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Grams: “TECHNOLOGY” Phon Phone: Off: 0884-2300991 Email: director_ap@jntuk.edu.in Fax: 0884-2300991

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY: KAKINADA KAKINADA-533003, Andhra Pradesh (India)

Course Structure and Syllabus of M.Tech (Geoinformatics)

SEMESTER III Semester IV

Seminar

Project Phase II

Project Phase – I

CODE SEMESTER I CODE SEMESTER II

GI101 Principles of Photogrammetry GI201 Advanced GIS

GI102 Fundamentals of RS

GI202 GIS Project Planning and

Management

GI103 Fundamentals of GIS GI203 Applications of Geo-informatics

GI104 Principles of DIP GI204 Internet GIS

GI105A

GI105B

GI105C

Elective-1

Fundamentals of Surveying,

Cartography and Geodesy

Introduction to Computational

Intelligence

GPS Concepts & Applications

GI205A

GI205B

GI205C

Elective-2

Advanced RS

Spatial Decision Support System

Digital Photogrammetry

GI106 Surveying, Cartography and GPS

Laboratory

GI206 Digital Image Processing

Laboratory

GI107 Aerial and Satellite Data Interpretation

Laboratory

GI207 GIS & Data Analysis Laboratory

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GI101-PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Objective To Understand the basic concepts of photogrammetry, systems and techniques of extraction and analysis of information from aerial/satellite stereo data. UNIT-I

Introduction: Definition and terms, history of photogrammetry, concepts, principles and

types of photogrammetry, types of aerial photographs, vertical photographs, tilted

photographs, orthophotographs, aerial cameras.

UNIT-II

Geometry: Geometry and scale orientation and measurements, distortions, displacements

and their corrections, rectification.

UNIT-III

Stereoscopy: Principles of stereoscopic vision, types of stereoscopes, stereoscopic viewing,

stereoscopic parallax, Parallax eqns, Elevations by parallax differences stereoscopic plotting

and mapping instruments, soft copy plotters, Mosaics.

UNIT-IV

Analytical Photogrammetry: image measurements, control points, colinearity,

coplanarity, analytical interior orientation, analytical relative orientation, analytical absolute

orientation, analytical self calibration. UNIT-V

Ground Control for Aerial Photogrammetry: selecting photo control points number and

location of photo control, planning the control survey, traditional field survey methods for

horizontal control and vertical control, ground control surveys by GPS, artificial targets for

photo identifiable control points, indexing ground control. UNIT-VI

Aerotriangulation: GPS supported AT, geometric relationship between a camera and GPS

antenna with respect to position, and attitude, synchronization of GPS coordinates with

camera exposures, entering GPS coordinates, and INS parameters in bundle block

adjustments for each exposure stations. Requirements with GPS and INS. UNIT-VII

Orientation Procedures: Purpose of fiducial marks, image coordinate system and object

space coordinate system.

UNIT-VIII

Concept of Block/Bundle/Strip Adjustments: definition of block, types of block

adjustments, planning of photo control, selecting photo control images, number and location

of photo control, bundle block adjustment, (IO,EO) colinearity condition equations, epipolar

geometry, space resection, space intersection, reasons for digital AT superior over analogue

AT.

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REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Elements of Photogrammetry with applications in GIS by Paul R Wolf and Bon A.

Dewitt, 3rd edition, 2004, ISBN 007-123689-9

2. Aerial Photography and Image interpretation second edition by David P paine, and

James D Kiser, 2003, John Wiley and Sons Inc. ISBN 0-471-20489-7

3. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs : TE Avery

4. Elementary Air Survey : W. Kilford.

5. Manual of Photogrammetry: ASP Falls Church Virginia.

6. Modern Photogrammetry by Edward M Mikhail

7. Photogrammetry Vol. I- Kranss – Kranss,J, - Springer-Verlay Publications.

8. Photogrammetry 3rd Edition by Moffitt, Francis,H. & Mikhail, Edeverd M., - Harper

and Row Publishers.

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GI102- FUNDAMENTALS OF REMOTE SENSING

Objective

To understand the basic concepts of remote sensing, systems & techniques of data

acquisition and to acquire skills in image processing techniques and interpretation of remote

sensing data.

UNIT-I

Introduction: Definition of terms, Concepts and types of remote sensing; evolution of

remote sensing technology, stages in remote sensing technology, spatial data acquisition,

advantages of RS over conventional methods of survey and inventorying.

UNIT-II

Principles of Remote Sensing : Electromagnetic spectrum: Characteristics of electro-

magnetic radiation; Interactions between matter and electro-magnetic radiation;

Wavelength regions of electro-magnetic radiation; Types of remote sensing with respect to

wavelength regions; active and passive remote sensing, Definition of radiometry.

UNIT-III

Basics of Radiation and Reflectance: Black body radiation; Reflectance; spectral

reflectance of land covers; Spectral characteristics of solar radiation; Radiative transfer

equation; energy interaction in the atmosphere; energy interactions with the earths

surface- spectral reflectance curves

UNIT-IV

Sensors: Types of sensors – passive sensors and active sensors; photographic sensors,

optical sensors, imaging sensors, microwave sensors, thermal sensors, atmospheric

sensors, sensor resolution – spectral, spatial, radiometric and temporal.

UNIT-V

Scanners: Methods of scanning – across track, along track.

Theory of various scanners – optical, mechanical, line, push broom etc.,

UNIT-VI

Platforms & Remote Sensing Satellites

Platforms: Types of platforms- airborne remote sensing, space borne remote sensing;

Atmospheric condition and altitude; Attitude of platform; Attitude sensors; Orbital elements

of satellite; Orbit of satellite; Satellite positioning systems.

Remote Sensing Satellites: Sun synchronous and geo synchronous; characteristics of IRS

series of satellites, LANDSAT, SPOT, INSAT, RISAT, CARTOSAT, IKONOS, QUICKBIRD,

WORLD VIEW etc.,

UNIT-VII

Image Interpretation and Analysis: Fundamentals of satellite image interpretation;

Types of imaging, elements of interpretation; Techniques of visual interpretation;

Generations of Thematic maps

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Unit - VIII

Introduction to advanced Remote Sensing

Introduction and brief overview of Thermal remote sensing, microwave remote sensing,

hype spectral remote sensing.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing: George Joseph

2. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation: Lillesand & Keifer – 4th edition (2004) –

John Wiley & Sons, New York.

3. Manual of Remote Sensing: ASP Falls Church Virginia USA.

4. Physical aspects of Remote Sensing: PJ Curran.

5. Remote Sensing Principles and Interpretation: F.F. Sabins., W.H.Freeman & Co,

New York

6. Introduction to Remote Sensing: J.B. Campbell.

7. Remote sensing Models nad methods for image processing by Robert A.

Schowengerdt, second edition, 1997, Academic Press

8. Gibso,P., and Clare H. Power, 2000. Introductory Remote Sensing, Principles and

concepts, Rout ledge, 1st edition, London.

9. e-resources

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GI103-FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Objective: To understand the basic principles of GIS, creation of GIS database and develop basic practical skills in the use of GIS software for data inputting, error correction and preliminary analysis.

Unit-I

Introduction to GIS: Definitions, Basic Concepts, history and evolution, Components,

Need, Scope, interdisciplinary relations, applications areas, and overview of GIS.

Unit-II

Data Sources: Data collection, modes of data acquisition- Primary and secondary

methods of acquisition of spatial and non-spatial data-surveying, remote sensing,

Photogrammetry, Database generation Data capturing, map scanning and digitizing, data

conversion from other digital sources, data exchange standards, topology building, editing

and cleaning, linking of spatial and non-spatial data.

Unit-III

Data Types & Formats:

Data Types: Spatial/Geometrical Data- Raster data, Vector data, Non-spatial / Attribute

Data.

Data Formats: Raster data formats, vector data formats, Merits and demerits of data

formats.

Unit-IV

Data Models: Basic Data Models – vector, Spaghetti model and Topology model, IMGRID;

Choice between data models; Advanced data models- GIRD, TIN, Network, Combination.

Unit-V

Data Processing: Updation, corrections, modifications, scale changes, Coordinate

thinning, geometric transformations and map projection transformations, conflation sliver

removal, edge matching, interactive graphic editing, rubber sheeting.

Unit-VI

Data Quality and Standards: Definition of data quality, components of geographic data

quality – lineage, positional accuracy, attributes accuracy, temporal accuracy, logical

consistency and completeness; assessment of data quality. Accuracy, precision, error and uncertainty. Sources and types of errors, error propagation and error management;

Geographic data standards components and types of GIS standards, international GIS

standards, interoperability of GIS, quality control. Unit-VII

Spatial Concepts and Patterns: Spatial Concepts: introduction to space, Spatial awareness, Euclidean space, Set based geometry of space, Topology of space, Network spaces, Metric spaces, Spatial elements - point, line, area, surface and network- spatial patterns, spatial data relationships, topological relationships and geometrical relationships, proximal, directional relationships

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Unit-VIII Spatial Integration and Data Models

Spatial Integration: Logic operations, general arithmetic operations, general statistical

operations, geometric operations, query and report generation from attribute data,

geometric data search and retrieval, complex operations of attribute data, classification

reclassification, integrated geometry and attributes, overlay, buffer zones, raster data

overlay, integrated data analysis. Spatial reference systems, trend surface analysis,

Network and Raster connectivity operations, Spatial interpolation and proximity

operations.

Data Models: Digital Terrain models, Hydrologic modeling, Basic engineering GIS

applications (brief) GIS analytic models.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems CP Lo Albert K W Yeung,

2005 Prantice Hall of India.

2. Principles of GIS for Land Resources Assessment by P.A. Burrough, Oxford : Science

publications, 1986.

3. Geographic Information Systems – An introduction by Tor Bernhardsen, John Wiley

and Sons, Inc, New York, 2002.

4. GIS – A computing Perspective by Micheal F. Worboys, Taylor & Francis, 1995.

5. Robert Laurini and Deek Thompson, “Fundamentals of Spatial Information Systems”,

Academic Press, 1996.

6. Fundamentals of GIS- by Michael N. Demers-Publishers: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

7. Geographical Information Systems – Principles and Applications, Volume I edited by

David J.Maguire, Micheal F Goodchild and David W Rhind, John Wiley Sons. Inc., New

York 1991.

8. Geographical Information Systems – Principles and Applications, Volume II edited by

David J.Maguire, Micheal F Goodchild and David W Rhind, John Wiley Sons. Inc., New

York 1991.

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GI104-PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Objective

The course aims at introducing the various processing techniques used to enhance, interpret

images and extract information from images.

UNIT-I

Sensor and Data Models: Introduction- Sensor model –Resolution, spectral and spatial

response – Univariate & multi variable image statistics – Spatial statistics.

UNIT-II

Image Rectification

Image Rectification and Restoration: Geometric correction- Radiometric correction –

Noise removal

Rectifying Camera Image: Perform Image to Image Rectification – Check Map Models –

Orthorectification-Area correlation –Resampling- Multi-image fusion- Spatial and spectral

domain fusion.

UNIT-III

Image Enhancement and Manipulation

Image Enhancement: Contrast Manipulation –Gray-Level Threshholding-Level Slicing

Contrast Stretching –Convolution – Edge Enhancement – Spatial feature manipulation –

Fourier Analysis.

Multi Image Manipulation: Spectral Ratioing –Principal and Canonical Components–

Vegetative Components– Intensity – Hue – Saturation – Colour Space Transformation.

UNIT-IV

Information Extraction: Principal -Component Analysis- Ratio Images- Multispectral

Classification –Supervised Classification Stage- Minimum distance to means classifier,

parallelepiped classifier, Gaussian maximum likelihood classifier – Training Stage: Graphical

representation of the spectral response patterns, Quantitative expression of category

separation, Self-classification of training set data, interactive preliminary classification,

representative and subsene classification – unsupervised classification- Hybrid –

Classification –Classification of Mixed Pixels.

UNIT-V

Data Merging and GIS Integration: Multi temporal Data merging – Change detection

procedures- Multisensory image merging – Merging of image data with Ancillary data-

Incorporating GIS Data in automated land cover classification.

UNIT-VI

Image Analysis

Image Analysis and Understanding: Pattern recognition – Shape analysis- Textural and

contextual analysis –Decision concepts – Fuzzy sets and evidential reasoning.

Hyper-spectral Image Analysis and Radar image analysis: Atmospheric correction –

Hyper-spectral image analysis techniques.

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UNIT-VII

Accuracy Assessment: Error characteristics – Radiometric, Geometric, Sources of

classification error, Interpretation of the error matrix, measurements of maps accuracy.

UNIT-VIII

Introduction to Advanced Concepts: Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM) – Stereo images –

Artificial intelligence and expert systems – Artificial Neural Network concepts.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. John R Jenson „Introducing Digital Image Processing” _ Prantice Hall. New Jersy 1986.

2. Robert A Schowengergt, „Techniques for Image Processing and Classification in Remote

Sensing’;1983

3. Robert A Schowengergt, „Remote Sensing – Models and Methods for Image Processing‟

Academic Press 1997 Hord R M, Academic Press, 1982.

4. Digital image processing (3rd Edition) Rabael C. Gonzalez, Richard E.Woods Prentice Hall,

2007

5. Anil K.Jain “Fundamentals of Digital image processing” Prentice Hall Publications, USA.

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GI105A-FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING, CARTOGRAPHY and GEODESY

Objective

Upon completion of this subject students should have gained the knowledge of

Cartography and Geodesy. They also become familiar with the basic principles and their

applications in Geoinformatics projects.

Unit-I

Introduction to Surveying: Datum and Reference System, horizontal data and Vertical

data, Survey operations, Field work, Office work, Geodetic surveys, Plain surveys and Shape

of earth.

Chapter-II

Classification of Surveys: Classification of plane surveys, Topographical surveys,

Photographic surveys, Engineering surveys, Hydrographic surveys, Mine surveys, Cadastral

surveys.

Chapter-III

Stages in Surveying: Stages in Surveying, Control Survey, Planimetry and Height control

by triangulation and Traverse, Height control by Spirit leveling, Detail survey by Plane

Tabling methods, Contour survey and Depiction of heights.

Chapter-IV

Introduction to Cartography: Definitions, terms, concepts, types, history, applications,

conventional cartography v/s digital cartography, cartographic process, cartographic

products, cartographic materials, Overview of cartography:- Cartography in context of GIS,

Principles of cartographic design in GIS, cartographic generalization, atlases and electronic

atlases, hyper maps and digital spatial libraries.

Chapter-V

Map Basics: Types of map, map scale, classes of maps, map composition, the mapping

process, map projection and types, Map Numbering Systems; Base Maps & Thematic Maps;

Map Legend, Symbols & Border Information; Design & Layout of Maps, geographic content

of the map, label placement, map Compilation.

Chapter-VI

Introduction to Geodesy: Definitions, terms, types, history, fundamental goals of

geodesy, applications, and overview.

Chapter-VII

Projections and Co-ordinate Systems: Classification of map projections, Datum

surfaces and Coordinate system, Transformations, Introduction to Azimuthal, Conical and

Cylindrical projections with emphasis on LCC, Polyconic and UTM.

Geometric Geodesy: Earth, geoid and reference Ellipsoid, Everest Spheroid, WGS 84,

Vertical datum, Mean Sea Level, geometry of ellipsoid, level surfaces, plumb line and

deflection of the vertical, coordinate system in geodesy.

Satellite Geodesy: Introduction – Normal orbits, Equation of motion and laws of Kepler,

geometry of elliptic orbit, line orbit in space, perturbed orbit, Lagrange and Gaussian

Planetary equations, Gravitational perturbation, Doppler surveying.

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Chapter-VIII

Introduction to GPS: Definition, concept, GPS working principle, history and timeline,

overview. Technical Description and GPS Observables: System Segmentation – Space

segment; control segment, user segment- types of receivers.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Surveying and Mapping, Volume I and II by David Clarke

2. Elements of Cartography, Robinson, A.H. et al, 6th Edition, 1995 John Wiley & Sons

Etobicoke ON ISBN 0-471-55579-7

3. Thematic Cartography and Visualization, Slocum, T., 1999, Prentice Hall

4. Ivan I, Mueller and Karl H TAmsayer, Introduction to Surveying, Frederick Ungar

Publishing Co., New York

5. Teunissen P.J.D., GPS for Geodesy, Springer, 2nd Edition, 1998.

6. GPS satellite surveying: Alfred leick.

7. Anson R.W. and F.J.Ormeling, Basic Cartography for Students and Technicians. Vol-I,

II and III Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, 3rd Edition, 2004.

8. John Campbell, Introductory Cartography, Third Edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers

2004.

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GI105B-INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Objective On completion of the subject, students should be able to implement the basic tools of computational intelligence for GIS.

Unit – I

Computational Intelligence: An overview of computational intelligence: various

paradigms - Expert Systems, Artificial Neural Network, Fuzzy Logic, Genetic

Algorithms/Programming, History and development.

Unit – II

Expert Systems: An Overview of expert systems, Knowledge Representation, Symbolic

Representation, Rule- Based Systems, Logic Programming, Knowledge Acquisition,

Heuristic Classification, Tools for Building Expert Systems, Machine Learning, Hybrid

Systems

Unit – III

Artificial Neural Networks-Fundamental Concepts: Introduction to Neural networks,

Biological neurons and their mathematical models such as McCulloch-Pitts, Perceptron and

AdaLine, Linear separability problem, Different types of learning algorithms: Supervised,

Unsupervised and Reinforcement learning algorithms.

Unit – IV

Multi-layer Feed Forward Networks: Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) with generalized delta rule, delta rule with momentum term, Radial Basis function network (RBF) and its

learning algorithms, Neural network design: selection of hidden layer, hidden node,

learning rate, number of epoch, initialization of weight matrix and selection of training and

testing patterns. Application to function approximation, pattern classification.

Unit – V

Competitive and Recurrent Networks: Competitive network: Hebbian learning

algorithm, Winner-Take-All learning, Self-Organizing feature map network, Principal

component network and Independent component network, Recurrent network: Basic

models, Hopfield network: network dynamics, learning methods, application to pattern recognition and storage problems.

Unit – VI

Fuzzy Logic: Introduction and background to fuzzy logic: Linguistic variables,

Membership functions, Fuzzification, Defuzzification, Basic operations on fuzzy sets, Fuzzy

relations, Fuzzy c-means clustering, Applications to pattern recognition, data analysis.

Unit – VII

Genetic Algorithm and Programming Introduction and background to genetic algorithm, Darwinian principle, Genetic operators, Schema theorem, Fitness and scaling problems, Introduction to Genetic programming, Introduction to Automatically Defined Functions -- Regression example. Application of GP to pattern recognition problems.

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Unit – VIII

Role of RS & GIS in Computation Intelligence: RS & GIS based Fuzzy models, RS &

GIS based ANN models; Expert systems in RS & GIS domain

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Expert Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence, E. Turban, Macmillan, 1992

2. Introduction to Expert Systems, Peter Jackson, Harlow, England: Addison Wesley

Longman, 1999.

3. Neural networks: A comprehensive Foundation, Simon Haykins, Prentice Hall Inc.,

1999.

4. Fuzzy sets, uncertainty and information, Geroge J. Klir, Tina A. Folger, Prentice Hall

inc., 2000.

5. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning, Goldberg,

David Edward, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1989

6. Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural

Selection, J.Koza, The MIT Press, 1992.

7. e-Resources

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GI 105 C - CONCEPTS OF GPS AND APPLICATIONS

Unit – 1

Introduction to Geodesy: Definitions and fundamentals of Geodesy, Earth, Geoid and Ellipsoid

of rotation, Reference surface, Geodetic systems, Indian Geodetic System, Coordinate systems in

Geodesy.

Unit – II

Fundamentals of GPS: Introductions, Space segment, User segment and Control segments,

Observation principle and signal structure, Orbit determination and representation, Intentional

limitation of system accuracy, system development, Point positioning and relative positioning.

Unit – III

GPS Receivers: Receiver Concepts and main receiver components, Examples of GPS receivers,

Classical receivers, Examples of currently available geodetic receivers, Navigational receivers,

Future developments.

Unit – IV

GPS Observables and Data Processing: Code and carrier phase observables, Linear

combinations and derived observables, Concepts of parameterization, Solutions of ambiguity,

Cycle slips, Receiver independent exchange data format-RINEX

Unit – V

Methods of surveying with GPS: Static, Pseudo-kinematic, Semi-kinematic and Kinematic

positioning, Navigation with GPS

Unit – VI

Differential GPS: DGPS Concepts, Data Formats, Data Transmission, Real Time Kinematic

GPS, Multiple reference stations.

Unit-VII

Erro Budget and Corrections: Basic considerations, Satellite geometry, Accuracy measures,

Orbits and clocks, Signal propagation, Tropospheric and lonospheric effects, Multipath,

Summary and issue of integrity.

Unit – VIII

GPS Applications: Setting up an observation plan, Practical aspects of field observations,

Observation strategies, Network design, Geodetic control survey of zero 1st, 2

nd, 3

rd and 4

th order.

Height Determination, Cadastral Surveying. GIS

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. Satellite Geodesy by GUNTER SEEBER, copy Right 2003 by WALTER DE

GRUYTER 1993, ISBN: 3-11-017549-5.

2. Global Positioning system – Theory and Practice – Hofmann W.B, Lichtenegger. H,

Collins. J-Springer Verlag Wein, New York.

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GI106- SURVEYING, CARTOGRAPHY & GPS LABORATORY

Surveying:

Surveying with Theodolite - Electronic Survey.

Cartography:

1. Preparation of Simple Vector Map

2. Preparation of Contours

3. Preparation of Planimetrically controlled thematic Map

4. Toposheet interpretation

5. Preparation of Cross sections

6. Topographic profiles for Toposheet

7. Preparation of 3D block diagrams

8. Map Projections – Constructions

GPS

GPS Mapping: Conventional – Static – Kinematic – Semi kinematic (Stop &Go)-

Rapid static, Mobile Mapping.

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GI107- AERIAL AND SATELLITE DATA INTERPRETATION LABORATORY

1. Stereo vision Test and Anatomy of Pocket, Prism & Mirror Stereoscopes.

2. Decoding, Marking & Transfer of Principal Points, Base line drawing, Flight line marking,

3D Observation, Tracing details, Transfer the details to base map.

3. Determination of scales of Aerial Photographs.

4. Height and Slope measurements.

5. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs (Stereo vision).

6. Study of Various Visual Remote Sensing Equipments.

7. Decoding of Different Satellite data.

8. Interpretation of Black & White and False colour Multi Band Imagery.

9. Interpretation of Thermal & Microwave Imagery.

10. Transfer of Information from Imagery to Base Map.

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SEMESTER – II

GI201-ADVANCED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Objective Upon completion of study of this subject the student would be able to model and analyse the spatial data, utilize GIS as navigation guide, decision support and expert tool. Understand how to use a wide range of vector-based GIS tools to address questions relevant to natural resource management. Analyse the requirements of a proposed application and synthesise an appropriate solution and customize a GIS. Unit – 1

Geodatabase: Types of geodatabase, Advantages of geodatabase, Basic geodatabase

structure, Topology, relational classes, geometric networks, raster data - Creating

geodatabase, organizing data, defining database structure - Understanding spatial

reference in geodatabase - Modifying spatial domain, Simple feature creation in

geodatabase, Creating and editing map topology ,- Types of geodatabase annotation - Adding behavior to a geodatabase.

Unit – II

Surface Analysis: Slope and aspect - Hydrologic functions - Viewsheds - Shaded relief

maps Spatial analysis - Surface analysis - 3-D analysis - Map algebra - Cell statistics DEM,

DTM and TIN Unit – III Spatial Models: Why build models - Anatomy of a model - Model elements -

Introduction to scripting. The object model in GIS. Vector and raster data extraction for

modeling, Land use classification, Temporal land use analysis, Spatial modeling

procedure, Cellular automata modeling, Methods of spatial interpolation. Unit – IV Data Accuracy, Error Assessment and Propagation: Spatial data standards, Positional

accuracy, Methods of measuring data accuracy, Accuracy measurement, Error in linear

and area feature, Land use classification accuracy, Attribute accuracy, Error propagation

in spatial attribute Unit – V Advanced Cartography: Annotations, labels, and metadata; Map making with advance

tricksWorking with labels and annotations - Managing (organizing and modifying) labels

and annotations - Metadata file creation and management with new tools Unit – VI Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and SDSS :Elements of multi-criteria decision analysis,

classification of decision problems, evaluation criteria, hierarchical decision alternatives

and constraints, alternatives and decision variables, deterministic variables, criteria

weighting , estimation weights, ranking methods, decision rules, multi-attribute decision

rules, sensitivity analysis, multi-criteria spatial decision support systems (SDSS). SDSS for

location planning, application-specific capabilities; requirements of a SDSS. Unit – VII Expert GIS :Introduction to concepts of Expert GIS, Data formats, Proprietary file

formats, translator and transfer formats, open formats, standards, metadata, standards

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gazetteer, XML and GML, Spatial databases, relational databases, object databases, GIS

and databases, advanced database technology, derived mapping – generalization, text

placement, automated cartography, data from imagery, Web GIS, simple maps

in web pages, internet mapping sites, internet softwares, Mobile GIS –positioning, location

based services, personal and vehicle navigation, LBS for mass market, telematics. –

Applications. Unit – VIII Enterprise GIS :User need assessment; old and new spatial database models, SDE

layers, Geo database, architecture design, capacity planning (Hardware), security

planning, RDBMS software selection, GIS software selection, planning for migration.

Enterprise GIS management.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. GIS and Multi-criteria decision analysis by Jacek Malczewski, John Wiley and sons.

2. Expert Systems by Peter Jackson, third edition,1999, Pearson Education. 3. Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems CP Lo Albert K W

Yeung, 2005 Prantice Hall of India.

4. Geographic Information Systems – An introduction by Tor Bernhardsen, John Wiley

and Sons, Inc, New York, 2002.

5. Remote sensing and Image interpretation by Thomas M. Lillesand and Ralph W.

Kiefer, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1994. 6. Geographical Information Systems – Principles and Applications, Volume I edited by

David J. Maguire, Micheal F Goodchild and David W Rhind, John Wiley Sons. Inc., New York 1991.

7. Geographical Information Systems – Principles and Applications, Volume II edited

by David J. Maguire, Micheal F Goodchild and David W Rhind, John Wiley Sons. Inc.,

New York 1991.

8. Fundamentals of GIS – by Michael N.Demers – Publishers: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

9. e-resources.

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GI202-GIS PROJECT PLANNING & MANAGEMENT

Objective

The objective of this subject is to enable the students to formulate, plan, execute and

manage Geoinformatics projects.

Unit - I

Introduction: Definition of plan, project, program and scheme. Functions of planning and

management. Components of Geoinformatics project. Overview of Geoinformatics projects,

types of projects.

Unit - II

GIS Project Planning : Project phases and Project life cycle, project stakeholders, system

development lifecycle, Software development models, Project initiation, systems planning

and methodology, systems analysis and user requirements studies, GIS software evaluation

and selection, Hardware considerations and acquisition, Geographic database design –

conceptual, logical, and physical data modeling, planning and database issues - screening of

project ideas, selection of project based on techno-economic feasibility analysis, project

formulation, product and project design, project report preparation. Project proposals. A

case study.

Unit - III

Project Costs : Elements of cost, costing techniques, resources planning, cost components

of a geo -informatics project- men, Hardware and software costs, cost of Remote Sensed

Data /Imageries, Maintenance cost, organizational cost, service charges, outsourcing cost,

pricing the product / service. Cost budgeting.

Unit - VI

Project Appraisal - Project appraisal Methods -Discounting and non discounting

techniques, Benefit Cost Ratio, Break Even Point Analysis, Cost and Return simulation,

return on investment. Project Time, Quality and Cost Management

Unit - V

Project scheduling- network analysis, PERT and CPM techniques, Gant chart, time and

cost crashing. Project cost and time control, feed back mechanisms, quality control /

quality assurance. Data standards, interoperability, ISO standards.

Unit - VI

Project Scope and Risk Management:

Project scope definition, scope verification, scope change control, risk management

planning, project risk identification, quantitative and qualitative risk analysis, risk response

planning, risk monitoring and control.

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Unit - VII

GIS Organizations - Vision, mission, goals and objectives, organizational chart,

organizational approaches- democratic, authoritative, roles and responsibilities of

personnel, recruitments, training, motivation, organizational behaviour, conflict resolving,

team building, promotion/ demotion.

Unit - VIII

Management Issues and Trends in GIS

Management Issues: Making GIS efficient, effective and safe to use, data as management

issue, GIS as a management tool, impact of broad societal issues.

Trends: Enterprise GIS, Corporate GIS, BPO in GIS, Spatial Data Warehouse,

Interoperability and Open GIS, NSDI.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. A guide to the Project Management Body Of Knowledge -2000 edition,

Project Management Institute, USA

2. The Design and Implementation of Geographic Information Systems, John E.

Harmon, Steven J. Anderson by Wiley Publishers ISBN: 0-471-20488-9

3. Geographic Information Systems, abridged by Paul A Longley, Michael F Goodchild,

David J.

4. Maguire, and David W. Rhind, second edition, 2005

5. Project Management using PERT / CPM – Weist & Levy, PHI

6. Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information System by C P Lo Albert K W

Yeung, 2002, EEEPrantice Hall of India Private Ltd.

7. Project Management PERT / CPM & Precedence Diagramming Moder, Philip, Galgotia

8. UNIDO Guide to Project Appraisal

9. e-resources.

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GI203-Applications of Geo --informatics

Objective

Developing skills in utilization of technologies namely remote sensing, GIS & GPS in natural

resources, forestry and ecology, agricultural and disaster management, utilities and

Facilities management.

Unit - I

Natural Resources Exploration: Mineral resources exploration, Mineral mapping and

Mineral Resources Information System; mineral prospect zonation, Mapping mining area,

encroachment mapping, GIS in mine remediation and mine reclamation.

RS & GIS based Oil and gas exploration studies.

Ground water resources- ground water prospect zonation. Locating sites suitable for ground

water recharging, groundwater contamination.

Watershed studies – Delineation and Codification, action plan for watershed development,

watershed prioritization, impact assessment.

Unit - II

Forest and Ecology Applications: Image enhancement technique and its application for

forest mapping. Forest cover mapping and monitoring, Forest fire surveillance and

forecasting, forest fire monitoring, forest burnt area mapping, fire risk zonation, fire spread

modeling. Wild life ecological applications.

Unit - III

Biodiversity Applications: Biodiversity characterisation and conservation planning,

ecorestoration and ecodevelopment, deforestation / afforestation / encroachment mapping

and monitoring. Impact assessment of mining in forest area on forest ecology.

Unit – IV

Soil and Agricultural Applications

Soil Studies:

Soil survey, soil mapping, soil classification, soil series establishment, profile studiesLand

capability, soil irrigability, land irrigability and hydrosoil map preparation, surface soil

moisture estimation, soil salinity mapping, soil erosion mapping.

Agricultural Applications: Agro-climatic zonation, crop acreage estimation, crop

inventory, crop production forecasting, RS based yield model, production estimation.

Unit- V

Land Use/Land Cover and Land Management: Land use classification Land use / land

cover mapping, monitoring and management. Wasteland and wet land mapping.

Unit – VI

Disasters and Coastal zone management

Natural Disasters: Cyclones, floods, tidal waves, earth quakes, land subsidence and land

slides, droughts, well known Indian examples.

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Coastal Zone management: concepts models and information systems, Remote sensing

satellites for coastal zone studies. Application of remote sensing of and GIS in coastal zone

studies.

UNIT – VII

Location Based Services Applications: Vehicle tracking: Automatic vehicle location(AVL)

– Components of AVL; Alarms used in Vehicle Tracking, Fleet Management – Vehicle

Navigation – Emergency call; Address Geocoding, Distress call Application.

UNIT – VIII

Land Information System and Utilities: Land Information System – Tax mapping

Utilities – Water utility, Electric utility and Telecommunications.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Lo.C.P. and Yeung, Albert KW, Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information

System, Prentice Hall of India, 2002.

2. Robert Laurini and Derek Thompson, Fundamentals of Spatial Information Systems,

Academic Press, 1996.

3. Laura L.,Managing Natural Resources with GIS, ESRI Press, 1998.

4. Alan L., MD Melnick, Introduction to Geographic Information Systems for Public

Health, Aspen Publishers, 1st Edition, 2002.

5. Amim Hammad, Hassan karimi, Telegeoinformatics: Location-based Computing and

Services, CRC Press, 1st Edication 2004.

6. Allah Brimicomber, GIS Environmental Modeling and Engineering, Taylor and Francis,

2003

7. Savigny D De and Wijeyaratne.P.GIS for Health and Environment, Stylus publication,

1994.

8. Paul A Longley, Michael F Goodchild, David J Maguire, David W Rhind, Geographical

Information Systems, Volume I and II, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1999.

9. Van Dijk M.G.Bos, GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques in Land-And-Water-

Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

10. Juliana Maantay, John Ziegler and John Pickles, GIS for the Urban Environment,

ESRI Press, 2006.

11. Laura Lang, GIS for Health Organizations, ESRI Press, 2000.

12. Lisa Godin, GIS in Telecommunications Managements, ESRI Press, 1st Edition, 2001.

13. Applications in Coastal Zone Research Management, Martin, K.St. (ed), U.N. Institute

for Training and Research, 1993.

14. Integrated Ocean and Coastal Management, Sain, B.C., and Knecht, R.W.,UNESCO

Publication, 1998.

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GI204-INTERNET GIS

Objective

On completion of study of this subject, students would have a sound knowledge about the

Web GIS and its Applications for serving the geospatial data to the clients. One would be

able to web design utilizing web GIS software’s.

Unit – I Introduction to Web GIS: Definition, concept of Web GIS, History of Web GIS,

components of web GIS, internet, web GIS v/s Internet GIS, Fundamentals of computer

networking – network environment – network communication models –protocols – TCP/IP.

Applications of web GIS, users and stake holders of web GIS, advantages and limitations of

web GIS, overview of Web GIS.

Unit – II Client/server Computing: Client – server – glue – client/server system partition– layered

architecture – advantages and disadvantages of client server architecture. Distributed

component framework – web mapping – static and interactive web mapping – open GIS

web map server.

Unit – III Distributed geographic information services: Principle – components – logic and data

components. Geographic Markup Language: Principles – characteristics - commercial web

mapping programs – mobile GIS. Distributed GIS in data warehousing and data sharing.

Unit – IV Web GIS Data. Classification of WEB GIS data, Geospatial data, type, characteristics,

distribution, GIS interactive maps, - general maps at regional level, very detailed maps

down to lot level. Level of Service (LOS) Level of Contents (LOC) Level of GIS Functions or

Level of Functions (LOF). A Cross Tabular Matrix (CTM) approach Stake–holders, users,

owners and organizations of web GIS, policies and laws pertaining to web GIS,

Watermarking Geo-Spatial Data

Unit – V Web GIS Functions: Display of general information for the public, display of planning

information, interactive display of spatial information, sharing and distribution of spatial

data as well as management of spatial data.

Design of User Graphic Interface User friendly interface, characteristics, menus and icons,

common terms.Graphic Appearance - colours, sizes, fonts, scales and arrangement.

Unit – VI Web GIS Software: Brands of software used to develop web GIS at the server and client

sides. Evaluation of different brands, ArcIMS, Map Objects, Mapguide, Map Server,

Geomedia webmap, Fulcrum, Vectoreyes.

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Unit – VII WEB GIS Applications - I: Participatory GIS -Web-based GIS For Collaborative Planning

And Public Participation, Digital Democracy for planning, web GIS An Aid To Local

Environmental Decision-making, web GIS for regional and local level planning. Community

GIS.

Unit – VIII WEB GIS Applications – II: Applications in intelligent transportation systems, planning

and resource management. E-Governance, Electronic Government Proposals.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Korte,G. B., (2001})”The GIS book”: 5th Edition, Onward press, Australia.

2.Cartwright, W., M.P. Peterson, G. Gartner (Eds) “Multimedia Cartography’,

Berlm:Springer.

3. Kraak, M., and A. Brown (2001)” Web Cartography: Development and Prospects,

London”: Taylor and Francies.

4. Kraak, M. and F. Ormeling (2003) “Cartography: Visualization of Geospatial Data”, Delhi:

PearsonEducation.

5. Internet GIS: Distributed Geographic Information Services for the Internet and Wireless

Networks – Zhong – Ren Peng and Ming – Hsidng Tsou.

6. Network GIS – Yang, Chaowei, Wong, David W.S., Kabates, Menas, ISBN:978-3-540-

36768-0

7. On line resources or e-resoureces.

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GI205A-ADVANCED REMOTE SENSING

Objective Upon completion of this subject students should have gained the knowledge of optical and microwave remote sensing and also they become familiar with the basic principles and advantages of thermal and Microwave RS. Unit – I

Passive Microwave Remote Sensing: Basics –physics of RADAR waves, spectral

characteristics of RADAR waves, microwave radiometers, passive microwave scanners and

sensors, applications in atmosphere, ocean and land.

Unit – II

Active Microwave Remote Sensing - I: RADAR- definition and development, Radar

Systems –airborne and space borne SLRs and their components, imaging systems, typical

images, radar wavelengths, scattering theory, RADAR equation, Depression angle, slant

range and ground range images, spatial resolution and theoretical limits, azimuth

resolution, real aperture and synthetic aperture RADAR systems, geometric characteristics

of radar imagery and transmission characteristics of radar signals, SLR stereoscopy

and RADARgrammetry.

Unit – III

Active Microwave Remote Sensing – II: RADAR return and image significance,

coherence, phase unwrapping, polarization, image registration, baseline determination,

measurement of surface topography and deformation analysis, satellite radar systems and

images, image processing, RADAR image interpretation. SAR interferometry- principle,

image processing, differential SAR interferometry, factors affecting SAR interferometry,

Applications of RADAR soil response, vegetation response, water and ice response, urban

area response.

Unit - IV

Thermal Remote Sensing - I: Thermal radiation principles, processes and thermal

properties of materials, thermal conductivity, thermal capacity, thermal inertia, thermal

diffusivity, emissivity, sensing radiant temperatures, radiant versus kinetic temperatures,

blackbody radiation, atmospheric effects, interaction of thermal radiation with terrain

elements, IR detection and imaging technology, thermal sensors and scanners, airborne IR

surveys, satellite thermal IR images, spatial resolution and ground coverage, thermal IR

broad band scanner and multispectral scanner, geometric characteristics of across track

and along track IR imageries, distortions and displacements, radiometric calibration of

thermal scanners. Unit - V

Thermal Remote Sensing – II: Interpretation of thermal IR imagery, temperature

mapping with thermal scanner data, thermal inertia mapping, apparent thermal inertia,

applications of thermal remote sensing in geology, hydrogeology, urban heat budgeting.

Unit – VI

LIDAR Remote Sensing: Altimetric LiDAR: Physics of laser, spectral characteristics of

laser, laser interaction with objects, Airborne Altimetric LiDAR: principle, Multiple return,

Components of LiDAR system, INS technology, INS-GPS integration, measurement of laser

range, calibration, flight planning, laser range to xyz coordinates, accuracy of various

components of LiDAR, error analysis of data and error removal, raw data of DEM

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processing, filtering of data uses of return strength/waveform, data classification

techniques, LiDAR data integration with spectral data, LiDAR applications

Unit - VII

Hyper-spectral Remote Sensing: Hyper-spectral Imaging: Hyper spectral concepts, data

collection systems, calibration techniques, data processing techniques; preprocessing, N-

dimensional scatter-plots, Special angle mapping, Spectral mixture analysis, Spectral

Matching, Mixture tuned matched filtering, Classification techniques, airborne and space-

borne hyper-spectral sensors, applications. High resolution hyper-spectral satellite

systems: Sensors, orbit characteristics, description of satellite systems, data processing

aspects, applications.

Unit – VIII

Precision Remote Sensing: Introduction:, Spatial, Spectral, Temporal precision and their

requirement.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Fawaz T Ulaby, Richard K Moore and Adrian K Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing

active and passive, Vol. 1, 2 and 3 Addison – Wesly Publication company 1981,

1982, and 1986.

2. Philip N Slater, Remote Sensing, optics and optical systems. 1980

3. Robert M Haralick ad Simmonet, Image processing for remote sensing 1983.

4. Robert N Colwell Manual of Remote sensing Volume1, American Society of

Photogrammetry 1983.

5. Travett J W Imaging Radar for Resources surveys, Chapman and Hall, London 1986.

6. Remote sensing and Image Interpretation by Thomas M Lillesand and Ralph W.

Keifer fourth

7. Edition, 2002, 2003, John Wiley and Sons Inc.

8. Remote Sensing Geology by Ravi P Gupta, Second edition, 2003, Springer

9. Remote Sensing Principles and Interpretation by Floyd F abins,1997, W H Freeman

And Company

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GI205B-SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

Objective: On completion of the subject, students should be able to understand the structure and working principle of decision support and also to use it effectively during their analysis work.

Unit - I

Introduction to Spatial Decision Support System: Definition – Concepts – Multicriterian

Approach – Usefulness Designing of Spatial Database: Identification of Geographic features

– attributes & data layer – Defining the storage parameters for each attribute – ensuring of

co-ordinate registration – map projection – Transformation.

Unit – II

Non spatial Database: Designing Creation of data table file to hold the attributes Adding

up of description attribute values to table – Different types of sources of data entry –

Checking for errors.

Unit – III

Linking of Spatial Database & with Non spatial Database: Verifying of common item,

availability and joining of attribute – table with existing spatial records – spatial display of

non spatial data.

Unit – IV

Designing QUBIS: Planning for the user requirement – preparation of spatial & Non spatial

relational databases

Unit – V

Coding of QUBIS: QUBIS Coding - Testing, Error handling, Monitoring, User interface

Development.

Unit – VI

Facility Management principles: Cost distances capacity and accessibility concepts and

standards Single facility versus multiple facility location -Multi-criteria evaluation and

decisions

Unit – VII

Map algebra and spatial modeling - data driven and knowledge driven models, fuzzy

logic for spatial analysis

Unit – VIII

Spatial information for modeling and decision making - multi-attribute and multi

Objective-Spatial decision support systems- development of DSS

Reference Books:

1. Jeremiah Lindemann, Lisa Markham, Robert Burke, Janis Davis, Thad Tilton,

Introduction to Programming ArcObjects with VBA, ESRI , USA. 2004.

2. Kang-Tsung Chang, Programming ArcObjects with VBA, A Task Oriented

Approach, CRC Press.

3. ArcObjects Developer’s Guide – ArcInfo 8, ESRI INC., California, 1999.

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4. Andrew Macdonald, Buiding a Geodatabase – ArcInfo 8, ESRI INC., California, 1999.

5. Michael Zeiler, Modelling Our World – The ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design, ESRI INC.,

California, 1999.

6. Kang-tsung chang, Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, McGraw Hill, 2002

7. e-resources.

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GI 205C – DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Unit – I

Analytical Plotters: Analytical plotters, system components and method of operation,

advantages of analytical plotters, Analytical Plotter Orientation, Modes of use of analytical

plotters, Comparison between three phases of Photogrammetry (Analogue, Analytical and

digital potogrammetry)

Unit – II

Digital Photgrammetry, Work station and Softwares: Digital Photgrammetric system,

Digital Photogrammetric work station and its configuration, Advantage of Digital

Photogrammetry, Inputs to Digital Photogrammetric work station, Digital Photogrammetry

software’s, Photogrammetric scanner, Principle and method of scanning, Various formats of

raster data, Coordinate systems in Digital Photogrammetric Work Stations.

Unit – III

Image measurements, Orientation and display: Image measurements, Orientation

Procedures, Epipolar geometry, Digital Imnage Matching, Methods of 3D visualization in

digital environment (Anaglyph, Optical, Polarization, like interleaved, quad buffered),

Display of images, Zooms and sub pixel displacement.

Unit – IV

Feature Extraction and Classification: Feature Extraction, by 2D and 3D mode, Data

models, Symbols library, Feature classification, Feature coding, Layer concept, EO

Parameters. Accuracy assessment of block triangulation, digital camera and its orientation,

Future scope of digital photogrammetry.

Unit – V

Orientation Procedure in Digital Photogrammetry: Camera calibration certificate and

its use, Purpose of fudicial mark, E.O Procedure in Digital photogrammentry, advantages of

digital I.O over the analogue and analytical system, advantages of digital E.O over the

Analogue system.

Unit – VI

Introduction to generation of digital terrain and surface models: Definitions of DTM,

DSM, DEM, DHM interpolation techniques: GRID, TIN, Break lines, Mass points, randam

points, factors influence choice of sampling patterns, DTM generation precess: Pre-

processing, main processing, post processing, Automatic production of digital orthophote,

advantages and uses of orthophoto, comparison of orthophoto, aerial photograph and map.

Unit – VII

SamplingTechniques: Manual, semi automatic, automatic sampling techniques, storage,

of GRID, TIN and its database structure. Data sources: data sources/input to DTM: direct

and indirect data collection method: field survey, Photogrammetry & Remote sensing data,

maps quality assessment of different DTM collection techniques.

Unit – VIII

Airborne Laser terrain mapping (ALTM): Concepts of ALTM, Definition, Objectives of

ALTM, Applications & Advantages of ALTM, system components of ALTM.

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Text Books

1. Elements of photogrammetry with application in GIS(3rd Edition) by Paul

R.Wolf&Born A. Dewitt-Mcgraw Hill

2. Digital photogrammetry by Michel kasser and Y.Egels

Reference

1. Manual of Photogrammetry-American society of Photogrammetry & R.S By ALBERT.D

2. Modern Modern Photogrammetry – Deward M.Midhil

3. Photogrammetry-Vol-1 by druss j. springler-verlag publication

4. Aerial photographic interpretation by Lueder, D.R.M.C Grew hill

5. e-resources.

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GI206- DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Laboratory

1. Generation of Histogram, cumulative frequency curve.

2. Generation of Linearly stretched & non linearly stretched images using calculator

3. Generation of Filtered, Ratioed & Normalised ratioed Images using calculators

4. Generation of PC1 PC2 and PC3 using Statistical software.

5. Image Processing of Test Window – various combinations of FCC

6. Image Processing of Test Window – Linear, Non linear stretching.

7. Image Processing of Test Window – Filtering, Ratioing and Normalised Ratioing

8. Image Processing of Test Window – PC, NDVI analysis

9. Image Processing of Test Window – Image Classification Techniques

10. Image Processing of Test Window – Image fusion Techniques

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GI207- GIS & DATA ANALYSIS Laboratory

1. Scanning and Geo referencing of Thematic map

2. Onscreen Digitization, Editing, Labeling and Preparation of vector layers

3.Projection and Transformation of vector layers & length / area calculation for

geometric objects

4. Generation of non-spatial data base with Unique-Id

5. Linking of Spatial and Non Spatial data, Query based Retrieval and Spatial display

of non-spatial data6 Hrs.

6. Data pre-processing for GIS analysis – Regrouping, Dissolving / Merging

7. GIS Analyses (Buffering and Overlay) & Preparation of Look-up table

8. Data / Map Presentation in a suitable layout

9. Spatial interpolation- Thematic mapping-located bar diagrams

10. Ground truth support: Use of GPS for siting and routing; GPS with field data attributes

11. Generation of 3D images

12. Exposure to various GIS packages (GRAM++, Arc View).