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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(S) Science and Engineering (Mathematical and physical sciences)

Title of Project Developments in Interactions between Algebraic Geometry and Integrable Systems

Masa-Hiko Saito ( Kobe University, Graduate School of Science, Professor )

Research Area Mathematics Keyword Algebraic Geometry, Integrable system, Differential Geometry, Complex manifolds Purpose and Background of the Research

Inaba, Iwasaki and Saito constructed moduli spaces of stable parabolic connections with regular singularities, and showed that Riemann-Hilbert correspondences are proper, surjective bimeromorphic morphisms. More recently, Inaba and Saito extended this result to the case of irregular singularities under mild conditions. Establishing the geometry of Riemann-Hilbert correspondences, we gave a rigorous proof of the geometric Painlevé property of nonlinear differential equations arising from isomonodromic deformations of linear connections. In addition, there have been remarkable progress in the birational geometry and various quantum invariants in recent years, and one may expect further developments in interactions between algebraic geometry and integrable systems. From these backgrounds, our research objectives can be listed below. 1. Study of moduli spaces of stable parabolic connections with irregular singularities and the geometry of Riemann-Hilbert correspondences. 2. Study of the minimal model theory in the

birational geometry and its applications to phase spaces and geometric Langlands conjecture. 3. Study of quantum invariants and their correlation functions and mathematical understanding of mirror symmetry. Research Methods

Project members in Kobe will work together with other related researchers from the various fields like differential equations, integrable systems, birational geometry, moduli theory, mirror symmetry, representation theory, derived category and mathematical physics. According to the research purposes, we encourage each project member to promote each individual research and collaboration with other members. In order to share newly obtained results and new problems to be solved, we will organize workshops and research conferences. Keeping in touch with related overseas researchers, we will update the research project and obtain fruitful collaboration with them.

Maintaining the home page of the project, we deliver the research information. Employing young PD researchers, we will promote the researches in next generations. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

We can understand the geometric structures of isomonodromic differential equations by algebraic construction of the phase space. We will also have more deep understanding of the moduli space of representations of the fundamental group of a punctured curve, analytically isomorphic to the moduli of connections via Riemann-Hilbert correspondence. Furthermore we expect to obtain more deep geometric structures of the moduli space of connections like symplectic structures, canonical coordinates by apparent singularities, Lagrangian subvarieties, Laplace transforms, which may give us mathematical foundation of understanding the geometric Langlands correspondence and the mirror symmetry. Publications Relevant to the Project

[1] F. Loray, M.-H. Saito, C. Simpson, Foliations on the moduli space of rank two connections on the projective line minus four points Sém. et Cong. 27, (2012), 115-168 [2] M. Inaba, K. Iwasaki and M.-H. Saito, Moduli of Stable Parabolic Connections, Riemann-Hilbert correspondence and Geometry of Painlevé equation of type VI, Part I, Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci., 42, (4), (2006), 987--1089. [3] T. Mochizuki, Asymptotic behaviour of tame harmonic bundles and an application to pure twistor D-modules. I, II , Mem. Amer. Math. Soc., 185, (2007), no. 869-870 Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 94,900 Thousand Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information

http://www2.kobe-u.ac.jp/~mhsaito/ftop.html

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Research (S)


Title of Project New developments in infinite groups and geometry

Takashi Tsuboi ( The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences, Professor )

Research Area Geometry Keyword Topology, infinite groups Purpose and Background of the Research

The symmetry of objects usually appear as infinite noncommutative groups. Compared with finite groups, they have been more difficult to understand. Recently, however, we began understanding better the Lie groups and their discrete subgroups, the diffeomorphism groups preserving a certain structure, the mapping class groups of surfaces, finitely presented groups, groups acting on real trees, etc. On the other hand, theories have been developed on characteristic classes for the group actions, on stable commutator length, on analytic, probabilistic or dynamical approach of infinite groups actions. In this project, collaborating with the researchers of related areas, we clarify the relationship between topological, geometric or dynamical properties of group actions and various invariants of them. We aim to find new invariants and their application. Research Methods

We promote the research on the following 5 items which relate with each other. (1) [Space forms and infinite groups] We look at the deformation of discrete isometric actions on space forms with indefinite metrics or the action on the spaces at infinity of them.

(2) [Group of diffeomorphisms] For the groups of symplectomorphisms, of contactomorphisms, or of diffeomorphisms preserving foliations, we study their topology as well as the topology of their classifying spaces. (3) [Mapping class groups of surfaces] We clarify the relationship between invariants for mapping class groups and those for diffeomorphism groups. We clarify the relationship among curve complexes, geodesic laminations and fat graphs. (4) [Dynamical invariants for infinite groups] We

study invariants coming from dynamics on invariant subsets, as well as those defined in geometric group theory. We study existence problem, uniqueness problem and conjugacy problem for several group actions. (5) [Infinite groups and wild spaces] We study the actions on the compatifications. We study the spaces appearing as minimal sets for infinite group actions. We also study several compactifications of the Teichmuller spaces. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

By establishing new method to study infinite noncommutative groups, we understand better important groups eg. diffeomorphism groups. Then we shall obtain a unified view on various geometric objects. Publications Relevant to the Project

Takashi Tsuboi: On the uniform perfectness of the groups of diffeomorphisms of even-dimensional manifolds, Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici, 87, (2012) 141-185.

Takashi Tsuboi: On the group of real analytic diffeomorphisms, Annales Scientifiques de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, 49, (2009) 601-651.

Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 156,700 Thousand Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http:// faculty.ms.u-tokyo.ac.jp/users/IGAG/

Fig.2. Anosov actions are described by dynamical invariants related to the ratio of expansion.

Fig. 1. Deformation of the Apollonian gasket appearing as the limit set.

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Title of Project Mathematical Theory of turbulence by the method of modern analysis and computational science

Hideo Kozono ( Waseda University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Partial Differential Equations, Nonlinear Analysis Keyword Navier-Stokes Equations, Harmonic Analysis, Functional Analysis,

Global Well-posedness, Asymptotic Analysis Purpose and Background of the Research

The Navier-Stokes equations have been investigated widely in both theoretical and experimental fields. The mathematical study on the Navier-Stokes equations was founded by Leray .The principal investigator Kozono obtained the optimal decay rate -1 for the energy decay in the 2D case. It turns out that the numerical simulation recently gives the same decay rates. In comparison with the numerical simulation, the advantage of the technique of harmonic analysis makes it possible to handle the asymptotic behavior of physical quantities as the parameter goes to infinity. Such a mathematical method to deal with the exact quantity as the limit of those in finite regions gives us an essential breakthrough in the numerical simulation in theory of turbulence. On the other hand, Kaneda has performed of the computational science and statistical theory of turbulence study. He has the results on the realization of the Direct Numerical Simulation(=DNS) in the world maximum scale about the uniformly isotropic turbulence. Because of such a huge computation, he was awarded the "Super Computing Gordon Bell Prize". In addition, he proceeds to the DNS of the high Reynolds number with the world maximum size about the turbulence between two parallel flat boards. Kaneda is evaluated as the leader developing the spectrum statistics theory of turbulence. Research Methods

This project aims to establish a new theory of nonlinear dynamics for super large degree of freedom including the turbulence in the fluid mechanics in terms of the modern mathematical analysis and the computational science. So, we propose the following four projects (i), (ii), (iii); (i) Harmonic analytics, singular limit and estimates of effect on the finiteness (ii) Elucidation of the universal law of turbulence; small and large scales (iii)Information abridgement technique, prediction possibility and reliable evaluation The method dealing with infinity and the

mathematical analysis such as the limiting procedure give us the elucidation of the turbulence phenomenon requiring a large-scale calculation. We will improve a poor turbulence theory without rigorously mathematical convention, and then construct a new knowledge of turbulence with information abridgement technique. As a result, reliable turbulence theory which do not depend on a law learned by experience or by intuition excessively will be largely accelerated. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

It is well-known that the Clay Math. Institute proposes seven important Millennium problems, where the existence of the global classic solution to the Navier-Stokes equations is selected. On the other hand, our DNS of the uniformly isotropic turbulence is by far the larger computational performance so that it can deal with the turbulent fluid with the high Reynolds number without any error of the experiment and indeterminacy. Our study is based on the DNS of such a world highest standard of Kaneda's research group, and we are going to overcome difficulty of turbulence with the high Reynolds number. In this way, our research projects develop the modern mathematical analysis, the applied mathematics, computational science and hydrodynamics and will lead the relevant subjects to the world-wide level. Publications Relevant to the Project

An L^q-approach to Stokes and Navirer-Stokes equations in general domains. Acta Math. 195 (2005), 21--53

Leray's problem on the stationary Navier-Stokes equations with inhomogeneous boundary data, Math. Z. 262 (2009), 27--39 Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 147,000 Thousand Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.math.sci.waseda.ac.jp/math/

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Research (S)


Title of Project Construction of mathematical theory to investigate the macro structure and the meso structure of the fluid motion

Shibata Yoshihiro ( Waseda University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Fundamental mathematical analysis Keyword Functional equation, mathematical fluid dynamics, stochastic analysis,

global mathematical analysis, numerical analysis Purpose and Background of the Research

The mathematical analysis of fluid flow appearing in engineering, such as meteorology, oceanography, medical science, and bioscience is an important issue in modern science. In our research, we focus on the stability of flow of water and air around a moving rigid body and the analysis of multiphase flow concerning the cavitation problem. The rigorous mathematical analysis of these problems can contribute to develop not only mathematical fluid dynamics but also modern science and technology based on fluid engineering. However, the multi-scale structure of the above problems makes it difficult to analyze them rigorously. The aim of our research is to construct a mathematical theory to understand the both macro and meso structures of fluid motion. To this end, we introduce the following theoretical tools: the R-boundedness, Fourier restriction methods, pseudo-differential operators and finite element methods for the macroscopic level. Furthermore, by jointing with experts on the stochastic analysis, global geometry and nonlinear partial differential equations, we intend to derive equations of motion of viscous fluid with random terms from the mesoscopic motion of fluid molecules, which would provide us a novel knowledge for the mathematical fluid dynamics. Research Methods

Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

From the fact that R-boundedness of resolvents yields the generation of analytic semigroups and the maximal regularity, we can obtain not only the local existence in time of the solution of free boundary problems but also a new way of research general non-linear evolution equations of parabolic type. It is the first attempt in mathematical fluid dynamics to use the Fourier restriction method and pseudo-differential operators for the spectral analysis of the Stokes operator, which would develop the theory of the stability of fluid flow. The elucidation of the structure of the cavitation problem, which is hard to analyze by the macroscopic Navier-Stokes equations, can lead to a unified mathematical theory incorporating the macro and meso structures.

Publications Relevant to the Project Y. Shibata and S. Shimizu, On the Lp-Lq maximal regularity of two phase Stokes equations: Model problems, J. Diff. Eqns. 251 (2011), 373-419. T. Hishida and Y. Shibata, Lp-Lq estimate of the

Stokes operator and the Navier-Stokes flows in the exterior of a rotating obstacle, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 193 (2009), 339-421.

Term of Project FY2012-2016Budget Allocation 66,500 Thousand Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.fluid.sci.waseda.ac.jp/shibata/index.html

Fig.2: Expected achievements

Meso-scale

Stochastic N-S equations

Macro-scale

N-S equations

Unified mathematical theory incorporating macro and meso scales

Local existence and uniqueness in time of free boundary problems

Stability of stationary solutions

Stochastic Navier-Stokes equations

Fig.1: Our research methods

R-boundedness

Fourier restriction method

Pseudo-differential operators

Variational principle Random variable

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Title of Project A Quest for Gamma-Ray Supernova Remnants by Probing the Interstellar Medium

Yasuo Fukui( Nagoya University, Graduate School of Science, Professor )

Research Area Astronomy Keyword Radio astronomy, Supernova remnant, Interstellar medium, Gamma-ray Purpose and Background of the Research

The origin of the cosmic rays (CRs) is an important mystery in the Universe. The major component of CRs is protons which do not emit photons. The only possibility to confirm CR protons is to detect

-rays which are created via neutral pion decay after p-p -ray observations has enabled us to imag -ray distribution at 0.1 degree resolution. We have analyzed ISM protons in the most outstanding TeV -ray SNR (supernova remnant) RX J1713.7-3946

and found that the ISM protons show a good spatial correspondence with the -rays by analyzing both CO and HI. This result lends a new support for the hadronic origin of the -rays. Aiming at establishment of the origin of CRs, we will apply this method to the other SNRs and clarify the origin of -rays, the CR acceleration mechanism, and time-evolution in the CR acceleration.

Research Methods -ray SNRs in the present study and

carry put the following three items; 1) The total ISM protons The ISM protons are either atomic or molecular form. We use the CO 2.6mm dataset obtained by the NANTEN2 telescope in Chile and the HI 21cm dataset obtained by ATCA in Australia at angular resolutions of 2-3 arcmin. The CO intensity is converted into the H2 column density and the HI

intensity is converted into the HI column density for a velocity range associated with the SNR. For the northern sky objects, we will use the 1.85m telescope of Osaka Prefecture University for CO and the Arecibo telescope and VLA for HI. Mopra 22m, NRO 45m, and ALMA telescopes will also be used to obtain high resolution CO data. 2) Compariso -rays We firs -rays and X-rays with the CO distribution. CO distribution is generally clumpy, allowing us to identify

-ray data used include 100MeV to 10TeV or higher obtained by HESS, Fermi, and AGILE. We expect to find a good -rays and

-rays are dominant. 3) Comparison with numerical simulations The physical processes in the interaction between the SNR shock waves and the ISM are studied in detail via MHD numerical simulations (e.g., Inoue et al. 2012). The ISM distributions obtained in 1) and 2) will be used as inputs in these simulations. We derive constraints on magnetic field and the high-energy radiation in the SNRs and from the numerical simulations. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

The present study will allow us to better understand the origin of CRs in the Galaxy where the highest energy of CRs is 1015.5eV from a unique approach to compare the distributions of

-rays. The study will also provide important inputs to the new generation telescopes including CTA. Publications Relevant to the Project

“A Detailed Study of the Molecular and Atomic -ray SNR RX J1713.7-3946:

-ray and ISM Gas Correspondence”, Fukui, Y. et al., ApJ, 746, id. 82,2012

Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 163,700 Thousands Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.a.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ae/

Figure 1. Left: Distribution of TeV- ray radiation (contours) superposed on column density of the ISM protons (Image). Right: Azimuthal distribution of column density of H2, HI and the ISM protons, and TeV -ray smoothed counts per beam.

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Research (S)


Title of Project A Search for Muon-Electron Conversion in a Nuclear Field with an Innovative Experimental Method

Masaharu Aoki ( Osaka University, Graduate School of Science, Associate Professor)

Research Area Physics Keywords Experimental Particle Physics, Muon Purpose and Background of the Research

Muon-electron conversion in a nuclear field ( -+Ae-+A) is a charged-lepton flavor violation (CLFV)

process. The CLFV has been searched for with muons, kaons, tau leptons, and other particles for many years, but no signals have been discovered yet. However, there are numerous models beyond the Standard Model of particle physics that predict sizable branching ratios: the supersymmetric see-saw model, which can explain the smallness of the neutrino masses; the extra dimension model; and so on. In fact, it is rather natural to observe CLFV since there is no fundamental symmetry that forbids it. It is conceivable that CLFV signals are present, undiscovered, just under the current experimental limit. The purpose of this project is to perform an experimental search for muon-electron conversion at sensitivity of 10-14. Research Methods

To achieve a 100-fold improvement over the current limit, the high-power high-quality pulsed proton beam produced by J-PARC (the accelerator facility at Tokai, Ibaraki) will be utilized. The pulsed proton beam will be bombarded on a primary production target, and a copious number of muons will be stopped in the production target (1010/sec). Then, if the muon-electron conversion process exists, some muons will transform to electrons. They will be transported by a large-acceptance secondary beamline, and their momentum will be precisely measured by an electron spectrometer. The signal of the muon-electron conversion is the delayed 105-MeV/c electrons. In ordinary muon experiments, it is common to extract muons to an experimental area by a secondary beamline, and then perform the experiment. However, in this project, muons stopped in the production target itself are utilized. This method enables us to perform the experiment in much more cost-effective and timely manner.


The world’s first discovery of muon-electron conversion is expected. Even if it is not discovered, we will obtain indispensable information about the physics beyond the standard model in conjunction with other related experiments worldwide. This project is a highly competitive contribution to the field of particle physics. Publications Relevant to the Project

“Muon-Electron Conversion Experiments” M. Aoki, Meson 32, 26–33 (2010). “Search for right-handed currents in the decay chain of K+ + + e+ e ” M. Aoki, T. Yamazaki, J. Imazato et al., Phys. Rev. D 50, 69–91 (1994). Term of Project FY2012–2016

Budget Allocation 167,800 Thousand Yen

Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://deeme.hep.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp/

Experimental Apparatus

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Title of Project Study of double beta decay of 48Ca

Tadafumi Kishimoto ( Osaka University, Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Director )

Research Area Particle/Nuclear/Cosmic-ray/Astro physics Keyword Nuclear physics (experiment) Purpose and Background of the Research Almost all substance of the universe is made of

“matter”. On the other hand, we know the existence of a partner called its “antimatter”. At the beginning of the universe, the amount of “antimatter” is the same as that of the “matter”. At present, no “antimatter” exists. Why does the universe mostly consist of “matter”? There are two key points to solve the mystery. The one is the CP violation that means “antimatter” world is slightly different from “matter” world. The other one is the lepton number violation that means “antimatter” and “matter” can convert to each other. The study of double beta decay will give a solution

to the problem of “matter” and “antimatter”. There are two types of double beta decay (see figure 1). The one is two-neutrino double beta decay. The other one is neutrino-less double beta decay. Neutrino-less double beta decay can only occur if a neutrino converts to an anti-neutrino, which demonstrates the lepton number violation. The purpose of this project is to study of “neutrino-less double beta decay”.

Research Methods Neutrino-less double beta decay has a very long

half-life, which is longer than 1024 years. In order to measure the decay, a detector system needs a large amount of double beta decay nuclei and low background condition. To realize the low background condition, we

selected 48Ca among double beta decay nuclei. 48Ca

has an advantage of the highest Q -value. The Q -value corresponds to the sum energy of two electrons in the neutrino-less double beta decay. This large Q -value, which is larger than the energies of natural radiations, ensures the least backgrounds from them. In this project, we study double beta decay of 48Ca with CANDLES system, which consists of CaF2 including 48Ca. We also construct a production system to enrich 48Ca. The enrichment of 48Ca is an only firm way to increase double beta decay nuclei without increasing backgrounds. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance When we realize the 48Ca enrichment and the low

background measurement for double beta decay, sensitivity of the measurement will be improved. Then, we will make a substantial contribution to the progress of astroparticle physics. Publications Relevant to the Project

”Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay of 48Ca -CANDLES-”, T. Kishimoto et al., AIP Conf. Proc., 1388 (2011) 142. ”Search for neutrino-less double beta decay with CANDLES”, CANDLES collaboration, AIP Conf. Proc., 1441 (2012) 448.

Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 167,000 Thousand Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.rcnp.osaka-u.ac.jp/~candles/KibanS2012/index.html e-mail:[email protected]

Figure 1 “Two-neutrino double beta decay (left)” and “neutrino-less double beta decay (right)”.

CaF2 crystals

Liquid scintillator

Large photomultiplier tubes

Figure 2 Conceptual design

of CANDLES.

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Research (S)


Title of Project Direct mass measurements of super heavy elements using novel low-energy RI-beam production method

Michiharu Wada ( RIKEN, Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Laboratory Head )

Research Area Nuclear Physics Keyword Mass Measurements, Super Heavy Elements, Slow RI-beam, Ion Trap Purpose and Background of the Research

A dream of nuclear physics today is to explore the islands of stability, which are predicted far beyond the present super heavy elements (SHE). Important prerequisites are the masses of present SHE and a new identification method for non -decaying nuclei. The existence and the stability of a nucleus are primarily determined by the mass and the reaction Q-value is an essential factor to determine the reaction kinematics. Furthermore, the masses show the total energies of nuclei, which can be key benchmarks for theoretical nuclear structure studies. We will measure the masses of trans uranium elements including SHE with a precision of sub-ppm. A precise mass can also be a fingerprint of a nucleus. Research Methods

SHE synthesized in heavy-ion collisions are collected by the RIKEN gas-filled recoil ion separator (GARIS) [1]. At present successive -decays are observed for identification and the

relative masses are determined by the decay energies. We propose to measure the masses directly using a multi-relrection time-of-flight mass spectrograph (MRTOF). The energetic ion beam from GARIS are thermlized in a gas catcher and the thermal ions are extracted quickly by a combination of DC and inhomogeneous RF fields produced by a RF carpet (Fig. 1) [2,3]. Such a method has been applied for precision hyperfine spectroscopy of short-lived Be isotopes [4]. The low-energy beams are further cooled and bunched in an ion trap, and then injected into MRTOF [5]. The MRTOF consists of a pair of electrostatic mirrors in which ions go back and forth for a few hundred times. The mirror

potentials are tuned to be energy isochronous that provides a mass resolving power of 200,000 within a measurement of a few ms. Both accuracy and precision of sub-ppm levels can be achieved with a few tens of ions and relevant reference ions. Molecular ions of A=200~300 produced using an electro-spray ion source will be used for the mass references.


The world-class SHE factory at RIKEN and the new mass spectrograph with the novel ion cooling system will provide more than 100 new masses of radioactive nuclei above Uranium. The new data contribute to rebuild the mass formulae in the region of SHE towards the islands of stability. Furthermore, the MRTOF mass spectrograph will be used for analyses of heavy molecular ions, since the high mass-resolving power allows us to uniquely identify the contents of the molecule. Publications Relevant to the Project

[1] K. Morita et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 2593 (2004).

[2] M. Wada et al., Nucl. Inst. Meth. B204, 570 (2003)

[3] A. Takamine, M. Wada et al., Rev. Sci. Inst. 76, 103503 (2005).

[4] K. Okada, M. Wada et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 212502-0-4 (2008). [5] P. Schury et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 42 (2009) 343. Term of Project FY2012-2016


Homepage Address and Other Contact Information

http://www.nishina.riken.jp/labo/inst_slowri.html

Fig.1 RF carpet

Fig. 2 MRTOF

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Title of Project Emergent Electromagnetism in Magnets

Naoto Nagaosa ( The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Physical and Mathematical Science Keyword Magnetism Purpose and Background of the Research Condensed matter physics is now in the middle of

the new developments originating from the quantum Hall effect and high temperature superconductivity, the former of which established the vital role of electron correlation, while the latter introduced the concept of topology. These two main streams now merge into a new direction based on the concept of “emergence”. The present study aims at the construction of a new electromagnetism, i.e., emergent electromagnetism, for the electrons in solids especially in magnets. The theoretical framework describing the nontrivial spin structures in real-space such as Skyrmion and monopole, and the Berry phase in momentum space will be developed, and various new phenomena will be predicted theoretically and investigated experimentally including the magnetism, electric polarization, quantum transport, optical processes, and thermal transport. The topological magnets are searched, and the dynamical phenomena will be studied. Research Methods Theoretical team will design using the

first-principles band structure calculation and quantum field theory, and the two experimental groups will perform the material design, material synthesis, measurements of physical properties, and explore the spin structures and spin dynamics mainly in terms of the neutron scattering experiment to establish the emergent electromagnetism in magnets. More concretely, there are 3 main themes as follows. (i) Topological magnets in real-space: the Skyrmion structure realized in the thin film of helical magnets is an ideal laboratory for the emergent electromagnetism (Fig.1). Spin structure analysis by the small angle neutron scattering experiment, Hall effects, spin electromotive force, current-driven phase transition, and noise will be studied both theoretically and experimentally, and the “Skyrmionics” will be established. (ii)Berry phase in momentum space: By doing the magnetic impurities into topological insulators, we will explore the possibility of quantized anomalous Hall effect. In the

interface/superlattice of oxides, we theoretically design the topological insulator/magnets, perform the experiments on the related system by MBE and EDLT.

Figure 1:

Skyrmion (iii)Dynamics of emergent electromagnetism: Time-dependent phenomena related to the magnons will be studied. Optical ME effect due to electro-magnon, directional dichroism, magneto-optical effects, inelastic neutron scattering will be investigated. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific

Significance The establishment of “emergent electromagnetism” in solids will contribute tremendously to the basic science as well as to the ultra-low energy consumption electronics by the dissipationless currents via the following concrete new functions. (1) Huge emergent magnetic field by weak electric/magnetic field. (2) Quantized Hall effect and dissipationless currents at room temperature and weak magnetic field. (3) Non-reciprocal responses at Tela-Hertz region.Publications Relevant to the Project

Emergent phenomena at oxide interfaces H.Y.Hwang et al. Nature Materials 11, 103 (2012). Emergent electromagnetism in solids Naoto Nagaosa and Yoshinori Tokura, PHYSICA SCRIPTA T146, 014020 (2012)

Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 167,700 Thousand Yen

Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://park.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/nagaosa-lab/

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Research (S)


Title of Project Strong spin-orbit interaction and novel electronic phases in heavy 5d transition metal oxides

Hidenori Takagi ( The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Science, Professor )

Research Area Mathematical and physical sciences Keyword Correlated electron systems, Spin-orbit coupling, 5d transition metal oxides Purpose and Background of the Research

Heavy 5d transition metals such as Iridium and Osmium, compared with light 3d transition metals such as Copper and Manganese, have a very distinct physical parameter. Spin-orbit coupling, a relativistic effect, is as large as 0.5 eV, which is more than an order of magnitude larger than that of 3d. Transition metal oxides have been the

playground for the physics of electron correlations, where the interplay between the kinetic energy and Coulomb repulsion gives rise to a rich variety of electronic phases. This project aims to explore the novel correlated electron physics emerging out of spin-orbit coupling by leaving 3d for 5d transition metal oxides. The energy scale of spin- orbit coupling in 5d transition metals oxides is indeed comparable to kinetic energy and Coulomb repulsion, which may alter the effect of electron correlations drastically and possibly produce a novel electronic phases. We recently from this view point focused on a complex iridium oxide Sr2IrO4 and experimentally demonstrated that the system changes its face from a metal to a magnetic insulator because of the strong spin-orbit coupling. Research Methods With the discovery of the novel electronic phase

which can be called a spin-orbital Mott insulator, we will investigate for a wider variety of iridium oxides how the electronic states and the excitation of spin, charge and orbitals are modified by the strong spin-orbit interaction. The measurements of optical response, electronic transport and resonant x-ray scattering will be conducted on the series of perovskite oxides Srn+1IrnO3n+1 and the pyrochlore oxides RE2Ir2O7. With the strong spin-orbit coupling, the orbital

motion will be restored and the wave function of 5d electrons will attain a phase associated with it. The interplay with the topology of lattice may result in the pronounced effect of quantum phase and the emergence of exotic electronic phases may be anticipated. With the aid of solid state chemistry, iridium oxides with a honeycomb lattice

and a pyrochlore lattice will be picked up and the possibility of an exotic electronic phase will be explored. The approach using thin film superstructure will be attempted in parallel. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance We would like to realize an exotic electronic

phase in a real material, such as a topological insulator, a Dirac semimetal, a Kitaev spin liquid and an exotic superconductivity. Based on the data on the electronic states and the elementary excitations over a variety of iridium oxides, we hope to construct and deliver a basic physics of spin orbit coupling and electron correlations. The new field for science of a 5d transition metal oxide shall be established. Publications Relevant to the Project

B. J. Kim, H. Ohsumi, H. Takagi, and T. Arima et al., "Phase-sensitive observation of a spin-orbital Mott state in Sr2IrO4", Science 323, 1329-1332 (2009).

K. Ishii, I. Jarrige, M. Yoshida, K. Ikeuchi, J. Mizuki, K. Ohashi, T. Takayama, J. Matsuno, and H. Takagi, “Momentum-resolved electronic excitations in the Mott insulator Sr2IrO4 studied by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering”, Phy. Rev. B 83, 115121 (2011).

S.Fujiyama, H.Ohsumi, T.Komesu, J.Matsuno, B.J.Kim, M.Takata, T.Arima and H.Takagi, "Two-Dimensional Heisenberg Behavior of Jeff=1/2 Isospins in the Paramagnetic State of the Spin-Orbital Mott Insulator Sr2IrO4", Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 271472 (2012).

Term of Project FY2012-2016


Homepage Address and Other Contact Informationhttp://park.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/takagi_lab/

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Title of Project Extreme Weather Variations in the Stratosphere -Troposphere Coupled System : Past, Present and Future

Shigeo Yoden ( Kyoto University, Graduate School of Science, Professor )

Research Area Earth and Planetary Sciences Keyword Meteorology, Climatology Purpose and Background of the Research

Stratospheric sudden warming (SSW), which is associated with a breakdown process of wintertime polar vortex, is a typical extreme weather event in the stratosphere-troposphere (S-T) coupled system (Fig.1 is a schematic illustration of the coupled system). Prediction of SSW occurrence and assessment of its impact on the coupled system have been remained as difficult problems, because SSW is a highly nonlinear dynamical phenomenon characterized by a natural internal variation in the coupled system. It is an unresolved problem how this kind of extreme weather events will respond to the variations of natural and anthropogenic external forcings, such as the 11-year solar irradiance variations and volcanic eruptions for the former and the increase of greenhouse gases or ozone depleting substances for the latter.

In this research, we aim to understand the dynamical linkage among these internal and external variations of the S-T coupled system comprehensively, and to contribute for improving our ability of prediction of extreme weather events. Research Methods

This project consists of the following four research groups, including several collaborators abroad: 1) data analyses, 2) mechanistic circulation model and statistical studies, 3) general circulation model and numerical weather prediction model studies, and 4) MRI climate model studies.

We perform comprehensive studies on phenome- nological description of the extreme weather events of the S-T coupled system, understanding their dynamical processes with a hierarchy of numerical models, and future projections with a state-of-art climate model.

Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance We investigate the feature of these internal and

external variations in the current climate by analyzing the observational and forecast datasets, and make validations of climate models by paleoclimate simulations and sensitivity studies.

Based on these studies for the past and present climates, we assess the impact on the future climate of the S-T coupled system with projection uncertainty.

We hope this research project will contribute toward the promotion of international research collaboration, including WCRP/SPARC activities. Publications Relevant to the Project

Kohma, M., S. Nishizawa and S. Yoden, 2010: J. Climate, 23, 6438-6444.

Randel, W.J., K.P. Shine, ...... and S. Yoden, 2009: J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02107, doi:10.1029/ 2008JD010421.



Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www-mete.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kakenhi 2012/En/index.html

Figure 1 An illustration of the dominant dynamical processes in the stratosphere- troposphere coupled system. A Japanese version of Plumb (2002) Fig. 2 with some additional things.

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Research (S)


Title of Project Mechanisms of formation and isotope fractionation of interstellar molecules on cosmic dust

Naoki Watanabe ( Hokkaido University, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Professor )

Research Area Earth and Planetary Science Keyword Chemistry of the extraterrestrial material, Grain surface reaction Purpose and Background of the Research

Formation and isotope fractionation of molecules in molecular clouds are very important as the initial stage of chemical evolution in space. Studies using gas-phase reaction network have been partly successful in explaining chemical evolution. However, it has been recognized that, among interstellar molecules observed, some dominant species such as H2, H2O, CO2 and organic molecules are hardly produced in the pure gas phase and thus require the synthesis on cosmic dust grains. In spite of its importance, little is known about the details of grain surface reactions. Against this background, we have performed a series of experiments and found some important surface processes. The purpose of project is to considerably extend our research on grain surface reaction relevant to chemical evolution including the isotope fractionation. Research Methods

A typical apparatus for our experiments consists of a He refrigerator, an atomic (radical) source, a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), a tunable pulsed dye laser system, and a time of flight mass spectrometer in an ultra-high vacuum chamber as shown in Fig.1. The experiment will be performed typically with the following sequence: 1. preparation of dust grain analogues on a very low temperature substrate; 2. deposition of reactant molecules or atoms on the surface; 3. exposure of the sample surface to cold atoms (radicals); 4. measuring the number densities of parent and product molecules with FTIR and resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization methods for solid (surface) and gas phases, respectively. With this procedure, we will obtain the surface reaction rates for specific channels and those dependences on surface material, temperature and structure, and also energy distribution and nuclear spin temperature of desorbed molecules. We will try to construct the grain surface reaction network including the isotope fractionation processes and to have a whole picture of chemical evolution on dust.


Our project would reveal experimentally for the first time how molecules such as H2 and H2O form on the surface of dust grains and how grains play a role in the isotope fractionation of molecules in molecular clouds. The determination of surface reaction rates and reaction channels will enable us to construct the reaction network for understanding chemical revolution. Our results would also provide the information of tunneling reaction on various kinds of surfaces, which would interest researchers in related fields of science.

Publications Relevant to the Project N. Watanabe, et al., “Direct measurements of hydrogen atom diffusion and the spin temperature of nascent H2 molecule on amorphous solid water”, Astrophys. J. Lett. 714, L233-236 (2010) N. Watanabe & A. Kouchi, “Ice surface reactions: a key to chemical evolution in space”, Prog. Surf. Sci. 83, 439-489 (2008)



Homepage Address

http://www.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp/astro/index.html

Fig.1Experimental setup

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(S) Science and Engineering (Chemistry)

Title of Project Creation of Bright Near-Infrared Bioluminescent Probes and Their Application to Tumor Imaging

Koji Suzuki ( Keio University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Professor )

Research Area Analytical Chemistry Keyword Molecular Imaging, Bioluminescence, Chemiluminescence, Protein Probe,

Perfectly-matched biomolecular probe Purpose and Background of the Research

The imaging of cells and living organisms with molecular probes is expected to play an important role in medical diagnostics, treatment and drug design. Especially the development of an imaging tool for the detection of small tumors in the early developing stage of cancer in humans is desired. In order to develop a useful molecular in vivo applicable probe for cancer within a short time span, the effective collaboration between researchers in the fields of synthetic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and clinical chemistry is of high importance. In this project, collaborative research for the development of a useful near-infrared (NIR) bioluminescent molecular probe system will be performed, where a chemistry research team will target the chemical synthesis of new small molecule luciferin substrates, and a biochemistry research group will deal with protein mutation to create a designed matching luciferase enzyme. Although at present molecular imaging is normally performed with fluorescent probes, there are some unfavorable features, such as autofluorescence caused by the required excitation light. Bioluminescent probes allow circumventing this problem, and therefore, are able to realize higher sensitivity compared to fluorescent probes. Moreover, the NIR spectral range (NIR window for bioanalysis: 650-900 nm) with high tissue penetration is advantageous for optical imaging from areas located deep inside a living organism. In this research, based on the concept of a "perfectly-matched biomolecular probe" consisting of a synthetic small luciferin molecule and a protein mutant luciferase enzyme fitting three-dimensionally well to each other, a high-intensity near-infrared bioluminescent molecular probe system for cancer cell imaging will be developed. Research Methods

By designing and preparing various synthetic luciferin derivatives, factors influencing the brightness and the degree of red-shift in the bioluminescence spectra will be evaluated (correlation of molecular structure and bioluminescent property) in order to achieve excellent bioluminescence properties (maximum bioluminescence wavelength and high brightness in the NIR region). Additionally, an approach connecting fluorescent and

bioluminescent dyes to undergo RET (resonance energy transfer) will also result in NIR emitting luciferins. A highly luminescent probe system with a variant of luciferase can be designed by systematic mutagenesis of the catalytic center of the enzyme, leading to a greatly improved enzymatic reaction rate. In this research, an evaluation method efficiently allowing to isolate a mutant resulting in remarkably high luminescence will be established. Amino acid variations are specifically introduced at the amino acid residues near the substrate binding center of the luciferase. In this case, about 20 amino acids can be changed at random. Consequently, a large number of luciferase mutants can be expressed in E. coli bacteria, followed by high throughput screening of the colonies with a special CCD camera. By optimizing this experimental system, conditions efficiently resulting in mutants with remarkably increased luminescence brightness will lead to an optimal luciferase enzyme for the synthetic luciferin molecules. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

In the case where a high-intensity near-infrared bioluminescent molecular probe system is produced, it will not only be useful for the detection of biological substances in very small quantities, but also for bioluminescence imaging from deep locations of living organism. This will contribute to the acceleration of cancer research and brain research, among others. Publications Relevant to the Project

1. “A Novel Luciferin-Based Bright Chemiluminescent Probe for the Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species”, M. Sekiya, K. Umezawa, A. Sato, D. Citterio, K. Suzuki, Chem. Commun., 21, 3047-3049 (2009). 2. “Bright, Color-Tunable Fluorescent Dyes in the Vis/NIR Region: Establishment of New “Tailor-Made” Multicolor Fluorophores Based on Borondipyrromethene”, K. Umezawa, A. Matsui, Y. Nakamura, D. Citterio, K. Suzuki, Eur.J. Chem., 15, 1096-1106 (2009). Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 157,400 Thousand Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://suzuki-lab.applc.keio.ac.jp/ [email protected]

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Research (S)


Title of Project Development of New Methods for Construction of Organic Functional Materials Based on Selective Transformation of Ubiquitous Bonds

Masahiro Miura ( Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Organic Synthesis Keyword Activation of Ubiquitous Bonds, Coupling, Organic Functional Materials Purpose and Background of the Research

The activation of ubiquitous bonds such as carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds has recently attracted much attention, as it may lead to new, effective transformation reactions, and thus, has been one of the most significant subjects in the area of organic synthesis. The main objective of this research is to design and construct high performance transition metal catalyst systems that allow the selective activation and transformation of the ubiquitous bonds. Based on the new catalyst systems, methods for the effective synthesis of pi-conjugated systems involving an aromatic or heteroaromatic core will be developed. This work may provide new reliable and practical strategies in organic synthesis and afford useful information in developing related areas including coordination chemistry and materials chemistry. It is also expected to contribute to mitigating environmental as well as energy and resource issues. Research Methods

Highly conjugated aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds have recently attracted much attention, as they may exhibit useful physical properties as electronic materials involving semiconducting and luminescent substances. This project aims at developing new synthetic methods for their effective construction based on the selective activation of ubiquitous bonds. The following subjects will mainly be investigated. (1) Development of high performance catalysts and expansion of substrate applicability: Rational ligand design for the second-row transition metal catalysts involving palladium- and rhodium-based ones is undertaken not only for further enhancing the performance of catalysts for the reactions of aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates which we have developed, but also expanding the substrate scope in our reactions. For ligands, new elaborated cyclopentadienes and nitrogen- or phosphorous-containing ligands are involved. Ligands for bimetallic catalysts are also examined.

(2) Utilization of first-row transition metals: Efficient use of relatively less expensive first-row transition metals as catalysts is undertaken. Reactions that are difficult to achieve even with noble metal catalysts such as dehydrogenative carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen couplings are involved as the target transformations. (3) Development of methods for the construction of new organic functional materials: Based on the new catalytic systems, efficient methods for the construction of pi-conjugated systems having an aromatic or heteroaromatic core are designed, so that they can be potentially useful to prepare the target functional materials. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

As described above, this project aims at developing new, efficient and practical catalytic reactions for the construction of high performance organic materials having pi-conjugated structures based on the elaboration of transition metal catalyst systems. This work may provide new reliable and practical strategies for organic synthesis based on the selective activation of ubiquitous bonds and afford useful information in related chemistry areas. It is also expected to contribute to sustainable development. Publications Relevant to the Project

Copper-Mediated Intermolecular Direct Biaryl Coupling, M. Kitahara, N. Umeda, K. Hirano, T. Satoh, M. Miura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 2160-2162. Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic Substrates with Alkynes and Alkenes under Rhodium Catalysis, T. Satoh, M. Miura, Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16, 11212-11222.



Homepage Address http://www.chem.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/~miura-lab/

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Title of Project Development of Novel Photo- and Electro-functional Polymers by SOMO Design of Organic Radicals

Hiroyuki Nishide ( Waseda University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Professor )

Research Area polymer chemistry Keyword polymer synthesis, organic radical, functional polymer, charge storage, photovoltaic Purpose and Background of the Research

We have been focusing on reversible and rapid electron transfer processes of organic robust radi-cals and developing “radical polymers” as a new class of functional polymers, which gave insights into the nature of high density energy storage with excellent power-rate capabilities. Based on these results, the present research aims at establishing the chemistry of materials for charge transport and storage exploiting redox gradient-driven elec-tron self-exchange reactions, with a projection as a departure from the conventional conducting po-lymers which are dominated by the properties based on -conjugation. The concept of using the non-conjugated polymers for electroactive applica-tions will be broadened by (i) developing highly efficient transporting systems and (ii) precisely designing transport properties by incorporating specific interfacial structures such as heterojunc-tions. Physical organic chemistry of the electroac-tive polymers will be explored by (iii) further en-hancing the rate properties and pursuing pn bi-polar characteristics by expanding the organic radical species, in order to establish (iv) SOMO (singly-occupied MO)- conjugated systems. The research is expected to provide a breakthrough for organic electronics, and practical insights to affect the fields of organic photovoltaic and rechargeable devices. Research Methods

We have found that oxida-tion and reduction of organic robust radicals by 1e- elec-trode reaction on SOMO both provide stable and isolable closed shell mole-cules, and that the redox exchange reaction is accomplished throughout the bulk of the radical polymer layer to allow charging and discharging for more than 103 times. In the present research, the idea will be generalized, as follows, to provide design principles for highly ef-ficient electroactive polymers, placing emphasis on the physical chemistry of unpaired electrons that are densely populated on polymer chains (Fig. 1).

First, the charge transport properties will be maximized by increasing the radical concentra-tion and controlling the redox gradient in the po-lymer layer. Then, the polymers will be examined as materials for charge separation at well-designed dissimilar interfaces. Based on the synthetic chemistry of radical polymers, SOMO- conjugated and dye-incorporated systems will be developed to upgrade the charge separation, transport and storage properties. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

Development of polymers with excellent electric and photochemical properties (Fig. 2) and control of their higher order structures at various levels from molecules to bulk scale are expected to maximize the unpaired electron-based functio-nalities, contributing to establish many types of ener-gy-related materials for next generation radical batteries and or-ganic solar cells. Publications Relevant to the Project

H. Nishide, et al., “Morphology-driven modula-tion of charge transport in radical/ion contain-ing, self-assembled block copolymer platforms”, Adv. Mater., 23, 5545-5549 (2011). H. Nishide, et al., “Radical polymer-wrapped SWNTs at a molecular level: high-rate redox mediation through a percolation network for a transparent charge-storage material”, Adv. Mater., 23, 4440-4443 (2011).

Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 150,300 Thousand Yen Homepage Address

http://www.appchem.waseda.ac.jp/~polymer/ index.html

Populated Radical Sites

LargeRedox Gradient

EnhancedSelf-exchange

Populated Radical SitesSi

RR+

Fig. 1 Charge transport and storage by redox-condensed materials.

-Conjugated Molecule

LUMO

Radical Polymer (SOMO)

PhotoexcitationCharge Separation to SOMOHopping (exchange) between SOMOCharge Recombination to beSuppressed

HOMO

R

R

R

R

RR

R R

O

Fig. 2 Deriving photo-induced charge separation properties via exchange reactions on SOMO.

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Research (S)


Title of Project Molecular Design of Biocatalysts for Hydroxylation of Small Alkanes

Yoshihito Watanabe ( Nagoya University, Research Center for Materials Science, Professor )

Research Area Bioinorganic Chemistry Keyword Enzyme, Cytochrome P450, Gaseous Alkane, Catalyst, Hydroxylation reaction Purpose and Background of the Research

Methane and ethane, the major components of natural gas, have been regarded as one of the most promising resources as alternatives of oil. However, due to their inertness, it is necessary to transform them into their derivatives to utilize them for synthetic chemistry. Although conventional hydroxylation reactions can convert them to the corresponding alcohols, it requires extremely harsh reaction conditions. In this research project, we intended to develop biocatalytic systems that can proceed hydroxylation of methane as well as ethane under mild conditions.

Research Methods

Cytochrome P450s (P450s) are ubiquitous enzymes that comprise a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases. P450s isolated from bacteria have been regarded as attractive candidates for oxidation catalysts because of their high catalytic activity for direct oxygen insertion into unactivated C-H bonds. However, the substrate specificity of bacterial P450s is very high and thus their use in organic synthesis has been limited.

We have demonstrated that the substrate specificity of hydrogen peroxide-dependent P450BS can be altered by inducing its substrate misrecognition using a decoy molecule, which is recognized by P450BS as a substrate due to its structural similality. In the presence of decoy

molecules, a wide variety of nonnatural substrates could be oxidized by the H2O2/P450BS system (Fig 1). Recently, we have expanded this strategy to other P450s such as P450SP and P450BM3. For example, we have reported that the addition of perfluorocarboxylic acids as decoy molecules to P450BM3 resultded in the hydroxylation of alkanes to the corresponding alcohols. In this research project, we intend to construct a reaction system by developping decoy molecules that strongly accerarate the hydroxylation of methane. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

Controlling the substrate specificity of enzymes is one of the key research topics in the field of biocatalytic transformation of organic compounds. The present proposed strategy using decoy molecules is a novel approach to change substrate specificity of enzymes without any mutagenesis. The biocatalytic systems using decoy molecules developed in our laboratory would provide alternatives to conventional chemical processes for small alkane hydroxylation and for valuable product formations such as fine chemicals and drugs. Publications Relevant to the Project

[1] N. Kawakami, O. Shoji, Y. Watanabe, “Use of Perfluorocarboxylic Acids To Trick Cytochrome P450BM3 into Initiating the Hydroxylation of Gaseous Alkanes” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 5315-5318. [2] O. Shoji, T. Fujishiro, H. Nakajima, M. Kim, S. Nagano, Y. Shiro, Y. Watanabe, “Hydrogen Peroxide Dependent Monooxygenations by Tricking the Substrate Recognition of Cytochrome P450BS ” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 3656-3659. Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 171,100 Thousand Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://bioinorg.chem.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ E-mail: [email protected]

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the reaction system using decoy molecules.

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Title of Project Control and elucidation of gene expression at a molecular level

Hiroshi Sugiyama ( Kyoto University, Graduate School of Science, Professor )

Research Area Chemical Biology Keyword Gene Regulation, DNA nanostructure, SAHA polyamide conjugate Purpose and Background of the Research

In life sciences, understanding the control of gene expression by histone modification and cytosine demethylation is currently of intense interest. However, detailed mechanisms of such epigenetic modifications of biomolecules have not been well understood. In this study, the following aims will be pursued to understand better the control of epigenetic gene expression at a molecular level. 1) To achieve control of cell initialization and differentiation through epigenetic gene activation by sequence-specific DNA-binding molecules. 2) To develop new methods of controlling gene expression by designing molecules that recognize DNA structure. 3) To develop a technique for direct imaging and analysis of enzymes and reactions related to gene regulation. Research Methods

Development of Py-Im polyamides that induce cell reprogramming. It is known that iPS cells are pluripotent and

therefore have promise in the development of key technologies for regenerative medicine. Recent advances in cell biology demonstrate that

epigenetic modification, such as DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, can control gene expression. Indeed, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), is known to effectively cause histone acetylation to activate the gene expression. We have prepared a library of SAHA-Py-Im

polyamide conjugates that are known to bind DNA in sequence-specific fashion. We have selected SAHA polyamides that effectively upregulated important genes for induction of iPS cells, such as

Nanog and Oct-3/4, in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). We also confirmed an increase in the level of histone acetylation at the promoter region of these genes. In this project, we will extend the screening

library in an attempt to find SAHA-Py-Im polyamide conjugates that activate a set of genes involved in the reprograming of human cells such as Oct-4, Sox-2, and Klf4. We will further investigate histone acetylation and DNA methylation. Direct visualization of enzymes and proteins related to gene expression For the direct imaging of the eukaryotic transcription processes, the complex formation and dynamic behavior of general transcription factors and RNA polymerase will be observed by high-speed atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the designed DNA nanostructure. To clarify the enzyme behaviors associated with epigenetic gene expression, nucleosomes placed in the DNA nanostructure will be analyzed by AFM.

Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance The combination of our research approaches will

allow us to control and visualize the gene expression and clarify the mechanism of epigenetic gene expression. Publications Relevant to the Project

et al., ChemBioChem, 2012, 13, 47 – 50

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 874 – 890

Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 163,700 Thousand Yen Homepage Address

http://kuchem.kyoto-u.ac.jp/chembio/

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Research (S)


Title of Project Proof of the Universality of the Sacrificial Bond Principle for Toughening of Hydrogels and Creation of Tough Functional Hydrogels with Varieties of Sacrificial Bonds

Jian Ping Gong ( Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Advanced Life, Professor )

Research Area Polymer Science Keyword Polymer, Hydrogel, Toughness, Biomaterials Purpose and Background of the Research

Hydrogels are intriguing soft and wet materials showing excellent biocompatibility and low surface friction. However, applications of hydrogels are tightly restricted due to their mechanical weakness. To solve this problem, we have created double network (DN) gels with excellent robustness comparable to that of cartilages and industrial rubbers. We have discovered that the extra-ordinary toughness of DN gels is due to the internal fracture of the brittle component of the DN gels, which prevents the crack propagation. Effect of brittle component can be called “sacrificial bond”. This “sacrificial bond principle” for toughness is similar to the proposed mechanism for fracture of bone. Based on these researches, we have advocated the universality of the sacrificial bond principle and introduced a new strategy in designing other tough materials, that is "purposely introducing an easily fractured structure to make the material as a whole mechanically tough," which is completely different from the existing common method for designing high-strength materials. In this study we intend to introduce several sacrificial bonds such as covalent, ionic and hydrophobic bond to gels and demonstrate that fracture of various sacrificial bonds increase toughness of gels dramatically. Additionally, we synthesize tough and functional gels by applying this principle to various functional polymers and apply them widely such as medical materials. Research Methods

We prove that not only covalent bonds like DN gels, but also physical bonds can be used as sacrificial bonds. Some examples are shown in below. To introduce sacrificial ionic interaction, both anion and cation moieties are introduced to side chain of gel networks. As a result, polyion complex forms between polymer chains. In this case, high toughness can be realized by a single network, different from DN gels. Additionally, as ionic interaction is reversible, broken ionic bonds are recovered with time. We also investigate the

relationship between structure or recovering speed of sacrificial bonds and self-healing or impact absorption properties of gels. To introduce sacrificial hydrophobic interaction, lamellar bilayer structure is introduced to gels. Our preliminary experiment has succeeded to synthesize the gels with 3000 layers of well-oriented lamellar structure. Such gels showed not only toughness derived from sacrificial bonds but also emergent properties such as swelling anisotropy and brilliant structural color. In future, we investigate the functions of well-oriented lamellar structure as sacrificial bonds and anisotropic properties (swelling, permeability, and mechanical response). Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

Creation of tough and functional gels, which really can be applied as materials, is expected by applying our method to various functional polymers. These gels will attract much attention as medical and industrial materials. Moreover, our Sacrificial Bonds Principle has potentials to become guiding principle for toughening of materials including solid materials such as plastics and to initiate material innovation. Publications Relevant to the Project

1. Jian Ping Gong, “Why are double network hydrogels so tough?” Soft Matter 2010, 6, 2583.

2. Md. Anamul Haque, Gen Kamita, Takayuki Kurokawa, Kaoru Tsujii, Jian Ping Gong, “Unidirectional Alignment of Lamellar Bilayer in Hydrogel: One-Dimensional Swelling, Anisotropic Modulus, and Stress/Strain Tunable Structural Color,” Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 5110.

Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 209,600 Thousand Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://altair.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/g2/index.html [email protected]

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(S) Science and Engineering (Engineering )

Title of Project Variety of physical properties of hetero-junction with ordered alloys and the spin devices

Yasuo Ando ( Tohoku University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Applied Solid State Physics Keyword Spintronics Purpose and Background of the Research

In the research area of spintronics, improvement of thin film growth technology and micro-fabrication technology was accelerating. Early magnetic tunnel junctions have the structure of polycrystalline ferromagnet/amorphous insulator/polycrystalline ferromagnet. But recently, full-epitaxial ferromagnet/insulator/ferromagnet can be prepared. So that ordered alloy materials can be use for device application. As the result, preparation of variety of physical properties in the thin film and the devices were possible.

Research work of L21 ordered structure of Heusler alloys are not enough despite of the variety of the materials. As for the L10 ordered alloy, the high magnetic anisotropy is expected to be applied to the high density recording media and memory devices. Especially for application to memory, the limitation of the switching current requires low magnetic damping materials. These studies have been just started and more systematic material research is needed.

In this work, our own techniques of thin film preparation, micro-fabrication, and measurement of spin devices will be carried out following two-step milestones. Research Methods

(1) Research of new materials, thin film preparation, structure of the multilayers will be done for high quality ordered alloys and the interfaces. The goal of the work is to achieve high spin polarization (> 90%) and the low damping constant (<0.01) in L10 of ordered alloys. (2) Among the variety of hetero-structure of ordered alloys, the goal is to achieve both high magnetic anisotropy > 107 erg/cc, high spin polarization > 90%, and low damping constant < 0.01 for L21 L10 ordered alloy films. (3) After this, high frequency spin-torque oscillator devices ( > 50 GHz ), high output ( W ) and high speed (ns) and low current (105 A/cm2) spin torque magnetization reversal

Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance Recent main spintronics devices are

CoFeB/MgO/CoFeBtype MTJs. This structure expects > 300% TMR, so that this is applied to read head of Hard Disk Drive and magnetic memories. However, the CoFeB has amorhous structure and the semi-stable structure becomes disadvantage after annealing. On the other hand, ordered alloys are stable after long time. From the view point of technology, this is very important.

This work becomes key technology for future microwave devices. Also, the technologies become the breakthrough for low switching current and high speed spin torque magnetization reversal. It must be important for innovation in industry. Publications Relevant to the Project

M. Oogane, T. Kubota, Y. Kota, S. Mizukami, H. Naganuma, A. Sakuma, and Y. Ando, Gilbert magnetic damping constant of epitaxially grown Co-based Heusler alloy thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett., 96 (2010) 252501-1-3. T. Hiratsuka, G. Kim, Y. Sakuraba, T. Kubota, K. Kodama, N. Inami, H. Naganuma, M. Oogane, T. Nakamura, K. Takanashi, and Y. Ando, Fabrication of perpendicularly magnetized magnetic tunnel junctions with L10-CoPt/Co2MnSi hybrid electrode, J. Appl. Phys., 107 (2010) 09C714-1-3. Term of Project FY2012-2016


Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.apph.tohoku.ac.jp/spin/

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Research (S)

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(S) Science and Engineering (Engineering)

Title of Project Quantum functionalities and device applications of two-dimensional electron system at oxide interfaces

Masashi Kawasaki ( The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Applied Physics & Crystal Engineering Keyword Heterostructures, Oxide Electronics Purpose and Background of the Research Oxides provide peculiar properties and

functionalities that conventional semiconductors or metals cannot realize. “Oxide Electronics” utilizing these features have advanced for last quarter century to reach quantum-functionality-level propelled by the progress of interface engineering. Most significant recent achievements are superconductivity induced at insulator surfaces by electrostatic field effect [1] and observation of fractional quantum Hall effect in ZnO based hetero-interface [2]. These breakthroughs are recognized world-wide as very visible milestones and are believed to give ripple effects to the progress of oxide electronics of such materials systems as superconductivity, magnetism, ferroelectricity and nonlinear optical effect. In this study, we further advance these studies and aim at discovery of new superconductors, exploration of ferroelectric channel transistors, and realization of novel quantum effect in high-mobility correlated electron systems. Research Methods Electric double layer formed the interface of solid

and electrolyte enables us to accumulate charge carriers over 1015cm-2. Electric double layer transistors (Fig. 1) will be used to convert various insulators into superconductors. This is also used to accumulate electrons on the surfaces of ferroelectric materials to overlay on the spontaneous polarizations. The analysis will explore a novel non-volatile transistor with ferroelectric channel. Electron mobility at the ZnO/(MgZn)O interface

reached 770,000cm2/Vs that is limited by charged

impurity scattering. Further optimization of crystal growth will suppress the scattering providing an arena (Fig. 2) to examine novel quantum effect in clean correlated system that is beyond Wigner crystallization or quantum Hall ferromagnet.


Electrostatic doping is a distinct method to search for novel superconductors from conventional ones and is expected to explore new superconductors. Ferroelectric-channel transistors will provide a new principle to form nonvolatile switches. Progress of interface engineering to realize lean correlated system not only unveils new quantum effect but also provides technology platform for improving opto-electric devices of ZnO. Publications Relevant to the Project

[1] A. Tsukazaki, et. al., "Observation of the fractional quantum Hall effect in an oxide", Nature Materials, 9, 889-893 (2010). [2] K. Ueno, et. al. "Discovery of superconductivity in KTaO3 by electrostatic carrier doping", Nature Nanotechnology, 6, 408-412 (2011). Term of Project FY2012-2016


Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.kwsk.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ [email protected]

Figure 1 Schematics of electric double layer transistor

Figure 2 Schematics of fractional quantum Hall effect.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(S) Science and Engineering (Engineering I) Title of Project Ultra-high sensitivity biomarker sensor with

extreme light localization of nano-slot lasers

Toshihiko Baba ( Yokohama National University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Bio photonics Keyword biosensing, biomarker, photonic crystal, nanolaser, nanoslot Purpose and Background

Blood biomarkers (specific proteins characterizing diseases) have been extensively studied because early diagnoses are crucial for medical treatments of severe diseases. However, it is still difficult to detect a very small amount of marker proteins with a high accuracy and high selectivity against contaminants without complicated procedures of functionalizing fluorescent labels, filtering of contaminants, and condensation of targets. In this study, we aim at investigating ultimate physics of light localization in photonic crystal nanolasers with a nanoslot, and super-sensitive detection of proteins without labels. Furthermore, we develop the efficient surface treatment to give a much higher selectivity than conventional sensors. This is a fused study of nanophotonics, surface and fluid chemistry, and medical applications. Research Methods

Three main contents are summarized as follows: (1) Theoretically, narrower nanoslots enhance the light localization and sensitivity for proteins exponentially. We develop a technology of forming nanoslots of <30 nm width and investigate nano- scale physics of light localization. We also fabricate the nanoslot in a passive slab and nanocavity to enhance the Raman spectrum, which is effective for the detailed analysis of molecular bindings and verifying the results of the nanolaser sensing. (2) We elucidate the behaviors of proteins from a remote distance to the nanolaser and the fluidic mechanism that carries proteins to the nanolaser. We also cover the device surface with a polymer to suppress the electro-static noise in blood or enhance the signals using the electro-static effects. We adopt a biomarker suitable for effective diagnosis and study the immobilization of antibodies, enabling the specific binding with a selectivity over 109. (3) We develop low-cost and high-throughput production of sensor chips, array integration for the statistical and quantitative evaluation, parallel detection of multi-targets, and condensation method of antibodies using the optical gradient

force. In addition, we build a portable setup and perform the sensing experiments in hospital to get the feedback from medical venues. Expected Achievements & Significance

In protein analyses, HPLC and ELISA have been used, while pM-level low-concentration biomarkers suitable for high-accuracy diagnoses of diseases are still difficult to detect. Conventionally some biomarkers are detected through pre-processes and functionalizing labels, resulting in high cost and low throughput. Therefore, high sensitivity and selectivity, label-free, and low-cost are strongly demanded. Our nanoslot nanolser is a promising candidate that satisfies all the requirements and becomes the first practical sensor chip for medical applications based on photonics. Publications Relevant to the Project

S. Kita, K. Nozaki, S. Hachuda, H. Watanabe, Y. Saito, S. Otsuka, T. Nakada, Y. Arita and T. Baba, “Photonic crystal point-shift nanolaser with and without nanoslots --- design, fabrication, lasing and sensing characteristics”, IEEE J. Sel. Top. in Quantum Electron., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1632-1647, 2011 (Invited Paper)

S. Kita, S. Otsuka, S. Hachuda, T. Endo, Y. Imai, Y. Nishijima, H. Misawa and T. Baba, “Super- sensitivity in label-free protein sensing using nanoslot nanolaser”, Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 18, pp. 17683 - 17690, 2011.

S. Kita, S. Otsuka, S. Hachuda, T. Endo, Y. Imai, Y. Nishijima, H. Misawa and T. Baba, “Photonic crystal nanolaser bio-sensors”, IEICE Trans. Electron., vol. E95-C, no. 2, pp. 188-198, 2012 (Invited Paper).



Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.baba-lab.ynu.ac.jp/babalabe.htm

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Research (S)

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(S) Science and Engineering (Engineering I)

Title of Project An Advanced Integrated Mother Machine System (AIMS) and Formulation of Machine Tool Engineering Based on the Development Process

Hidenori Shinno ( Tokyo Institute of Technology, Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Professor )

Research Area Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing Science and Machining Theory Keyword Ultra-precision machining, Nano and micro machining, Machine tool Purpose and Background of the Research

Demands for three-dimensional nano-machining over a large range have recently increased in a variety of industries. In particular, ultra-precision machining has been required for form generation of large hard-to-machine materials. Although many studies on ultra-precision machining have been performed so far, there were only few studies on nano-machining of large and hard workpiece. This project aims at developing an advanced integrated mother machine system (AIMS) equipped with an integrated form generating function and an on-machine integrated measuring function. In addition, the novel machine tool engineering is established by analyzing the development processes of the AIMS. Research Methods

The AIMS is newly constructed from the core technologies, which include structural design, manufacturing, assembly, and control engineering skills. These skills have been obtained from the advanced nano-pattern generator with a large work area “ANGEL”, as shown in Fig.1, and a 3D nano-measuring system “Nano-profiler” developed in our research group. Progress on the project is managed at each milestone and then the AIMS can be finally realized. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

This project presents a newly developed mother machine equipped with innovative functions and originally designed structure. By systematizing the designing and manufacturing processes of AIMS, it is possible to establish the new machine tool engineering. Expected research achievements are as follows: (1) Establishment of innovative nano-machining and nano-metrology technologies, (2) Enhancement of global competitiveness of Japanese industry, and (3) Development of nano-technology with wide area. Figure 2 shows typical research achievements

with scientific and industrial significances. Publications Relevant to the Project

Shinno,H., Yoshioka,H., Sawano,H., A newly developed long range positioning table system with a sub-nanometer resolution, CIRP Annals-Manuf.Tech., 6-1, pp.403-406, (2011). Yoshioka,H., Shinno,H., Design concept and

structural configuration of advanced nano- pattern generator with large work area ”ANGEL”, Inter. Jour. of Automation Tech., 5-1, pp.33-44, (2011).

Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 142,400 Thousand Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.upm.pi.titech.ac.jp/ [email protected]

Figure 1 ANGEL

Figure 2 Research achievements

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(S) Science and Engineering (Engineering I)

Title of Project Breakthrough in the ultra-precision polishing process of diamond substrates as an ultimate device

Toshiro Doi ( Kyushu University, Art, Science & Technology Center, Adjunct Professor )

Research Area Ultra-precision processing technology Keyword Special processing, CMP, PCVM Purpose and Background of the Research

While LED and power devices are drawing attentions, made from semiconductor materials such as SiC or GaN, there is another ultimate level of devices, which is made from semiconductor diamond. Compared with the former materials, diamond crystals are extremely stable mechanically and chemically, due to which, as one of the reasons, the study of the ultra-precision polishing of diamond crystals has remained almost untouched in the present research area. For the semiconductor diamond substrates, including SiC and GaN, formation method of laser-induced surface radical site will be studied to develop an innovative, closed CMP/PCVM integrated system, integrating PCVM (Plasma Chemical Vaporization Machining) method into a sealed polishing/CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing). This system, assisted by the photocatalytic reaction and plasma under the high pressure oxygen atmosphere, will be designed such that excellent polishing efficiency of several ten times that of the conventional polishing will be achieved producing high quality surfaces. This research is also attempted to systematize ultra-precision processing of hard-to-process materials for the next generation green devices, and to accelerate realization of such devices, contributing to build low carbon society. Research Methods

In the light of designing a precision polishing process of hard-to-process materials, both pre-process and finishing process have important roles. In the pre-process: ultra-micro defects (laser- induced surface radical site) are formed on the surface layer of workpieces (limiting to ~several 100 atomic layer) by a femtosecond laser. Formation of such laser-induced surface radical site induces chemical reactions by the mechanical polishing or CMP accompanying frictional wear, and also strong mechano-chemical reactions on the radical site, which makes polishing/CMP easier under the atmospheric pressure. The finishing process: a prototype of a closed,

CMP/PCVM integrated system will be designed. Here, polishing pads and slurries have a key role, which induce strong mechano-chemical reactions on the laser-induced active surface radical layer and chemical reactions accompanied by the tribological frictional wear. In order to induce more effective etching actions, it is under consideration to keep inside the integrated system to high pressure oxygen atmosphere. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

Fierce competitions are being driven for the development and applied studies of green devices as well as for the low cost production. Under this situation, introduction of innovatively integrated processing technology will become a breakthrough in achieving better productivity and low cost, offering a competitive edge in the industries. The present research will contribute not only to the green device development but also to the leading edge manufacturing industries of Japan, bringing new energy to Japan. This research will make processing of hard-to-process materials possible such as diamond substrates including SiC and GaN. Particular aim has been placed to obtain high quality surface of diamond substrates with the reduced polishing time of less than one thousandth of conventional polishing. Publications Relevant to the Project

[1]O. Ohnishi, T. Doi, S. Kurokawa et al.:Effect of Atmosphere and Ultaviolet Light Irradiation on Chemical Mechanical Polishing Characteristics of SiC Wafers, JJAP, 51(2012)05EF05-1

[2] Y. Sano, T. Kato, K. Aida et al.: Thinning of 2-inch SiC Wafer by Plasma Chemical Vaporization Machining Using Cylindrical Rotary Electrode, Materials Science Forum, 679-680 (2011) pp. 481-484

[3]T. Doi, I. Marinescu and S. Kurokawa:Advances in CMP/Polshing Technologies, Elsevier (2011) Term of Project FY2012-2015 Budget Allocation 165,600 Thousand Yen Homepage Address

http://premach903.mech.kyushu-u.ac.jp/ (Tentative)

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Research (S)


Title of Project Establishment of Nano-Micro Thermophysical Properties Sensing Engineering and Its Applications

Yuji Nagasaka ( Keio University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Professor )

Research Area Mechanical Engineering, Thermal Engineering Keyword Thermophysical Properties, Transport Properties, Micro-Nano Devices,

Measurement Science and Engineering Purpose and Background of the Research

The sensing techniques of nano and micro-scale thermophysical properties are very important not only for the fundamental research of thermal engineering but also in broad cross-disciplinary fields on the basis of research and development of leading-edge technology. For example, in nanotechnology fields we need to evaluate thermal conductivity of newly developed nano-materials such as SWNT and graphene in order to design various devices utilizing these materials. In biotechnology fields it is important to control the diffusion and separation of DNA and proteins. The aim of this research project is to develop and advance nano-micro thermophysical properties sensing techniques to accurately determine energy, momentum and mass transport properties with high spatial and time resolutions which have never been accomplished by any other conventional techniques. Furthermore, we are intending to apply those original sensing techniques for wide variety of novel engineering applications and to utilize those techniques as new tools for sensing hitherto undetected phenomena. The sensing techniques supported by optical MEMS technology can be applicable to nano and micro-level systems because they utilize physical phenomena such as near-field light confinement, interference of temperature wave, Soret effect and thermally driven capillary wave which possess inherently high spatial resolution. Research Methods

We pursue the sophistication of 9 thermophyisical properties sensing techniques (near-field optical thermal nanoscopy (Fig.1), photothermal

radiometry, laser-induced capillary wave, ripplon surface laser-light scattering, Soret forced Rayleigh scattering, periodic heat thermo-reflectance, optical MEMS viscosity sensor, optical MEMS diffusion sensor and near-field fluorescence correlation spectroscopy) in terms of (1) significant improvement of accuracy and spatial and time resolutions, (2) extension of measurement parameters and sensing applications for hitherto undetected phenomena. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

It is expected that the development and sophistication of these sensing techniques can contribute to quantitative evaluation of transport phenomena in nano and micro-level in wide variety of systems such as semiconductor devices, biochips, fuel cells and other small systems in which molecular transport phenomena play an important role. It is also expected that this research project will establish a new interdisciplinary field called “nano-micro thermophysical properties sensing engineering” which combines thermal engineering, chemical engineering, material engineering, measurement engineering and nano engineering. Publications Relevant to the Project

Oka, T., Itani, K., Taguchi, Y. and Nagasaka, Y.,” Development of Interferometric Excitation Device for Micro Optical Diffusion Sensor Using Laser-Induced Dielectrophoresis”, J. Microelectromechanical Systems, 21(2), pp. 324-330, (2012).

Kasahara, K. and Saiki, T. “Numerical simulation of near-field fluorescence correlation spectroscopy using a fiber probe” J. Nanophotonics, 4, 043502/1-6, (2010) Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 167,900 Thousand Yen Homepage Address and Other Contact Information

http:// www.naga.sd.keio.ac.jp/ 50nm

Fig.1 Near-field Optical Thermal Nanoscopy

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Title of Project Study of photon pair quantum entanglement generated from solid photon sources and their application to quantum information and communication

Ikuo Suemune ( Hokkaido University, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Professor )

Research Area Engineering, Electric and electronic engineering, Electronic materials Keyword Thin film, Quantum structures, Quantum dot Purpose and Background of the Research

Highly secure and safe networking is prerequisite in the present society, and the importance of quantum information and communication (QIC) is more and more recognized these days. For the realization and advancement of such quantum-information networking, quantum entangled photon pair (QEPP) sources are important, and the parametric down conversion (PDC) has been used as the standard photon source. However the generation of QEPPs is not predictable based on the Poisson statistics and the PDC is not regarded as the practical source in the near future applications. Quantum dots (QDs) have been the prominent candidate for realizing “on-demand” single-photon-(pair) sources, but the photon extraction from semiconductors with high refractive indices and the coupling to single-mode optical fibers have been difficult. In this work, we pursue (1) the enhancement of photon extraction efficiency by embedding a semiconductor pillar with QDs inside in high-reflection metals such as Ag, (2) the improvement of single photon purity generated from QDs, (3) generation of QEPPs in the 1550-nm optical-fiber communication band, (4) generation of QEPP simultaneously with radiative recombination of a Cooper pair, and (5) generation of QEPP employing optical cavity enhancement effect. We study the application of such photon sources to QIC. Research Methods

This research relies on the Pauli’s exclusion principle on energy states of QDs and this makes single photon emission from QDs possible. Especially, (1) we embed semiconductor photon sources in Ag as shown in Fig. 1 and realize high

efficiency coupling of generated photons to a single- mode optical fiber, (2) we minimize the semiconductor volume that may generate noise photons by embedding in metal, (3) we apply our method to QDs emitting at the 1550-nm optical-fiber communication band as shown in Fig. 2 and realize single photon and QEPP emitters in this band, (4) the new principle of simultaneous QEPP generation with a Cooper pair recombination will be directly confirmed, (5)the simultaneous QEPP generation based on optical cavity enhancement will be combined with (1) for realizing highly efficient QEPP sources. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

Realization of efficient QEPP sources based on new physics will bring an impact to QIC. Publications Relevant to the Project

H. Sasakura,….. H. Kumano, I. Suemune: “Enhanced Photon Generation in a Nb/ n-InGaAs/ p-InP Superconductor/ Semiconductor -diode Light Emitting Device” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 (2011) 157403. H. Kumano, K. Matsuda, S. Ekuni, H. Sasakura, and I. Suemune: “Characterization of Two-photon Polarization Mixed States Generated from Entangled-classical Hybrid Photon Source” Opt. Express 19 (2011) 14249-14259.

Term of Project FY2012-2016 Budget Allocation 165,000 Thousand Yen Homepage Addresshttp://nanophoto.es.hokudai.ac.jp

Figure 2 1500-nm band single QD emission.

Figure 1 Pillar structure (left) and after their embedding in Ag (right).

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Research (S)


Title of Project Development of bright red light-emitting devices by elucidation and control of light-emitting mechanism in rare-earth-doped nitride semiconductors

Yasufumi Fujiwara ( Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Electrical and electronic engineering, Electronic materials/Electrical materials Keyword Electrical and electronic materials, Thin film, Control of light-emitting properties Purpose and Background of the Research

We have doped Eu to GaN by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) and succeeded in the first demonstration of bright red emission due to the intra-4f shell transitions of Eu3+ ions from a LED with the Eu-doped GaN (Fig. 1). The development of the GaN-based red LED enables us to produce a monolithic full-color LED display and a next-generation lighting.

In this project, based on the interactive combination of these achievements and computational materials design, we aim at developing bright red LEDs with Eu-doped nitride semiconductors, using artificially-controlled energy-transfer from the host to Eu ions.

Fig. 1 Electroluminescence spectrum in

Eu-doped GaN red LED.

Research Methods (1) The excitation mechanism of Eu doped in GaN

under above-bandgap excitation is generally recognized as a trap-mediated process. It has been found in Eu-doped GaN that there are several Eu centers coexisting in one sample and some of the Eu centers are silent under the above-bandgap excitation. We understand what happens in the silent Eu centers because it gives a clue to control the energy-transfer.

(2) We have already found that the intensity of the Eu emission is drastically enhanced in Eu,Mg-codoped GaN. The elucidation and

improvement of the enhancement is necessary for brighter red LEDs. The confinement of electron-hole pairs should be also effective for the control of the energy-transfer. We dope Eu to quantum structures prepared by bottom-up and top-down techniques and investigate the luminescent properties.


Research on rare-earth (RE)-doped materials has been based on experience obtained through trial and error, not on materials design by the precise control of RE doping and understanding of the energy-transfer mechanism. This project can give a guiding principle to design the RE-doped materials. Publications Relevant to the Project

A. Nishikawa, Y. Fujiwara et al.: “Room- temperature red emission from p-type/ europium-doped/ n-type gallium nitride light-emitting diodes under current injection,” Applied Physics Express 2, 071004 (2009).

D. Lee, Y. Fujiwara et al.: “Eu luminescence center created by Mg codoping in Eu-doped GaN,” Applied Physics Letters 100, 171904 (2012).



Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.mat.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/mse6/kiban/

[email protected]

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Title of Project Invention of Ion-Fluorescence Multi-Modal Image Sensor System For Elucidation of Cell Functions

Kazuaki Sawada ( Toyohashi University of Technology, Electrical & Electronic Information Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Semiconducting material, Device, Integrated circuit chip Keyword Sensing, Integrated Multi-biosensor, Image sensorPurpose and Background of the Research

A multi-modal sensor which can detect simultaneously a neurotransmitter, light, and fluorescence on a same pixel is realized, and the multi-modal bio-image sensor which can discriminate from a role and work of the ion channel which exists in a cell is fabricated. The multi-modal bio-image sensors are fabricated with super-high resolution image sensor which is 1 micron or less, and set primary neuronal cells of hippocampus and the brain slice of a mouse on this bio-image sensor directly. A fluorescence, which indicates intracellular ion information, and chemical signal, which was emitted from an ion channel and neurotransmitter (acetylcholine, glutamic acid, ATP), is observed by the proposed system simultaneously as a 2 dimensional images (video). Corroboration work with the biochemistry field researchers will go on by using the novel bio-image sensor, which can be observed movements of the ion on the inside and outside through a cell to elucidate of cell functions. A motion of the ion of the inside and outside of a cell which is impossible by the conventional optical microscope without label The purpose of this propose is realization of the imaging system which can be visualized ion movements through the ion channel in real time without label. Research Methods

The investigation has 2 parts, one is development of novel device and another is to apply the device in bio-medical fields. There are three issues which should be solved to realize novel bio-image sensor. (a) Development of Ion image sensor special fabrication process with 0.18micron meter rule. (b) Development of special pixel configuration for sub-micron pixel pitch image sensor. (c) Development of fabrication process to keep ion sensitivity on a sub-micron ion sensor. These issues are developed with a corroborator in LSI manufactory. The sensor of the 20-micron pitch which already developed is used until the multi-modal image sensor of a submicron pitch is realized.


We have been invented and developed a special image sensor. The image sensor has a special sensor devises, which is able to catch several information on one sensing area, and the image sensor capable to take videos that indicate different information (fluorescence, chemical concentrations, geometry, light intensity, place….). These relationships of these information is reliable because these information are taken by one sensor. A flame rate will be decrease less than 10msec, and it might be possible to take an image of release of neurotransmitter from synapses. The sensor is very original and there is no related work in a world. If the image sensor is realized, the movement of ion through the ion channel will be clear as a video, and it will became a strong tool to elucidation of cell functions. I believe this novel image senor innovate an environment of medical diagnosis and medicine manufacture. Publications Relevant to the Project

Multimodal bio-image sensor for real-time proton and fluorescence imaging, Hirokazu Nakazawa, Makoto Ishida, Kazuaki Sawada, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, in press.

A Fused pH and Fluorescence Sensor Using the Same Sensing Area, Hirokazu Nakazawa, Hiroyasu Ishii, Makoto Ishida, and Kazuaki Sawada, Appl.Phys.Express, No.3, 047001-3 (2010) Term of Project FY2012-2016


Homepage Address and Other Contact Informationhttp://int.ee.tut.ac.jp/icg/

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Research (S)


Title of Project Highly functional semiconductor nanophotonic devices and their applications for photonic RAM

Hitoshi Kawaguchi ( Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Materials Science, Professor )

Research Area Engineering Keyword Optical devices and circuits, Light control, Laser, Spintronics Purpose and Background of the Research

Dramatic increase in communication traffic to support various future services will cause a serious problem, namely the gigantic power consumption of network systems. One of the power consuming devices in the present network systems is the electrical router for the packet signals. Optical packet switching is therefore emerging as an important technology to overcome this critical problem. To handle the contention of the output ports at an optical packet-switching node, a high-speed low-power-consumption optical memory for buffering data is required. Optical flip-flop memories, in which one bistable device acts as a one-bit memory, are the promising candidates for this scenario.

The aim of this research project is to create novel highly functional semiconductor nanophotonic devices and to develop a low-power-consumption photonic RAM using these devices. Research Methods

(1) Subwavelength semiconductor laser sources are expected to be key components in future nanophotonics circuits. The lasing characteristics will be studied to achieve optical bistable switching with low power consumption. Spintronics deals with the control of the electron spin as an information carrier. Injection of aligned spins into VCSELs using ferromagnetic electrodes will be studied as well as perpendicularly magnetized electrodes in this project.

(2) To improve performances of optical memory, lasing threshold of the polarization bistable VCSELs will be reduced by the strong carrier confinement using oxidation. The faster memory operation will be demonstrated by using low-Q cavity.

(3) An optical buffer memory using a 2D array of polarization-bistable VCSELs will be constructed.

Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance Development of all-optical buffer memory is the

most important challenge to realize the transparent optical packet-switching networks. Our group demonstrated a multi-bit optical memory for the first time. There is no other optical buffering device than the present proposed device which gives the realistic solution to the challenge and thus takes an initiative to make the breakthrough in networking technology near future.

Publications Relevant to the Project H. Kawaguchi, T. Mori, Y. Sato and Y. Yamayoshi, “Optical buffer memory using polarization-bistable vertical-cavity surface- emitting lasers,” Japanese J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 45, pp. L894-L897 (2006). H. Kawaguchi, “Polarization-bistable vertical- cavity surface-emitting lasers: application for optical bit memory,” Opto-electronics Review, Vol. 17, pp. 265-274 (2009).



Homepage Address and Other Contact Information

http://mswebs.naist.jp/LABs/kawaguchi/index-j.html [email protected]

Figure 1 Optical buffer memory with shift-register function

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Title of Project Innovative Water Treatment Technology Combining Advanced Unit Processes and Membrane Separation

Yoshihiko Matsui ( Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering Keyword Water and Wastewater Systems Purpose and Background of the Research

Urbanization and climate change will entail increasingly severe water shortages and deterioration of water quality. Accordingly, demand is strong for low-maintenance high-grade water supply technology, which allows poor-quality water from various sources to be utilized safely with low accompanying costs and energy consumption. Toward this end, innovation is needed with regard to the processes and structures involved in water treatment systems. Targeting application to water treatment, the present research explores ultrafine microparticulation of adsorbents through nano-grinding, performance improvements for coagulants through polymer technology based on the metastable region of multivalent metal salts, and improvements in oxidation performance through combined use of vacuum UV rays and fibrous catalysts. These processes are combined with ceramic membrane separation for the construction of advanced water purification systems.

Research Methods The research approach is based on improving the performance of the materials and equipment used in the core unit processes of water treatment—namely adsorption, coagulation and oxidation.

100500 Fig. 1. Ultrafine PAC Fig. 2. Isotope microscopy. The MIB (shown

in red) adsorbed onto the activated carbon. (1) Adsorbents are subjected to nanometer-scale microparticulation (Fig. 1), after which the substantial increase in adsorption of polar substances and associated phenomena, such as adsorption onto outer surface of the adsorbent particles, low competitive adsorption, promotion of flocculation and prevention of membrane fouling, are examined on the basis of the physical properties of the material surface and the removed target substances. (2) Coagulants exhibiting low membrane fouling and high virus removal capabilities are developed through polymerization of aluminum, and the correlations with molecular weight, size, structure and electric charge are investigated. (3) OH radical is produced through the

combined use of a photocatalyst, hydrogen peroxide and vacuum UV irradiation, for developing an efficient process of decomposing trace chemical substances. By operating pilot membrane processing plants, the entire system is evaluated in terms of energy as well as the ability to remove impurities and trace contaminants.


The achievements of this research will give back to society in the form of advanced water treatment technology with a clear scientific foundation by combining the innovative unit processes with ceramic membrane separation (for example, as shown in Fig. 3). The developed technology will play an essential role in ensuring a stable supply of safe water for drinking and everyday use in Japan. Furthermore, such systems can provide solutions to various problems in countries with considerably greater water problems than Japan, allowing for the establishment of world leadership and the expansion of the water business both at home and overseas.

Low-quality raw source

Recycled carbonPAC

Grinder

UltrafinePAC

Treatedwater

High-basicitycoagulant

Membrane Separation

Fig.3. Combined use of ultrafine carbon, high-basicity coagulant and membrane separation.

Publications Relevant to the Project Ando, N., et al., Direct observation of solid-phase

adsorbate concentration profile in powdered activated carbon particle to elucidate mechanism of high adsorption capacity on super-powdered activated carbon. Water Research, 45(2), 761-767, 2011.

Matsui, Y. et al., Effects of super-powdered activated carbon pretreatment on coagulation and trans-membrane pressure buildup during microfiltration. Water Research, 43(20), 5160-5170, 2009.



Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.eng.hokudai.ac.jp/labo/risk/

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Research (S)


Title of Project Development of a meteorological information platform with high spatial resolution for the urban environment and disaster reduction

Ryozo Ooka ( The University of Tokyo, Institute of Industrial Science, Professor )

Research Area Environmental control engineering Keyword Building environment, Natural phenomenon analysis, Disaster reduction Purpose and Background of the Research

The meteorological phenomenon is the primary environmental condition of human beings. It can give great influences and fatal damages to people’s lives. Recently, the concentrated heavy rain in urban areas is getting much attention. The large number of heat stroke patients in 2010 and the damage due to the typhoon in 2011 are still fresh in our mind. The heat island phenomenon is well known for the increases of the energy consumption and the drought risk. The densely developed urban areas are suffered from localized air pollution because of the car exhaust running through low-wind space. To address these problems, existing models for the meteorological prediction are not sufficient because these models usually resolve the space in the horizontal directions with grids of 10 km size. With the aim to aid the design of the healthy and safe urban space with low environmental load demanding, the present study develops a platform of meteorological information with the high grid resolution which accounts processes of multi-physics in multi-scales. Research Methods

This research is consisted of three major steps. 1. Development of component models To figure out the features of the urban atmospheric environment, we conduct field measurements in actual urban areas and wind-tunnel and chamber experiments. The data collected in these experiments are used for the validation of numerical models. Numerical analyses in micro- scale which employ LES (Large-eddy simulation) are also conducted to get basic data for the models in macro-scale analyses such as the canopy model and the generation/dissipation model of cumulus. 2. Integration of component models The macro- and micro-scale models are integrated. For this, a study of methods to generate turbulent inflow in LES is conducted. 3. Development of pre/post interfaces and case

studies Interfaces of pre- and post-analyses are prepared

using GIS (Geographic information system) and BIM (Building information model). Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

The system developed in this research enables the prediction of various meteorological phenomena in urban area with high resolution. It also consists of interfaces to the GIS and BIM. This aids planners of urban space and buildings to assess the environmental applicability of their plans.

Figure 1 Measurement of sensible heat flux

above an actual urban space Publications Relevant to the Project

M. Khiem, R. Ooka, H. Hayami, H. Yoshikado, H. Huang, Y. Kawamoto, Process analysis of ozone formation under different weather conditions over the Kanto region of Japan using the MM5/CMAQ modelling system, Atmospheric Environment 44, pp. 4463-4473, 2010 H. Kikumoto, R. Ooka, A numerical study of air pollutant dispersion with bimolecular chemical reactions in an urban street canyon using large- eddy simulation, Atmospheric Environment 54, pp. 456-464, 2012 Term of Project FY2012-2016


Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://venus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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Title of Project Yuragi Electronics Inspired by Living Bodies

Hitoshi Tabata ( The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Oxide Electronics, Bioelectronics Keyword Spinglass, Relaxor, Yuragi, Stochastic resonance Purpose and Background of the Research

A general characteristic of a computer is its generous use of power in comparison to thermal noise, which suppresses the error rate and allows high-speed logic calculation. But such high speed processing is accompanied by enormous electric power consumption. In addition, software that stipulates the operation is separated from the hardware, leaving the system vulnerable in a fluctuating environment. Biological information processing, on the other hand, which uses thermal (organic) “Yuragi” to operate stochastically, is characterized by its energy consumption level that is the same as thermal noise; speed being sacrificed. When elements governed by stochastic “Yuragi” are systematized, one can produce a brain-like information processing system that is indigenous to biological systems. For example, while individual neuron cells are influenced by noise, as a group they are able to create a highly reliable information processing system. Moreover, they are able to create new algorithms independently, leading to a robust system even in a fluctuating environment.

This study`s originality and significance stems from the application of biological “Yuragi” based information processing towards the creation of novel devices that are equipped with biological functions, represented by brain functions. Research Methods

Two types of memory materials will be mainly studied to mimetic a bio “Yuragi” system. The one is spin glass with spin fluctuation and relaxor with dipole fluctuation. As a starting point, spin glass related material will be mainly discussed. From our former researches, some spinel type ferrites have shown spin glass behavior at room temperature as a preliminary results. By using these materials, electrical analysis will be performed whether these materials show good properties to inspire a bio “Yuragi” function. For example, substitution of Mg2+, Al3+, Ru3+, Ti3+,4+ for spinel - Fe3O4. And artificial crystallographic control will be performed by a Laser MBE technique with sequencing of 0% to 100% ordered structures. The artificial

superlattices are deposited on SrTiO3, Al2O3 substrates and show an epitaxial growth.

We will replace one layer of Magnetic metal layers by spin glass layer of MRAM based memory devices. In a period of integration step, we will collaborate with some private companies to fabricate micro-structured spin tunneling junctions of magnetic layer (100nm) Insulator 1

2nm spin glass layer. Furthermore, to realize an ideal information processing device, we will combine our devices described above with optical read/write system. Properties of light induced magnetization are key function. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

By considering organic information processing dynamics as a summation of kinetic energy of particles in a meta-stable potential, and by modeling it with ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials, we may be able to realize biological information processing systems by utilizing “Stochastically Resonance Phenomena”. In other words, a new type of electronics, one which is systematically stable even though its meta-stable potential well depth is comparable to the energy of “Yuragi” , and one which is able to adapt to environmental change, can be expected. Publications Relevant to the Project

Science, 280(1998)1064 Appl.Phys.Lett. 78 (2001) 512 & 76 (2000) 1179 Phys.Rev.E, 79 (2009) 021902 Appl.Phys.Express. 1 (2008) 088002.



Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.bioxide.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index.html [email protected]

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Research (S)

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) Science and Engineering (Engineering II)

Title of Project A New Concept Breakthrough in Materials Development: Reverse 4D Materials Engineering

Hiroyuki Toda ( Toyohashi University of Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Structural, Functional materials Keywords Strength, Toughness, Fracture, Fatigue, Creep Purpose and Background of the Research

Recent developments in 3D/4D imaging techniques provide direct observation of complex and dynamic phenomena of materials. In the present study, a new technology for materials development, ‘Reverse 4D Materials Engineering’ (hereinafter RFME), is achieved through the utilization of advanced imaging techniques. The conventional materials development process involves design, evaluation and production, in that order, as shown in Fig. 1. RFME is a reverse chronological process (also shown in Fig. 1) that enables rapid development of high-performance materials. In RFME, microstructures are virtually optimized by means of an accurate image-based simulation (IBS) in which multi-scale 3D structures of existing materials, which are difficult even to quantify, let alone treat theoretically, according to the present science, are accurately reproduced. To render RFME a practical technique for microstructural control, usable in manufacturing, the representation of a given complex 3D microstructure is ‘coarsened’ (i.e., unnecessary information is eliminated and the remaining important information is expressed with simplified parameters) to make it suitable to conventional materials design techniques.

Research Methods

IBS is performed by modeling the microstructures of practical materials accurately in 3D/4D. After the selection of an extremely limited number of kinds, morphologies and locations of microstructural features strongly affecting materials characteristics of interest, from an enormous array of

microstructural features, the coarsening process thoroughly filters out a staggering amount of microstructural information. IBS and coarsening are investigated in this project, and then an engineering methodology is established by combining the essential techniques. In addition, we perform the microstructural optimization of practical materials, as a demonstrator study, to prove the feasibility of RFME. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

Allowing conventional manufacturing technology to take into account the complex morphologies of existing materials is expected to result in a paradigm shift in materials development for all structural/functional materials. The proposed technology is based on imaging and analysis techniques that have been especially advanced in Japan, and should make a strong and long-lasting contribution to a variety of industries in our country. For example, as a new approach to materials development, it is applicable to a wide range of materials, such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and their composites, and to other fields, such as those involving various micro/nano structures and the degradation of infra-structures. Publications Relevant to the Project

H. Toda, S. Masuda, et al., Statistical assessment of fatigue crack initiation from sub-surface hydrogen micropores in high-quality die-cast aluminum, Acta Mater., Vol. 59, 4990 4998, 2011 L. Qian, H. Toda, et al., Direct observation and

image-based simulation of three-dimensional tortuous crack evolution inside opaque materials, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 100, 115505-115508, 2008



Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://four-d.me.tut.ac.jp/index.html

Figure 1 Reverse 4D Materials Engineering

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Title of Project Creation of Novel Fast Oxide Ion Conductor Based On Nano Structure Control of Interface and Application for Fuel Cells

Tatsumi Ishihara ( Kyushu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Materials, Inorganic Functional Materials Keyword Nanoionics, Fuel Cell, High Energy Conversion EfficiencyPurpose and Background of the Research

Recently, there are attracting attentions on ion conductivity at interface between different ion conductors. It is expected that extraordinary fast oxide ion conductivity will be appeared at the interface between two fast ion conductors because of a relaxed lattice of crystal by matching different lattice parameters. Since there is no fast ion conductor based on such relaxed lattice, there is a possibility to achieve a improved oxide ion conductivity by structure control of interface between two fast oxide ion conductors with different lattice parameter. In this study, we will prepare the hetero interface between pure oxide ion conductor and mixed oxide ion conductor with two dimensional ion conductivity like K2NiF4 structure and change ionic conducting property at or close to interface will be studied systematically. By applying the nanostructure oxide based on nano ionic effects will be applied for solid oxide fuel cell operated at intermediate temperature. Research Methods

Preparation of nano structure control film was performed by pulse laser deposition method, accumulation of nano sheet, and not only two dimensional nano composite but also three dimensional structure control film will be prepared. In particular, in this study, we will focus on three dimensional regular structure so-called "double columnar structure" as shown in Fig.1. Change in oxide ion conductivity as well as electronic conductivity will be measured as a function of temperature and also oxygen partial pressure. Change in charge carrier density will also be measured with Hall and Seebeck effect. Morphology at interface will be analyzed with STEM and diffusivity of oxygen will also be analyzed with SIMS, EELS, and 17O NMR. Application of the developed materials for electrolyte of reversible solid oxide fuel cell or novel metal-air battery will be performed. Since lattice oxygen is highly active for deep oxidation, the materials with nano structure controlled interface for new concept of environmental catalyst will also be tried.


This study may open a new concept of oxide ion conductor by controlling electronic conductivity. In particular, three dimensional tensile stressed materials lead to the new area of ionic conductor. Based on the results of this study, we expect the novel solid oxide fuel cells with high efficiency and low temperature operation. Low temperature operation fuel cell may open an new concept of metal-air battery which is strongly requested from electric vehicle and electric power storage. Publications Relevant to the Project

S. Nuansaeng, M. Yashima, M. Matsuka, and T. Ishihara," Mixed Conductivity, Nonstoi- chiometric Oxygen, and Oxygen Permeation properties in Co-Doped Sr3Ti2O7- ", Chemistry a European Journal 2011 No.40 pp11324-11331 Y.W. Ju, T.Inagaki, S. Ida, and T. Ishihara,

"Sm(Sr)CoO3 Cone Cathode on LaGaO3 Thin Film Electrolyte for with IT-SOFC High Power Density", J. Electrochem. Soc., 158 (7) B825-B830 (2011)


Homepage Address and Other Contact Informationhttp:// www.cstf.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~ishihara-lab/ [email protected]

Conductor A Conductor B Conductor A Conductor B

Fig.1 Aimed double columnar film consisting of pure ionic and mixed ionic conductor

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Research (S)


Title of Project Science of Hetero-Interface of Advanced Power Devises in Extreme Environments

Katsuaki Suganuma ( Osaka University, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Professor )

Research Area Engineering Keyword Electrical connection/Wiring, Power devise, Electromigration Purpose and Background of the Research

New power semiconductors such as SiC and GaN enable their operation at extremely high temperature beyond 300 ºC. In such an extreme environment, thermal, mechanical, optical and electronic properties should be precisely designed and controlled by understanding the behavior of each material and each hetero-interface (Fig.1). In the present work, a design concept of the advanced power semiconductor structure will be demonstrated, which will be derived from the basic idea obtained by understanding and development of heat-resistant/heat-dissipation structure, anti-corrosion/anti-oxidation treatment, electro-migration (EM) and whisker mechanism/ mitigation.

Research Methods

Pure Zn soldering and Ag sinter joining will be adopted to form the devise structure. Through properties evaluation and simulation, the four primary subjects will be promoted as following: 1. Stress relaxation and heat-dissipation: The interconnection structure is evaluated with microstructural and CAE analyses. 2. Anti-corrosion/oxidation design: Inter- connection materials/structure will be designed for 300 ºC operation in air. 3. EM phenomenon: EM mechanism will be analyzed on interconnection/wiring under large current at elevated temperatures.

Whiskering: The mechanism of whiskering under extreme thermal cycling will be clarified and the mitigation method will be proposed. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

The advanced power semiconductor devises of high reliability will be provided through controlling a hetero-interface structure based on the established design concept. They will be applicable for the devices of high-performance renewable energy conversion, low energy consumption devises, energy efficient hybrid/ electric vehicles/bullet train, the exploring devises for the earth and the universe.

Publications Relevant to the Project K. Suganuma, et als, Sn whisker growth during

thermal cycling, Acta Materialia, 59[1](2011), 7255-7267.

K. Suganuma, S. Kim, Ultra heat-shock resistant die-attachment for silicon carbide with pure zinc, IEEE Electron Device Letters, 31[12](2010), 1467-1469. Term of Project FY2012-2016


Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://eco.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp/ [email protected]

Fig.1 Influencing factors of hetero-interfaces in new generation of power semiconductors.

Fig.2 Expected advanced devises.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(S)

Science and Engineering (Engineering )

Title of Project Development of microalloying science and solidification dynamics on the basis of microstructure evolution

Hideyuki Yasuda ( Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Engineering, Material engineering, Metal making engineeringKeyword Melting / SolidificationPurpose and Background of the Research

In solidification processes of metallic alloys, interactions between micro-dynamics (development of dendrites) and macro-dynamics (melt flow and deformation of semisolid) causes various phenomena leading to solidification defects. However, the interaction has not been quantitatively understood due to difficulty of observation. In addition, the scientific strategy of “microalloying (the addition of trace element with < several 100ppm)”, which is effective for controlling solidification structure and avoiding defects, is not available so far. In this research project, dendritic growth, solidification and semisolid deformation are observed in-situ. A micro / macro solidification model for understanding deformation and segregation is developed on the basis of the observation. Fundamentals of microalloying will be also developed for active microstructure control. Research Methods

In-situ observation using synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray is used to observe solidification of Sn, Al, Cu, Ni and Fe alloys. As shown in Fig. 1, the observation allows fragmentation to be understood qualitatively. Micro X-ray fluorescence analysis

-XRF) in SR facilities shows the distribution of trace elements in the microstructure. As shown in Fig.2, Sr, which reduces eutectic Si size, strongly segregates in the Si phase of Al-Si alloys. The distribution gives exclusive information for knowing the role of trace elements on refinement.

In this project, solidification phenomena

(dendritic growth, transformation, deformation and so on) are observed in-situ by the developed technique to obtain evidence-based data.

Numerical calculations using phase field models and lattice statics are also carried out to verify the observations. On the basis of the observations and calculations, a micro / macro-dynamics model will be developed to understand and to predict the segregation and deformation.


The micro / macro solidification model that abstracts the micro-dynamics will be used to predict solidification defects in solidification processes. The scientific strategy of microalloying will contribute to microstructure control in various alloy systems. The two approaches is expected to improve solidification processes / casting. Publications Relevant to the Project

H. Yasuda, I. Ohnaka, A. Sugiyama, et al, “Direct observation of Stray Crystal Formation in Unidirectional Solidification of Sn-Bi Alloy by X-ray Imaging”, J. Cryst. Growth, 262 (2004) 645. H. Yasuda, T. Nagira, M. Yoshiya, A. Sugiyama, et al, "Development of X-ray Imaging for Observing Solidification of Carbon Steels", ISIJ Int., 51 (2011) 402-408. T. Nagira, C.M. Gourlay, A. Sugiyama, M. Yoshiya, H. Yasuda, et al, "Direct Observation of Deformation in Semi-Solid Carbon Steel", Scr. Mater., 64 (2011) 1129..



Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.mpd.ams.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp [email protected]

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Research (S)


Title of Project Creation of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems Using Solid-in-oil Nano-dispersion Technique

Masahiro Goto ( Kyushu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Professor )

Research Area Process engineering, Biochemical engineering Keyword Drug delivery system(DDS) Purpose and Background of the Research

Transcutaneous immunization is a novel vaccination strategy that delivers the vaccine antigens onto the intact skin topically to induce protective immune responses. Needle-free vaccination approach has a global priority due to the risk-reduction of needle prone accidents or diseases associated with the re-use or improper disposal of needles, and the injection-related pain or angst. Since a transcutaneous vaccination is a simple and non-invasive procedure, it provides a viable, easy and cost-effective strategy for disease prevention not only in the developed countries but also in the developing countries. Therefore, transcutaneous immunization might be the best-accepted vaccination method by all patients. In this study, we challenge to apply the S/O nanodispersion to transcutaneous immunization in order to enhance the penetration of antigenic proteins and increase the antigen-specific and robust immune responses. Research Methods

Figure 1 shows the transdermal immunization mechanism in this study. There are three important steps to construct an effective immunization system.

Figure 1 Immunization mechanism in this study

(1) Distribution of antigen to the skin (A) (2) Transfer of antigen to Langerhans cells (B) (3) Enhancement of immune assay (C) The surfactant-protein complexes in which proteins are coated with hydrophobic surfactant

molecules can be dispersed in an oil of interest, and the dispersion of the surfactant-protein complex in the oil phase as a nano-order particle makes the proteins permeable into the skin without any physical enhancements or pre-treatments if a suitable oil with the properties of a chemical penetration enhancer is selected. An adjuvant also will be effective for enhancing the immunization in the step (3).


The transcutaneous immunization by S/O nanodispersion is able to enhance the antigen-specific antibody creation without any destruction or removal of the surface of skin. The vaccine formulation comprises the safe-to-use materials such as the edible sugar ester surfactant and penetration enhancer oil. These findings indicate that this oil-based unique transcutaneous approach has a great promise for effective vaccination or immunotherapy in the near future. It will contribute the paradigm shift from medical care to prevention. Publications Relevant to the Project

Y. Tahara, K. Namatsu, N. Kamiya, S. Kamiya, M. Arakawa, M. Goto, "Transcutaneous immunization by a solid-in-oil nanodispersion", Chem. Comm. 46. 1452-1454 (2010).

Y. Tahara, S. Honda, N. Kamiya, M Goto, “A solid-in-oil nanodispersion for transcutaneous protein delivery”, J. Control. Release, 131, 14-18 (2008).



Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.bioeng.cstm.kyushu-u.ac.jp/[email protected]

Antigen (A)Distribution

Skin

Antibody

(B)Delivery to cell (C)Enhancement of immunoassay

Langerhans

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Title of Project Physics and macro control of particle circulation in a multi hierarchical complex-open system

Hideki ZUSHI ( Kyushu University, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Professor )

Research Area Engineering, Nuclear Fusion Keyword Plasma-wall interaction, Steady state operation, complex-open system Purpose and Background of the Research

Fusion reactor research and development via a half-century has progressed to a validation of engineering and physics of nuclear burning as a source of energy generation through the construction of ITER. Although "steady state operation (SSO)" is an indispensable prerequisite for a reactor, the immediate goal of ITER is 400 seconds. In SSO the circulation control of the fuel particles will be the subject of challenging studies due to plasma wall interaction, though it is not a problem in pulsed operation. The present study is aimed at to clarify the particle circulation in three systems, core, boundary, and first wall. Elementary processes, the system interaction, a circulation model, and control of the particle circulation, are subjects to build the foundation for SSO. For this study the viewpoint of "Physics and macro control of particle circulation in a multi hierarchical complex-open system" is introduced. The elucidation of the circulation in each system and the mutual interference leads to the key macro control of the whole system.

Research Methods

Temperature controllable panels(HW) for 300-500 the QUEST device, and the

restraint of the circulation and reduction in time constant are studied. The heat balance of the entire system will be confirmed via following three steps, 1) H

operation, and 3) controlled HW (300- operation. Under these conditions dynamic

retention and release of particles, blob transport and density profiles in the core will be studied. Mutual interference of three systems will be investigated as a function of the HW temperature, discharge duration, and flux of neutral particles. Fluctuations in particles including neutrals will be measured in two dimension with high-speed cameras and ultral multi-points arrays. Based on these diagnostics a global model will be validated. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance

Model of hierarchical structure consisting of macro, meso, micro systems is becoming a success in recent years. However, to control the energy generation of fusion reactor, which is an open system for particle circulation, should be setting a new problem as a complex system with multi hierarchical structure. By constraining the outermost region, we will challenge whether it positively impacts the stabilization of the system. Thus, this project will contribute to the realization of steady-state reactor with academic standpoint. Publications Relevant to the Project

H.Zushi, et al., "Steady-state tokamak operation,

experiments in TRIAM-1M", Nucl. Fusion, 45 (2005) 1-15

H.Zushi, et al.,"Active particle control experiments and critical particle flux discriminating between the wall pumping and 49 (2009) 055020 (9pp)


Information http://www.triam.kyushu-u.ac.jp/QUEST-PJ/index.html [email protected]

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Research (S)


Title of Project Basic Studies for Developing Rational Treatment and Disposal System of Radioactive Wastes Generated by Fukushima Nuclear Reactor Accident

Yasuhisa Ikeda ( Tokyo Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors, Professor )

Research Area Synthetic Engineering, Nuclear Energy Keyword Back-end Purpose and Background of the Research

One of urgent subjects for recovering Fukushima reactor accident is to treat highly contaminated solid and liquid wastes in the nuclear reactor sites. However, the properties of these radioactive wastes are different from those of wastes generated from reprocessing processes. Hence, we need to newly acquire scientific information on radioactive wastes generated by reactor accidents. In the present study, we will perform basic studies for developing the rational management system for the target radioactive wastes with consistency in the treatment methods and final disposal. Research Methods

In order to achieve the objectives in the present study, following three research themes will be performed with the mutual consistency. 1.1 Studies on properties of contaminated materials (solid): In order to clarify properties of solid wastes contaminated fuel component and fission products, we will prepare the simulated materials based on the expected accident conditions, and examine their properties. 1.2 Studies on properties of contaminated materials (liquid): In the initial stage of reactor accident, sea water was injected into reactors for cooling fuels. Hence, dissolution of fuels with the oxidation of UO2, dispersion of nuclides, etc. are expected to be occured. We will examine the solubility of Cs(I), Sr(II), Pu, etc., their chemical forms in cooling water to clarify the composition and properties of contaminated water. 2.1 Studies on treatment methods of contaminated materials (solid): The highly contaminated solid materials in the reactor accident are expected to be not decontaminated by conventional methods. And also the solid wastes (zeolite used as Cs adsorbent etc.) should be solidified by vitrification. Hence, we will study decontamination methods using ionic liquids or supercritical CO2, and also perform the basic study for developing vitrification method. 2.2 Studies on treatment methods of contaminated materials (liquid): In order to cool the reactor safely and reduce the load of final disposal, the

contaminated cooling water must be treated effectively. Here, we will carry out studies for developing high performance adsorbents for Cs(I), Sr(II), -nuclides, etc. and the treatment methods of such adsorbents. 3. Study on final disposal: Experiments for obtaining necessary data for establishing the final disposal system will be performed. Based on experimental results and conventional disposal methods, we will examine the final disposal methods for the radioactive wastes generated from Fukushima reactors and propose the appropriate disposal system. Expected Research Achievements and Scientific Significance Acquirement of scientific data on properties of

contaminated materials generated by the reactor accidents development of the advanced decontamination methods.

Establishment of rational management system for the wastes generated by the reactor accidents

proposal of such a system to the world. Offer of basic data for the objective assessment

of the methods which will be proposed for decommissioning Fukushima reactors. Publications Relevant to the Project

The Application of Novel Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids to the Extraction of Uranium(VI) from Nitric Medium and a Determination of the Uranyl Complexes Formed. T.J. Bell and Y. Ikeda, Dalton Trans., 40, 10125-10130 (2011). Selective Uptake of Cesium Ions on AMP-loaded Silica Gels. Y. Endo, Y. Wu, H. Mimura, et al., J. Ion Exch., 18, 300-305 (2007).



Homepage Address and Other Contact Information http://www.nr.titech.ac.jp/~yikeda/ [email protected]

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