grammar revision 2ºbto. present simple + - ? he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes) conson + y = –...
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Grammar Revision 2ºBTO
Present simple
+-?
he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes)
Conson + y = – ies (study- studies)O = es (go – goes)S, x, ch, sh = es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes)
Don`tDoesn´t
+ verb We don´t studyShe doesn´t study
A + S + V ? Do you study ?Does she study?
We study EnglishMy sister watches TV
present continuousAmIsAre
+ V-ing
V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal + 1 cons., doblan cons. Run—running swim—swimmingV de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan consonante Begin—beginningVerbos que acaban en l , doblan l Travel—travellingVerbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y + ing Die—dying
+I am studying you are studying he is studying
-I am not studyingYou aren´t studyingHe isn´t studying
? A + S + V ? Am I studying?Are you studying?Is he studying?
Study- studyingPlay-playing
Present simpleThe simple present is used for two main types of action:
actions which happen regularly o on Sundays o Frequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often – o every day, every week, Once a month, etc.
Habits
States Things which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc)
present continuous
A temporary action happening now : Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future) Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro) A definite plan for the future : Something we intend to do, usually in the near future. Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano
The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action:
There are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as in
Spanish.
Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these:
verbs describing thought processes and opinions:
think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree…
verbs describing emotions:
want, like, love, hate, adore, detest…
verbs describing the senses:
see, hear, taste, feel, smell…
This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous. It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particular situation.
Non-continuous verbs / Stative verbs
Frequency adverbs and time expressions
Always
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Hardly ever
Never
Every day
Once a day / week / month..
Twice a day / week / month..
Three times a day / week / month..
Twelve times a day / week / month..
How often..?
Before the verb She often plays golf
After to be They are always hungry
At the end of the sentence
I do yoga twice a week
Past Simple
♦ Monosyllabic ending in 1 vowel+1 conson, double conson Stop—stopped♦ 2 syllables & stress in the 2nd, double consonant Permit—permitted♦ V ending in conson + y i + ed Study—studied Vowel + y + ed play - played
Suj + +
-
?
V+ -ed
2nd colI played I sang
Suj + didn´t + verb
I didn´t playI didn´t sing Did+ Suj + verb ?
Did you play?Did you sing?A+S+V ?
Use Use
Past and finished actions.
We visited the museum last week
A series of completed actions in the past When I opened the door, the dog barked at the postman.
Past states. The old lady lived in this house in 1887
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Yesterday last week/year
2 days ago In 2002 in
the 80s when then
+-?
I was playing You were singing
I wasn´t playingYou weren´t singingWas I playing?
Were you singing?
Remember I , He , She , It
Was/ wasn´t
Were/weren´t
You, we, they
Past Continuous
WasWere
+ V-ing
WasWere
+ V-ingSuj +
Wasn´tWeren´t + V-ingSuj +
WasWere
+ Suj + V-ing
Time expressions:
While , as , last night / week , at 3 o´clock
A+S+V ?
Usos :1. Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del
pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo en proceso). La acción comenzó antes de dicho momento y seguramente continuó después.
Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas. I was studying all day yesterday I studied all day yesterday
Parece q la acción d estudiar fue algo muy largo
Solamente informas, no quieresdar la idea de cuánto tiempopasaste estudiando
2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo.
While you were reading the newspaper, I was doing my homework
3. Para la mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser interrumpida x una mas breve.
I was walking by the street when it began to rain.
Present perfectHaveHas
+ V-ed3ª col
+-
?
I have workedShe has written
I haven´t workedShe hasn´t written
Have you worked?Has she written ? A+S+V ?
Time expressions
Ever , never , yet , just ,
Already , lately , how long..?
For , since , in recent years
TIME EXPRESSIONS•EVER : (Interrogativas)(“alguna vez”) Entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have you ever been to London? •NEVER : (“Nunca”) Siempre con el verbo afirmativa. I have never seen a class like this.
•FOR : Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha durado una acción. (durante-desde hace)
I´ve known him for twenty years. (Le conozco desde hace 20 años)
DURING: + noun . Indica cuando ocurrió algo (not how long)
during our holiday during the summer during the night
•SINCE : Indica el momento o circunstancia concreta en que comenzó la acción. I´ve known her since 1994. (La conozco desde 1994)
•JUST : Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have + just + Past Participle = “acabar de + infinitivo” I´ve just washed my hair ( Me acabo de lavar el pelo).
•ALREADY : Va con oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo).( “ Ya” ) I´ve already seen that film ( Ya he visto esa película) Have you already washed the dishes? (¿Ya has lavado los platos?)
•YET : Va con oraciones negativas e interrogativas. ( Al final de la frase) Negativas. (aún,todavía). I haven´t found it yet. (Aún no lo he encontrado) Interrogativas (“ya”) Has the doctor come yet? (¿Ha venido ya el médico?)
usos Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados que han ocurrido a lo largo del tiempo sin especificar el momento. I have eaten Chinese food many times Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan aunque empezaron tiempo atrás.(Suele llevar “for” y “since” ). Las preguntas se hacen con “How long..?” I´ve lived here for five years ( Vivo aquí desde hace 5 años-todavía vivo aquí) Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento indeterminado del pasado y cuyo resultado podemos ver. We´ve painted the kitchen
Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir. Entonces añadimos “just” entre el aux. y el verbo
The team has just scored a goal
CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECTPast Simple: acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del
pasado.
When did Sam go to India? Last June
Present Perfect: experiencias que han ocurrido en algún momento
indeterminado.
Sam has been to India.
Past Simple: acciones completamente acabadas. I lived in India in 1992.
Present Perfect: acciones que comenzaron en el pasado pero que
continúan en el presente. I´ve lived in India since 1992.
Past Simple: se acompaña de expresiones de tiempo pasado yesterday,
2 years ago.
Present Perfect: se acompaña con ever, never, yet, already….
Present perfect
continuous
Present perfect of “to be”
Have beenHas been + V-ing
+
-
?
I have been workingShe has been studying
I haven´t been workingShe hasn´t been studying
Have you been working ?Has she been studying ?
Time expressions For a year , since 2002 ,
how long..?
All day / night / week …
Use
An action that started in the past and which still continues in the present. Or has recently stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el tiempo que está durando la acción)
( llevar + gerundio)
You´re out of breath. Have you been running? She has been working here for 2 years Actions repeated over a period of time. She´s been playing tennis since she was 8 An action whose results are still apparent. I´m still tired.. I have been studying all night
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
Period of time: I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wet
Completed action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner now
The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going on
The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action
Continuous : For an activity that is still happening. How long ? How long have you been reading that book?
Simple : Completed actions. How much? How many? How many times? How many pages of the book have you read?
Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all dayMary has written ten letters today.
•Non-continuous verbs: like, know, believe, etc. Not normally used in CONTLive & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE John has been living/has lived in London for a long time
With “always” we use the SIMPLE . John has always lived in London
Past
perfectHad +
V-ed3ª col
+
-
?
I had worked
I hadn´t worked
Had you worked ?
Time expressions
Already , by the time, after ,
Before, Until , never , just
Use
A completed action which took place before another action in the past
By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started
Present FuturePastPast Perfect
By + a time = no later than
I´ll have finished my work by 11:30
(I´ll have finished it no later than 11:30)
Past perfect
continuousPast perfect of “to be”
had been + V-ing
+
-
?
I had been
I hadn´t been
Had you been ?
Time expressions For hours , since last year
All morning , when , until , before
Use
Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra acción breve también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una expresiónde tiempo de las del cuadro, o “although” , “because”.
We had been driving for 5 hours when we ran out of petrol.
(llevaba + gerundio)
Future
TO BE GOING TO + INFINITIVO ( Futuro de intención)
• Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes cercanos, o preguntar a otros lo que han pensado hacer en un futuro próximo.
Next week I´m going to celebrate my birthday.
•Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia en el momento en que hablamos.
Listen to the wind. It´s going to be a storm.
FUTURE SIMPLE will + inf
• Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el momento en que hablamos (ofrecimientos, peticiones, promesas, advertencias, amenazas..)
I think you´ll learn this very quickly
The window is open. Don´t worry I´ll close it•Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra opinión.
He won´t come.
FUTURE CONTINUOUSFuture de “to be” + V-ing
+
-?
I will be studying
I won´t be studying
Will you be studying ?
Time expressions
At this time, at this time next…
On Thursday , in the next decade
Use
An action in progress at a certain time in the future
At this time next year, I will be studying Law in Madrid
FUTURE perfect Future de “have” +
V-ed3ª col+
-?
I will have studied
I won´t have studied
Will you have studied?
Time expressions By this time next week,
by 10 o´clock…, In three monthsUse
A completed action at a certain time in the future. By the end of June, we will have finished our exams
1.When you get home from the shop, I ……………………… (help) you carry
in the bags.
2.By the end of the school year, I ……………………… (speak) French
very well.
3.……………………… you ……………………… (pay) the water bill yesterday?
4.We ……………………… (not usually eat) a big meal in the evening.
5.While he ……………………… (reach) for his cup of coffee, he
accidentally knocked it over.
6.Next week, Emma ……………………… (visit) me.
7.Today, our teacher ……………………… (take) us to the British
Museum in London.
Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use a present, past or future tense.
will help
will be speaking
Did pay
don’t usually eat
was reaching
is going to visit / is visitingis taking / is going to take
1. Andrea ……………………………… (leave) for the airport by the time I
……………………………… (call) to say goodbye.
2.Tom ……………………………… (play) tennis for years but he still
……………………………… (not convince) his wife to learn the game.
3.By this time tomorrow, everyone ……………………………… (hear) about
your secret. I’m surprised that you ……………………………… (manage) not
to tell anyone yet.
4.Last week, the car ……………………………… (run out) of petrol. We
……………………………… (should / fill) it up before we left.
5.You ……………………………… (not hand in) your essay yet. I’m surprised
because you ……………………………… (work) on it all week.
Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the correct form of a perfect tense or the Past Simple.
had left
called
has been playing hasn’t convinced
will have heard
have managed
ran out should have filled
haven’t handed in
have been working
Reported speech
Cambios en los tiempos verbales
Tense Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech
Present simple “He works as an editor” Past simple He said that he worked as an editor
Present continuous “He is working as an editor”
Past continuous
He said that he was working as an editor
Past simple “He worked as an editor” Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor
Past continuous “He was working as an editor”
Past perfect continuous
He said that he had been working as an editor
Present perfect simple
“He has worked as an editor”
Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor
Present perfect continuous
“He has been working as an editor”
Present perfect continuous
He said that he had been working as an editor
Past perfect simple
“He had worked as an editor”
Past perfect simple
He said that he had worked as an editor
Past perfect continuous
“He had been working as an editor”
Past perfect continuous
He said that he had been working as an editor
Future simple “He will work as an editor” Would + infin. He said that he would work as an editor
Cambios en los modales
Can
May
Must / have to
Will
Could
Might
Must / had to
Would
Cambios en otras palabrasNow Then
Today That day
Tonight That night
Yesterday The previous day / the day before
Last week The previous week / the week before
A month ago The previous month / the month before
Tomorrow The following day / the next day / the day after
Next week The following week / the week after
Here There
This That
These Those
Reported questions LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”.
para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether.
Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay
inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas. “Did you speak to John last night?” She asked
She asked if / whether I had spoken to John last night
LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa
(Wh- word)
Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo.
►Who told you that story? She asked
She asked who had told us that story
Hay dos tipos de preguntas:
Who are you writing to? She asked
She asked who I was writing to
Reported orders Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to.
Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como
Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto.
Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden.
Ask o beg para peticiones.
Warn para advertir a alguien de algo.
Advise para dar consejo
Invite para hacer una invitación.
“Stop driving so fast”. My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast.
Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to.
“Don´t tell anybody” He begged me not to tell anybody
Reported suggestions
Primero ponemos el sujeto y el verbo suggest en pasado y después lo que se sugirió.
Las sugerencias se pueden pasar a estilo indirecto de dos formas:
usando una oración introducida por that, con su sujeto y el verbo en la forma base.
(El verbo demand, que expresa mandato, también sigue esta estructura)
“Let´s watch the news” Tom suggested
Tom suggested that we watch the news
Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto.
“ Let´s phone the police inmediately”
He suggested phoning the police inmediately
Reported verbs
+ Admit Agree Answer Apologise Boast (presumir, alardear)Claim
ComplainDeclareDenyExplainInformInsist
MentionOfferPromiseRefuseRemindReply
? Enquire Request
Want to knowWonder
Órdenes DemandOrder
ShoutWarn
SÚPLICAS Y RUEGOS
Beg
Sugerencias Advise
Invite SuggestRecommend
1. “Don’t turn up the music!”
My father warned me
2.“How much money have you saved?”
The bank clerk wanted to know
3.“You must remember to give us the house key.”
Bertha and Marion said
4.“Do the actors know their lines?”
The director asked
5.“I’m not going to eat any more ice cream.”
Andrew announced
Complete the sentences in reported speech.
not to turn up the music
how much money I had saved.
that I / we had to remember to give them the house key.
if / whether the actors knew their lines.
that he wasn’t going to eat any more ice cream.
Passive
voice
The reward of a thing well done is to have done it.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
They gave Diana a camera last week
SUJETO (OD) + BE+PARTIC. + OI + CC + (BY+SUJ)
A camera was given to Diana last week
SUJETO + VERBO + OI + OD + CC
Diana was given a camera last week
SUJETO (OI) + BE+PARTICIPIO + OD + CC + (BY+SUJETO)
1.Identificar el objeto de la activa(OD/OI) 2.Lo ponemos de sujeto de la pasiva 3.Identificamos el tiempo del verbo. 4.Ponemos “to be” en el mismo tiempo + Past Participle (3ª column /-ed) del verbo5.Ponemos el sujeto de la activa como agente de la pasiva precedido por “by”
+Se forma con el verbo “to be” + el participio ( -ed / 3ª c) del verbo principal
An astronaut was sent into space
- Hay que añadir “not” (n´t) al “to be”. Si la frase lleva un modal, un verbo
en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, lo que negamos es el modal,
will o have / has.An astronaut wasn´t sent into space
? El orden es to be + el sujeto + el participio. Si es un modal, un verbo
en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, la pasiva empieza con el modal
o el auxiliar, igual que en la activa.
Was an astronaut sent into space?
TEN EN CUENTA QUE…
Al poner en pasiva una frase afirmativa cuenta el número de palabras que tiene el verbo en activa. En pasiva tiene que haber una más.
Al poner en pasiva una frase interrogativa debes empezar por el auxiliar.
Are they preparing the meal? Is the meal being prepared?
Si la pasiva es negativa, “ not” va con el primer auxiliar
They are not making the meal. The meal is not being prepared
It is said that.. / He is said to.. Con verbos como believed, thought, expected, said, estimate, known, considered, reported… la pasiva se hace de dos formas:“Experts expect that the Chinese economy will grow”1. “The Chinese economy is expected to grow”2. “It is expected that the Chinese economy will grow”
HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE
Cuando alguien hace las cosas x nosotros, ej “cortar el pelo, pintar un piso, etc.
Have/get + object (my room, my hair, ..)+ Participio (-ed/3ªc)
En cualquier tiempo = I´m having, I´ve had, I´ll have
I´m having my house painted (Me están pintando la casa)When are you going to have your hair cut? (¿Cuándo te vas a cortar el pelo?)
1. My sister ……………………… (lose) a lot of weight lately
because she ……………………… (give) a new diet by our doctor.
2.The letter ……………………… (already send) by the time
Jerry ……………………… (ask) me about it.
3.I ……………………… (live) in this house since I was born. It
………………………
(build) by my grandparents.
Complete the sentences with the correct active or passive form of the verbs in brackets.
has lost
has been given
had already been sentasked / will already have been sent asks
have lived / have been living
was built
People have always been frightened of natural disasters. In ancient times,
floods and earthquakes (1) ……………………………… (consider) a
punishment from the gods. Recently, in many places in the world, much
damage (2) ……………………………… (cause) by natural disasters. Now,
scientists (3) ……………………………… (try) to discover whether it’s possible
to use animals to predict natural disasters. In 2004, animals ran to the hills
before the beaches in Thailand (4) ……………………………… (hit) by the
tsunami. If the reason for this behaviour (5) ……………………………… (can /
discover), it may help scientists find a solution and many lives
(6) ……………………………… (might / save) in the future.
Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets. Use the active or passive.
were considered
has been caused
are trying
were hit
can be discovered
might be saved
Conditionals
1st
2nd
3rd
Summing up….
If + present simple , future simple
Unless = if not Modal Imperative
If + past simple , would + infinitivoCould might
If + past perfect , would have + participioCould have might have
Oraciones temporales Se forman como las de 1st conditional : Present Simple , Future
Simple.
Lo que cambian son las conjunciones : as soon as , by the time , when , the moment (that) , etc
She´ll buy a car as soon as she passes her driving test
When I get home, I´ll help you with your homework
Wish / if only
+Past simple
Situaciones presentes que quisiéramos cambiar/mejorar
He wishes his house were bigger
If only I lived near the school
Wish / if only
+Past Perfect
Hechos pasadoslamentando lo Ocurrido
Pam wishes she and Tom hadn´t broken up
If only Sarah had arrived earlier
Wish / if only
+Could Would
+ base form
Deseos sobre situaciones futuras,indicando q es pocoprobable q ocurran
I wish I could improve my marks
If only he would call me
Wish Clauses
1. Gary is sorry that he doesn’t know how to change a tyre.
Gary wishes
2.I’m not old enough to go to that club.
If I
3.It’s a shame that they didn’t enjoy the play.
We wish they
4.She didn’t go to the wedding because they didn’t invite her.
If they
Complete the sentences without changing the original meanings.
he could change a tyre.
were old enough / older, I would go to that club.
had enjoyed the play.
had invited her to the wedding, she would have gone.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS & RELATIVE CLAUSES
Who & that para referirnos a personas
Which & that para referirnos a cosas
When & that para referirnos a un momento en el tiempo
Where para referirnos a lugares
Whose expresa posesión (“ cuyo”) (* Nunca es sujeto y no se puede omitir)
Omisión Nunca se puede omitir si es el sujeto de la oración de relativo
del relative pronoun
The man who visited us yesterday is a professor
The house that was so old was rebuiltSujeto = sustituye a The man
sujeto = sustituye a The house
Podemos omitirlo si no es el sujeto de la oración de relativo
The man (who) we met at the bus stop told me the truth
The house (that) we bought is very comfortable
Sujeto de la or. de relativo
Sujeto de la or. de relativo
Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO
Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI
Hay dos tipos de oraciones de relativoDefining relative clauses
Non-Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clausesimprescindibles para “definir”el antecedente. Sin ellas el sentido de la oración quedaría incompleto.
The computer which we bought is very expensive( si no especificamos de qué ordenador hablamos no queda claro el sentido)
Los pronombres who, which y that pueden omitirse si no hacen de sujeto. Whose no se puede omitir ni sustituir.
This is the blog whose author is unknown When y where son los adverbios relativos. When puede omitirse y sustituirse por that. I´ll never forget the day (when/that) I met him. Where no puede sustituirse por that y no suele omitirse. I visited the area where all the trendy shops are.
Si el relativo lleva preposición, lo mas común es omitirlo y poner la preposición detrás del verbo. The boy (who/that) I talked to was nervous
Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO
Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI
Non-Defining relative clauses Nos dan información extra que no es esencial sobre su antecedente. Si quitamos la or. de relativo la frase tiene sentido
The king of Spain, who lives in Madrid, is called Juan Carlos
Siempre van entre comas.
No se puede usar that. Se forman con who, which, when, where y whose.
Nunca se omiten.
Se utilizan en el lenguaje escrito y formal.
I work at an animal shelter (1) ……………………… takes in homeless
animals. The shelter is the place (2) ……………………… the animals are fed
and taken care of. On the day (3) ……………………… animals are brought
to the shelter, Dr Sloan is the vet (4) ……………………… examines them
and gives them medical treatment. Anyone (5) ……………………… pet is
lost can come to the shelter to see if it’s there.
Complete the passage with relative pronouns.
which
where
when
who
whose
1.Here is the box. I keep my discs in it.
2.Look at that park. I used to play there.
3.I graduated from university. I’ll never forget that day.
4.We invited Jane to dinner. Her family is abroad.
5.My sister studied medicine. She’s a good doctor.
Combine the sentences using a relative clause.
Here is the box where I keep my discs.
Look at that park where I used to play.
I’ll never forget the day when / that I graduated from university.
We invited Jane, whose family is abroad, to dinner.
My sister, who studied medicine, is a good doctor.
Combine the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun
1.Dan just came back from Hawaii. There are great beaches there.Dan
2.Janet is a student. Her travel diary won a prize.Janet,
3.Do you remember the evening? Janet played the guitar for us.Do you
4.He is the man. He sold us the package holiday.He is the man
5.This is the jeep. It will take us to the hotel.This
just came back from Hawaii, where there are great beaches.
whose travel diary won a prize, is a student.
remember the evening when Janet played the guitar for us?
who / that sold us the package holiday.
is the jeep that / which will take us to the hotel.
USE MODAL EXAMPLE
OBLIGATION tengo la obligación de,debo, tengo que
Must # Have to (no modal:has
to)
They have to wear a uniformI must finish this exercise
NECESSITY Need to (no modal)(+)
She needs to speak to you
NO OBLIGATIONNo hace falta que
Needn´t = Don´t have to(no
modal)
You needn´t come if you don´t want toYou don´t have to come if you don´t want to
PROHIBITIONno puedes
Mustn´t You mustn´t smoke at school
ABILITY Se, puedo, soy capaz
Can (presente) Could (pasado) Be able to -todos los tiempos
I can play the pianoI could climb mountainsI will be able to drive a bus
POSSIBILITY May (puede que) Might (pudiera ser
que) (posib + remota) Could (puede que)
They may begin acting like criminals He might comeThey could be on the train now
DEDUCTION/CERTAINTY
Must (I´m sure) Can´t (It´s imposible)
That must be your mother (esa debe ser tu madre)That can´t be true (eso no puede ser verdad)
Modal Uso Example Can Habilidad
PermisoPosibilidadPedir algo
I can drive a busCan I go to the toilet?She can come to the partyCan you lend me some money
Can´t ImposibilidadDeducción
I can´t lift this box Those can´t be my keys. I´ve got them
Could Habilidad en el pasadoPreguntar formalmenteEspecularSugerir
I could play the guitar when I was fiveCould you tell me the time, please?Whose could these glasses be?We could go to the theatre
Couldn´t Imposibilidad en el pasado I couldn´t ride a bike when I was fiveBe able to Habilidad I will be able to pass this subject May / Might Posibilidad It might rain tomorrow May Pedir algo educadamente May I borrow your book, please? Would Pedir algo formalmente
Ofrecer (con like)Hábitos en pasado(used to)
Would you come with me to the wedding?Would you like some tea?She would tell us stories
Must Obligación,Deducción
You must be quiet in the libraryJohn must be very busy. He didn´t come
Have to Obligación I have to study hard if I want to passNeed to Obligación I need to buy some meat for dinnerNeedn´t No obligación You needn´t do all the exercisesDon´t have to No obligación We don´t have to attend the conferenceMustn´t Prohibición You mustn´t step on the grassShould /ought to Consejo , opinión You should tell the truth
1. They ……………………… (could / go) to the film but they
decided to stay at home.
2.I ……………………… (mustn’t / forget) to buy Mum a birthday
present.
3.She missed the test today. She ……………………… (must / be) ill.
4.You ……………………… (shouldn’t / spend) so much money.
Think about the future.
5.You ……………………… (needn’t / leave) your dog at home. It
would have had fun here.
6.I ……………………… (might / find) a babysitter if I had really tried.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the modals and verbs in brackets.
could have gone
mustn’t forget
must beshouldn’t spend / shouldn’t have spent
needn’t have left
might have found
1. He’s sure that she’s happy about the news. (must)
2.It’s possible that the children broke the window. (might)
3.I guess David forgot about the meeting. (must)
4.I won’t be able to come to the party. (can)
5.It’s a good idea to wear a suit for the interview. (should)
Rewrite the sentences with the modals in brackets. Do not change the original meaning of the sentences.
She must be happy about the news.
The children might have broken the window.
David must have forgotten about the meeting
I can’t come to the party.
You should wear a suit for the interview.
Translate
1. My abuelo afirmó que se jubilaría el año siguiente
2. Mi madre me aconsejó que no solicitara el trabajo de dependiente en Berska
3. Se pueden encontrar montones de gangas en internet
4. ¿Dónde se venden vaqueros de marca en esta ciudad?
5. Nunca me enamoraré de nadie a no ser que compartamos los mismos intereses
6. Yo rompería con mi novio si me tratara mal
My grandfather claimed that he would retire the following year
My mum advised me not to apply for the job as a shop assistant at Berska
Lots of bargains can be found on the Internet
Where are brand-name jeans sold in this town?
I´ll never fall in love with anybody unless we share common interests
I would break up with my boyfriend if he treated me badly
Ojalá tuvieras mejor sentido del humor
Sentí decirle adiós a la chica que había conocido
He reservado una habitación en el hotel en el que nos quedamos el año pasado
El desfile puede ser cancelado por culpa de la fuerte lluvia
No hace falta que te disfraces para participar en el Carnaval de Cádiz
Deberías ponerte elegante para ir a la boda de Julio
Marta parece enfadada. Puede que haya discutido con Tim.
Podías haber planificado este viaje con bastante antelación
I wish you had a better sense of humor
I was sorry to say goodbye to the girl who/that I had met
I´ve booked a room in the hotel which/that we stayed in last year where we stayed last year
The parade may be cancelled because of the heavy rain
You needn´t disguise yourself to take part in the Cadiz Carnival
You should dress up to go to Julia´s wedding
Marta looks angry. She might have argued with Tim
You could have planned this trip well in advance