grammatical gender unrelated to biological sex masculine: rivers, winds, months and mountains....
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grammatical genderunrelated to biological sex
grammatical genderunrelated to biological sex
Masculine: rivers, winds, months and mountains. endings in -us, -er, -or
Feminine: cities, countries, plants, trees and most abstract qualtities. endings in -a, -as, - do, -io
Neuter: endings in -um, -men, -e, -al, -ar
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order versus endingorder versus ending
In English: by the order of words in a sentence
The girl looks at the bull.
The bull looks at the girl.
In Latin: by the endings of the nouns:
Puella taurum videt.
Puellam taurus videt.
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Genitive case - “of”possession
Genitive case - “of”possession
possesion: the book of the teacher
(liber magistri)
modification: a boy of ten years
(puer decem annorum)
objective genitive: his hatred of me
(odium mei)
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Dative case - “to”,”for” indirect object
Dative case - “to”,”for” indirect object
The boy gives a present to his mother. (The boy gives his mother a present.)
Puer matri donum dat.
Mark did a favour for me. (Mark did me a favour.)
Marcus mihi gratum fecit.
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Accusative case - “through” direct object of a sentence
object of a preposition
Accusative case - “through” direct object of a sentence
object of a preposition
The god loves the girl.
Deus puellam amat.
The bear wandered through the forest.
Ursa per silvam errabat.
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Ablative case Ablative case
object of a preposition (situation, agent, means)
The tree is in front of the temple. [Arbor est pro templo.]
The food is touched by the king. [Cibus a rege tangitur.]
ablative absolute
The Minotaur having been killed, Theseus left the island. (After the Minotaur had been killed, Theseus left the island.) [Minotauro necato, Theseus ab insula discessit.]
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reference materialreference material
Norma Goldman and Ladislas Szymanski: English Grammar for Students of Latin, The Olivia and Hill Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1993.