who have made contributions to society in the areas of civil rights, women’s rights, military actions, and politics.19C Identify and compare leadership qualities of national leaders, past and present.22C Summarize the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic, and religious groups to our national identity.25D Create written and visual material such as journal entries, reports, graphic organizers, outlines, and bibliographies.

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Content VocabularyReconstruction (ree•kuhn•STRUHK•shuhn) the period when Southern states were rebuilt and admitted back into the Union

ReconstructionPlans

Content Vocabulary• Reconstruction• Freedmen’s

Bureau

• impeach• carpetbagger• scalawag

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Freedmen’s Bureau

Battles on Capitol Hill

The Freedmen’s Bureau established schools for African Americans.

Content VocabularyFreedmen’s Bureau (FREED•muhns BYOOR•oh) government agency created after the war that provided food, schools, and medical care for newly freed African Americans and poor whites in the South

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Johnson refused to support equal rights for African Americans. In 1866 he vetoed, or rejected, the renewal of the Freedmen’s Bureau bill.

In March 1866 Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act. He believed it was the job of the states to protect rights.

Johnson believed that Congress was limiting the power of the President. He again vetoed the Freedman’s Bureau bill. Johnson also vetoed the Reconstruction Act.

Congress was angered by Johnson’s veto of the Freedmen’s Bureau bill and the passage of the black codes in the South. It passed a Civil Rights Act.

Congress overturned the veto of the Civil Rights Act. This is the first time in history a Presidential veto is overturned. In 1867 Congress passed the Reconstruction Act, dividing the South into five districts under Northern military rule. Southern states had to write new constitutions that give all men the right to vote.

The House voted to impeach Johnson. To impeach means to charge an official with wrongdoing. On May 16, 1868, the Senate failed to convict Johnson by one vote.

President Johnson Congress

In February 1868, Johnson fired a member of his staff who supported Congress’s plan.

Congress wrote and passed the Fourteenth Amendment, which guaranteed all citizens equal protection under the law. Congress also overturned the President’s vetoes of the Freedmen’s Bureau bill and the Reconstruction Act.

Congress in Charge

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Moving South

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carpetbaggers

Content Vocabularyimpeach (ihm•PEECH) formally charge a public official with wrongdoing carpetbagger (CAHR•puht BA•guhr) the Southern name for Northerners who went South during Reconstruction; some were dishonest but many went to help with local governments or schools

President Andrew Johnson

Challenges of the Johnson Presidency

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scalawags

African American Leaders

Constitutional Amendments

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Making Slavery Illegal

“Heroes of the Colored Race”—Blanche K.Bruce (left), Frederick Douglass (center), and Hiram R.Revels (right). Bruce and Revels went on to serve in the U.S. Congress.

Content Vocabularyscalawag (SKA•lih•wag) white Southerner who worked with Northerners and African Americans during Reconstruction

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LESSON 1 LESSON 1 REVIEWREVIEW

Reviewing Vocabulary1. What were carpetbaggers and scalawags?

2. Use the word impeach in a sentence.

Reading Skills3. Summarizing Describe Lincoln’s plan for

Reconstruction.

4. Evaluating How did black codes limit the rights of formerly enslaved people?

5. Analyzing How did the government make sure that the Southern states would follow the guidelines outlined in the Thirteenth Amendment?

Writing Skills 6. PERSUASIVE WRITING In your opinion, which

amendment—the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, or Fifteenth—did the most to ensure equal protection under the law for all American citizens? Write a short essay explaining the reasons for your choice.

Granting Equal Protection

Providing Voting Rights

! READING PROGRESS CHECK

Which Constitutional amendments were created during Reconstruction?

Include this lesson’s information in your Foldable®.

What was happening in the North?

Pre-Reconstruction

Reconstruction

Post-Reconstruction

What was happening in the South?

Positive and Negative Consequences

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Chapter 10, Lesson 1: Graphic Organizer

© M

cGraw

-Hill Com

panies, Inc. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom

use.

Name: Date:

TAKING NOTES: Key Ideas and DetailsAs you read, use the graphic organizer tolist details of the different Reconstruction plans.

Reconstruction Plans

More to Know!

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.

Growth and Development

More to Know! More to Know!

After the WarAfter four long years of war, most Southerners wondered how they would ever again become part of the United States of America. President Lincoln believed that the South should not be punished. Instead, he promised to bring the Union back together “with malice toward none ... and charity for all.”

But before Lincoln could carry out his plans, tragedy struck. On April14, 1865, Lincoln was shot to death in a theater in Washington, D.C. Now the job of Reconstruction passed on to the new President, Andrew johnson. We use the word Reconstruction to describe the way in which the Confederate states were brought back into the Union.

President johnson tried to carry out Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction. One of the fi rst steps was to establish the Freedmen’s Bureau. This organization helped formerly enslaved people, now known as freedmen, to build new lives for themselves. The bureau started schools and hospitals throughout the South. Church groups in the North sent teachers and money to help support these schools. The Freedmen’s Bureau also gave out food and clothing to poor people, both African American and white. The Bureau also helped to register African Americans to vote and provided them with land on which they could start farms.

But many white Southerners did not want African Americans to go to school or to vote. Southern states passed laws, called Black Codes, that restricted the rights of African Americans.

New Reconstruction Laws

Many members of the United States Congress felt that Southerners should be punished for seceding from the Union. In order to make sure that African Americans would be treated fairly, Congress proposed an amendment, or change, to the United States Constitution. Called the Fourteenth Amendment, this change gave formererly enslaved people all the rights of other citizens.

The governments of the southern states refused to approve the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision angered many members of Congress. As a result, in 1867, Congress passed a much tougher law for Reconstruction.

Congress Takes Control

For African Americans the joy of new freedom was soon replaced by a concern for survival. In order to survive, many freedmen and freedwomen stayed and worked on the plantations as sharecroppers. A sharecropper is a person who grows crops on someone else’s land. He or she pays a share, or part, of that crop to the owner of the land. This system meant that life for many African Americans did not change much. Some former slaves left the plantations and went looking for family members from whom they had been separated. Still other free African Americans traveled to cities to fi nd different work.

Many changes came for white Southerners as well. Large plantations suffered from the loss of enslaved workers and neglect during the war years. Plantation owners had to do more work themselves. Farmers with smaller plots were able to rebuild more quickly.

More to Know!

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use.

Growth and Development

More to Know! More to Know!

A Change In Government

Many great changes also swept through Southern states during this time. As part of Reconstruction, all African American men over the age of 21 were allowed to vote. No white Southerner who had served the Confederacy was allowed to vote or serve in government unless he swore loyalty to the Union.

In Florida, for instance, the elections of 1868 marked an important change in that state’s government. Nineteen African Americans took their seats for the fi rst time in the General Assembly. Although African Americans made up nearly half of Florida’s population, they had never before been able to serve in government.

One of these new politicians was Josiah Walls of Gainesville, Florida. Walls was born into slavery in Virginia and was forced to serve in the Confederate Army. When Union forces freed him, Walls volunteered to fi ght to end slavery. After the war, Walls moved to Florida and became a teacher. After serving in Florida’s General Assembly, Wails was elected to represent Florida in Congress in Washington, D.C.

The End of Reconstruction

The drastic changes brought to the South by Reconstruction angered many white Southerners. Some joined secret groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, which bullied and sometimes killed African Americans.

When Union soldiers left the South at the end of Reconstruction in 1877, many of the changes were rolled back. Former Confederate leaders took control of the state government. New laws, called Jim Crow laws, required

separate schools, hotels, and restaurants for African Americans and whites. African Americans had to ride in separate, run-down railroad cars. Other laws required people to pay a special tax, called a poll tax, if they wanted to vote. Many African Americans could not afford to pay this tax.

A Time of Change

Reconstruction was a time of great change in the South. People throughout the state faced hardship as they tried to recover from the Civil War. African Americans achieved freedom and became involved in government. When Reconstruction ended, though, many of these changes were reversed.