grammer book 2011
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar Book
Marcela Richards
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Table of Contents
• Conditional– Irregulares
• Perfect Tenses– Present– Past– Present Irregulares – Subjunctive Perfect- Tan
y Tanto• Impersonal “s锕 Saber vs. Conocer• Los Mandatos
• Informal vs. Formal– Affirmative– Negative– Irregular– DOP and IOP placement
• Nosotros Commands– Mono Verbs
• Subjunctive and Irregulares– Trigger Phrases– Impersonal Expressions– Expressions of Emotion– Conjuctions of Time
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Conditional
• To express probability, possibility, wonder, or conjecture (an inference)
• Used: to make polite requests, infer what would happen, past habitual action, conditional probability
Yo Ía
Tú Ías
El/Ella/Usted Ía
Nosotros Íamos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes ían
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Conditional Irregulars
• Hacer Har• Haber Habr• Saber Sabr• Tener Tendr
• Regular conditional endings
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Perfect Tense: Present
• Actions that recently or are still true in the present
• Form: Haber + Past Participle
• Irregulars– Abrir to Abierto– Cubrir to Cubierto– Decir to Dicho– Escribir to Escrito– Hacer to Hecho– Morir to Muerto– Poner to Puesto– Resolver to Resvelto– Romper to Roto– Ver to Vuelto– Ir to Ido
Haber
Yo He
Tu Has
El/Ella/Usted Ha
Nosotros Hemos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Han
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Perfect Tense: Past
• Formed by using the imperfect tense of the verb “haber” (to make “had”) with the past participle
• Abrir to Abierto• Cubrir to Cubierto• Decir to Dicho• Escribir to Escrito• FreÍr to Frito • Hacer to Hecho• Morir to Muerto• Poner to Puesto• Resolver to Resuelto• Romper to Roto• Ver to Visto• Volver to Vuelto
Haber
Yo HabÍa
Tu HabÍas
El/Ella/Usted HabÍa
Nosotros HabÍamos
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes HabÍan
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Perfect Tenses: Tan y Tanto
• Tan– Form:
• Tan +adj./adv. + Como
– Used when you are comparing things that are the same using adjectives or adverbs
• Tanto– Form:
• Verb + Tanto + Como
– Used when you are comparing things that are the same when using nouns
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Impersonal “se”
• Use “se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb– Se vende fruta en la frutería.
• When using “se”, the verb is always in the 3rd person – AquÍ se habla espanol.
• “Se” can be used in all tenses– Se hizo mucho.– Se hara mucho.– Se había mucho.
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Saber vs. Conocer
• Saber– To know facts or
how to do something
• Conocer– To know people,
places, and literary works
• Preterite Fom– Conocí– Conociste– Conocio– Conocimos– Conocieron
• Preterite Form– Supe– Supiste– Supo– Supimos– Supieron
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Informal Tu Commands
• Afirmativo: – Conjugate into the verb
into the tu form then drop the “s” from the ending.
– Example: • Hablar to Habla
• Negativo– Put the verb in the “yo”
form and change to the opposite vowel ending, then add an “s” to the end
– Example: • Hablar to No Hables
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Informal: Irregular (TVDISHES)
From… To…
Dar Di
Hacer Haz
Ir Ve
Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Ser Sé
Tener Ten
Venir Ven
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Formal Usted Commands
• Affirmative– Put the verb in the “yo”
form then change to the opposite vowel ending
– Example:• Hablar to Hable
• Negative– Put the verb into the
“yo” form and then change to the opposite vowel ending; do not forget the “no” before the verb
– Example:• Hablar to No Hable
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Formal: Irreglar
From… To…
Dar Dé
Estar Esté
Ir Vaya
Ser Sea
Saber Sepa
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Informal/Formal: DOP/IOP Placement
• Affirmative– DOP and IOP can
attach to the end of the verb
• Negative– DOP and IOP must go
before the verb
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Nosotros Commands
• Affirmative/ Negative– Put the verb into the
“yo” form in present tense, then drop the “o” and add the opposite nosotros ending
– Example:• Hablar to Heblemos• Comer to Comamos
• Mono Vebs– For reflexive verbs, drop
the final “s” of the command form, then attach the reflexive pronoun “monos” to the end
– Exapmle:• Levantemos to
Levantémonos
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Subjunctive
• WEDDING: Wishing/ Wanting, Emotions, Doubt/ disbelief, Impersonal Expressions, Negation, God/ Grief
• To make the verb Subjunctive: 1. Put it in the “yo” form, and change the vowl, 2. AR endings- “e”, “es”, “e”, “emos”, “éis”, “en”/ ER/IR endings- “a”, “as”, “a”, “amos”, “áis”, “an”
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Subjunctive: Irregulars
• Dé, Des, Dé, Demos, DenDar• Esté, Estés, Esté, Estemos, EsténEstar• Haya, Hayas, Haya, Hayamos, HayanHaber• Vaya, Vayas, Vaya, Vayamos, VayanIr• Sepa, Sepas, Sepa, Sepamos, SepanSaber• Sea, Seas, Sea, Seamos, SeanSer
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Subjunctive: Trigger Phrases
• Prinicple Clause + Qué + Subordinate Clause– The principle clause and the subordinate clause
are always in different tenses. This is an indicator that the subjunctive is being used
– Example: • Yo necesito qué mis estudiantes hagan la tarea.
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Subjunctive: Impersonal Expressions
Examples:
conviene que ... it is advisable
that ...
es aconsejable que ... it is
advisable that ...
es bueno que ... it's good that ...
es difícil que ... it's unlikely that ...
es dudoso que ... it's doubtful
that ...
es fácil que ... it's likely that ...
es fantástico que ... it's
fantastic that ...
es importante que ... it's
important that ...
es imposible que ... it's
impossible that ...
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Subjuntivo: Expressions of Emotion
• Alegrarse: to be happy• Esperar: to hope• Soprender: to be surprised• Temer: to fear• Es Triste: it’s sad• Ojala: to be hopeful
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Subjunctive: Conjunctions of Time
• Cuando: when• En Cuanto: as soon as• Hasta que: until• Tan pronto como: as
soon as • A menos que: unless• Con tal (de) que: in case• En caso de que: in case• Para que: so that