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© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 1
Granular Activated Carbon:
A Proven Solution for PFC Removal
Dr. Richard Mimna
Director of Business Innovation
Eric Forrester
Applications Engineer
January 30, 2017
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 2
• Calgon Carbon Corporation is the world’s largest producer of Granular
Activated Carbon (GAC)
• Our mission: pure water, clean air, better living
• We solve purification and separation problems with an array of
technologies (Activated Carbon, IX, UV, AOP, Perlites, D.E.)
• Water treatment is core competency with a diverse product portfolio
Introduction
1,400+ employees
$535 million 2015 net sales
23 offices sales and service
240 patents
21 facilities manufacturing, reactivation,
equipment
70+ years experience
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 3
Protecting Communities
from Perfluorinated Compounds
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 4
PFC Overview Health Advisory:
70 ppt Combined
PFOA / PFOS
Man made fully fluorinated organic compounds
PFOS Molecule
PFOA Molecule
Why PFCs Are a Problem • Contaminates drinking water and food
• Highly persistent / resistant to
degradation
• Accumulate in the body
Where they come from….
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 5
Where are PFCs?
*source http://news10.com/2016/06/02/pfoa-by-the-numbers-a-widespread-contamination-and-how-it-affects-your-health/
According to the U.S. EPA:
• 94 Public drinking water systems
with PFC’s
• Across 28 States(Red Highlight)
• 6.5 Million Americans affected
• Not including private wells
U.S. Drinking Water Contaminated by PFCs*
….THE PROBLEM IS ONLY GROWING!
Contaminated non-drinking
water sources are not included
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 6
Where are PFCs?
*source http://news10.com/2016/06/02/pfoa-by-the-numbers-a-widespread-contamination-and-how-it-affects-your-health/
Based on the use of fire fighting
foams…. • DoD identified over 200 bases
potentially contaminated
• Across 49 States(Red Highlight)
• Testing currently underway
• May impact adjacent municipal water
utilities
Potentially PFC Contaminated DoD Sites *
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 7
How GAC Can Help
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 8
Economic Benefits of GAC
The average family of 4 consumes 65,700 gallons of water annually
Tap water filtered by GAC costs a family of 4 roughly $2.00/Month
(per AWWA)
The average 2015 price for bottled water is $1.22/gallon
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 9
GAC is a Proven Technology
21
Leading
technology for
removal of PFCs
from drinking
water and
groundwater
>15 years and >20
large installations
in municipal/
industrial
segments &
> 1000 POET GAC
systems treating
residential well
sites
GAC is safe &
environmentally
responsible -
safest way to treat
is to remove
contaminants
Cost effective &
simultaneously
removes other
emerging
contaminants
which addresses
future compliance
requirements
Reactivation of
spent GAC
thermally
destroys
adsorbed
contaminants
including PFC’s
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 10
Calgon Carbon PFC Treatment Locations
Large Equipment Installations
POET Installations
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 11
Why FILTRASORB® GAC is superior
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 12
Domestically mined, domestically manufactured GAC
Bituminous coal-based re-agglomerated GAC has shown to have better
performance in water applications than direct activated coal and coconut based
carbons
FILTRASORB® GAC
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 13
Direct
Activated Re-agglomerated
Over activation in the outer Part of the granule
Low Activation Even Activation
Granular Activated Carbon Product differences: Re-agglomeration versus Direct Activation
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 14
Activated Carbon Starting Materials
Coconut
Lignite Bituminous Coal
Dislocation
Dislocation Dislocation
Graphitic plate
Graphitic plate Graphitic plate
Graphitic plate
Wood Dislocation
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 15
The Importance Of Testing
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 16
PFCs/PFASs are found in trace amounts in water
Testing is recommended – customer raw water sample
Isotherm
• Quick test method for feasibility
Accelerated Column Tests (ACT)
• Simulates full scale performance
• Provides important information: carbon type, breakthrough data, usage rates
• System design is critical
Drinking water applications
Typically low concentrations (ppb, ppt)
Background TOC can be 10-100X the PFC/PFAS concentration
Modeling such scenarios is difficult (even with other, non-PFC compounds)
ACT or RSSCT is beneficial
If client timing does not permit testing, CCC recommends as a start: 10
minutes EBCT (Empty Bed Contact Time) per adsorber, with 2 adsorbers in
series
Importance Of Testing
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 17
Isotherms
100 ML OF SOLUTION TO BE TREATED SOLUTION IN CONTACT WITH
INCREASING AMOUNT OF CARBON
FILTRATION
ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL
CONCENTRATION
EQUILIBRIUM REACHED
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 18
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100
Concentration [mg/l]
Lo
ad
ing
[m
g/g
]
Inlet concentration
GAC Loading
Isotherm
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 19
RSSCTs / ACTs Test Methods
P
HIGH
PRESSURE
MINI-PUMP
SS TUBING
FEED SOLUTION
FROM CARBOYS
OR COLLAPSIBLE
TEFLON BAGS
1/4" O.D.
COLUMN
(316 SS)
SAMPLE
COLLECTION
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 20
FILTRASORB® Comparative Performance Data
RSSCT PFOA Breakthrough Comparison
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 21
FILTRASORB® Comparative Performance Data
RSSCT PFOS Breakthrough Comparison
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 22
• Bituminous coal-based
re-agglomerated GAC
significantly outperforms
coconut based GAC
• Lab analysis supports
bituminous coal-based
re-agglomerated GAC is
the best product for PFC
removal
Conclusions from Analysis
≠
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 23
Case Study
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 24
PFC Isotherm- NY Water Source
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
10.00 100.00 1000.00
Co
nta
min
an
t L
oad
ing
(u
g/g
GA
C)
Total PFOA Concentration (ng/L)
PFC Removal
FILTRASORB® Isotherm Plot
Theoretical Max. Loading in Column
System = 117 ug/g GAC
Theoretical Carbon Use Rate = 0.04
Lbs. GAC/1000 Gal. Treated
PFOA at 550 ppt
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 25
TOC Isotherm- Same NY Water Source
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
0.10 1.00 10.00
Co
nta
min
an
t L
oad
ing
(g
/100g
GA
C)
TOC Concentration (mg/L)
TOC Removal
FILTRASORB® Isotherm Plot
Theoretical Max. Loading in
Column System = 4.2 g/100g
GAC
Carbon Use Rate = 0.20 Lbs.
GAC/1000 Gal. Treated
TOC at 1.38 ppm
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 26
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0
TO
C C
on
cen
trati
on
(p
pm
, m
g/L
)
PF
C C
on
cen
trati
on
s (
pp
t, n
g/L
)
Simulated Days of Operation
Simulated Days of Operation for PFCs and TOC
PFHpA PFHxA PFOA Feed PFHpA Feed PFHxA Feed PFOA TOC Removal Feed TOC TOC
PFC/TOC Customer ACT Data
Non detect after 620 simulated days of operation
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 27
• FILTRASORB® can remove PFCs to non-detectable levels
• TOC does not appear to compete strongly with PFC
• FILTRASORB® is effective for > 620 simulated days of operation
• Temporary System: 2 x 10’ diameter vessels, 20,000 lbs GAC each
• Permanent System: 2 x 12’ diameter vessels, 40,000 lbs GAC each
Conclusions from Case Study
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 28
Equipment and Reactivation
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 29
Carbon Adsorption Equipment
Model 8
Model 10
Model 12
Model 12-40
Model 14
Numerous “base” options - customized for customer’s requirements…
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 30
Reactivation of GAC • Carbon reactivation is a thermal
treatment process in which
adsorbed chemical constituents
are removed from spent
activated carbon
• The desorbed chemical
constituents are thermally
destroyed in the reactivation
process
• Carbon is then reusable
• Frequency of reactivation
is dependent on application
CCC has over 10 years of
experience reactivating carbons
with PFCs
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 31
PFC Removal: GAC vs. RO vs. IX Treatment Option Pros Cons
GAC •Significantly lower capital costs
•Significantly lower O&M costs
•Reactivation saves cost, destroys
PFCs, & removes liability
•Established BAT for a long list of
organic contaminants
•High NOM can increase use rates
RO •Removes salts / inorganics that GAC
cannot
•Concentrated waste water
disposal liabilities & costs
•More energy / CO2 intensive
•High maintenance cleaning and
replacement of fouled membranes
•Removes healthy minerals
Ion Exchange •Resin can be regenerated
•May be more economical for
certain source waters (i.e. high
levels of nitrate)
•High cost of reagent
•Regeneration produces disposal
liabilities & costs
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 32
CCC Advantage
CCC has offered the preferred and
total treatment solution for PFC
removal for 15 years with the
FILTRASORB® product line
GAC is the leading technology for
removal of PFCs
Calgon Carbon is ready to respond
immediately with technical
services, equipment and carbon
supply
Spent carbon can be returned to
CCC for reactivation thus thermally
destroying the PFCs and
eliminating future liability
CCC has offered the preferred and
total treatment solution for PFC
removal for 15 years with the
FILTRASORB® product line
GAC is the leading technology for
removal of PFCs
Calgon Carbon is ready to respond
immediately with technical
services, equipment and carbon
supply
Spent carbon can be returned to
CCC for reactivation thus thermally
destroying the PFCs and
eliminating future liability
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 33
• Provide a proven and cost-effective packaged solution
• Perform laboratory and field testing
• Ensure proper equipment design
• Rapid deployment of temporary treatment systems
• Experienced sales, field service and applications engineering teams
• Carbon reactivation services
Calgon Carbon Solutions
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 34
Questions
© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2017 | Slide 35
Thank you. www.calgoncarbon.com/PFOA
Send additional questions to: [email protected]