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Last summer I were in my Grandpa`s village.I remember different funny stories from there . First week I were ill so my Grandpa didn`t allow me to eat ice cream. I knew that I will be able to eat it in the future , but I were really sad that I couldn`t eat it hole week. But I knew that if I didn`t eat it I might be well soon. When I recovered my Grandpa said that I can eat ice cream as much as I want . But still I asked every time if I could eat ice cream , because I knew that Grandpa can`t be wrong. Every week I asked him if he could bring a cup of ice cream . So 3 weeks later Grandpa said that I should eat a little bit of ice cream. I knew that I needed to eat it less, because otherwise I would become sick.Grandpa and ice creamModal verb is a special verb which behaves very differently from normal verb.

The following verbs are called Modal verbs.

Modal verbsThey are:CanCouldMustShallNeedMayMightShouldWillOught to

What are modal verbs?Modal verbs are sometimes referred to as Modal Auxiliary verbs because they help other verbsThey are Auxiliary verbs that provide additional and specific meaning to the main verb of the sentenceExample: Mary could play the piano How do we use modals?SSubjectVVerbMThey do not accept conjugationThey do not need other auxiliary verbsThey can have different meanings depending on the situations they are usedTo understand it better we are going to divide them into 4 categoriesModal Verbs of obligation, no obligation, prohibition and advice.Modal verbs of ability and permission.Modal verbs of speculation and deduction.Modals perfects: They are used to express a situation in the pastWhat do they express?Obligation, no obligation, prohibition and adviceAbility and permissionSpeculation and deductionModal perfectsmust/ mustnt can / cantmaymay/might havemight / might notshould/shouldnt havehave to/dont have tocould / couldntmust havecouldneedntought tocant havecantshould/ shouldntmaycould havemustcantCategoriesModalConceptExamples*1 MustHave to/has toObligationYou must decide now.I have / she has to be fit to enter the race.*2 Dont have to/doesnt have to*3 NeedntNo obligation(its not necessary)You dont have / she doesnt have to phone me tomorrow.You neednt meet me at the airport. Ill get a taxi.Ought toShouldShouldntMustAdvice and recommendationThey ought to thank her for the present.You should stop smoking all the time.You shouldnt cross the street without looking first. Its dangerous.You must try this recipe.MustntCantProhibitionYou mustnt ride a motorbike without a helmet.You cant park here look at the sign.Modals of obligation, no obligation, prohibition and advice

7(*) Notes1 In writing there is no real difference between these words. In speech there is sometimes a small difference. Must is used when the speaker personally feels something is important and have to is used when the situation makes something necessary.You must start working harder!(I say so)You have to turn left here.(its the law)

2 Must and have to are very similar in their affirmative forms but they are completely different in their negative forms. Mustnt describes sth which is prohibited. Dont have to describes sth that is not necessary.You mustnt leave now.(its not allowed. Its against the rules)You dont have to leave now.(its not necessary)3 In informal spoken language we use dont need to instead of neednt.You dont need to go to the gym every day. Youre in good shape.

ModalConceptExamplesCan / cantAbility in the presentI can play the piano.My friend cant speak SpanishCould / couldntAbility in the pastHe could ski when he was 4.I couldnt ride a bike when I was a childCanCouldMayTo ask permission and make polite requestsDad, can I go to the concert?Could I have some money, please?May I come in, please?CanCantPermission in the presentYou can borrow this CD if you like.Students cant wear their own clothes to school.CouldCouldntPermission in the pastI could stay out until midnight when I was 14.We couldnt wear jewellery at school.Modals of ability and permission

9ModalConceptExamples*1 MayMightCouldMight notSpeculationHes wearing a ring, so he may be married.I might go shopping later, I dont know.It could rain today.She might not be on the train.CantNegative deductionThat cant be Sue. Shes in Brazil.MustAffirmative deductionYou must be tired after your long journey.

Modals of speculation and deduction

*1 these words all express uncertainty or possibility. Could is not used with not in this context.The meaning for all three words is approximately 50% probability. But if we stress the modal verb strongly in speech the probability is reduced.10They are modals referred to actions that happened in the past

It must have been a difficult decisionThey should have invited her to their wedding

Modal PerfectsMODAL + HAVE + verb in past participle

ModalConceptExamplesMay havePast unreal possibilityWe may have passed the test, but it was too difficult.Might havePast unreal small possibilityShe might have been swimming. Her hair is wet.Should havePast unreal recommendationYou should have listened to the doctor.You shouldnt have eaten too much chocolate.Must havePast unreal assumptionShe looks very fit. She must have been to the gym a lot lately.Cant haveImpossibility in the pastHe cant have stolen the money. He was with me all morning.Could havePast unreal ability/possibilityShe could have taken the flight.They could have won the match.

Modal perfects

12Writing the modal verbs that you listening in this video.

My son ___ be home by now. Where can he be?a. Have tob. Wouldc. Shouldd. Could I think your thumb is broken. You ___ go to the emergency room.a. Mightb. couldc. ought tod. can If you are interested in losing weight, you ______ try this new diet.a. Couldb. mustntc. dont have tod. had to Johnnies fallen down the stairs! I ________ call an ambulance!a. Willb. mightc. mayd. ought toYou _______ come too early. We wont leave until 9 oclock.a. Has tob. mustc. needntd. cantPractise Children ________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo.a. Ought tob. mustc. wouldd. mustntYou _________ talk during tests. Its forbidden!a. dont have tob. mustntc. couldntd. ought toI can feel the heat. We _________ be near the fire.a. Canb. wouldc. mustd. have toThey ________ hear him because he was whispering.a. Wouldntb. mustntc. shouldntd. couldntYouve never heard of Britney Spears! You ________ be serious!a. Mustb. had toc. cantd. shouldnt

__________ you like to have dinner with me tonight?a. Couldb. mayc. shouldd. wouldYou _________ let him hear about the party tomorrow. Its a surprise!a. mustntb. wouldntc. couldntd. can__________ I speak to the Chief of Police, please?a. Mustb. Mayc. Wouldd. NeedHe has arrived late. He _______ missed the busa. Must haveb. Should have c. Could haved. mustRe-write the following sentences using modals so that they have the same meaning.I suggest that you get a good lawyer!You ___________________________________________A university degree isnt necessary for that job.You ___________________________________________ Perhaps my father will pick you up.My father _______________________________________Eating is forbidden in class!You ___________________________________________should get a lawyerneednt have a university degree for that job dont have to have a university may / might pick you upmustnt eat in classLook at his dirty clothes! Im sure he is a poor person.He ____________________________________________ I dont believe that the legend of Hercules is true because therere many contradictions.The legend of Hercules ____________________________

must be a poor personcant be trueThink about these situations and create a sentence using modals.We are going to Paris for a weekend. (Make suggestions about things to do)We start school in September. (Talk about necessity)Margaret is a very talented sportswoman. (Talk about ability)You have just won the lottery! (Talk about possibility)Peter has got a headache and a congested nose. (Give him some advice)You want to borrow your uncles Mercedes Benz. (Ask for permission politely)SpeakingInvents a story using some modal verbsWriting (homework)