grammar review eighth grade english brandon valley middle school
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar ReviewGrammar ReviewGrammar ReviewGrammar ReviewEighth Grade EnglishEighth Grade English
Brandon Valley Middle SchoolBrandon Valley Middle School
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Sentence TypesSentence TypesSentence TypesSentence Types
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Sentence Types• Declarative: gives information.
– Joan sat on a cactus.• Interrogative: asks a question.
– Did Joan sit on a cactus?• Exclamatory: expresses enthusiasm or
disbelief.– Joan sat on a cactus!
• Imperative: gives a command.– Don’t sit on the cactus.
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PrepositionsPrepositionsPrepositionsPrepositions
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Prepositions• Remember these? They go anywhere a
mouse can go.– Aboard, about, above, across, after, against,
along, amid, among, around, as, at, atop, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, concerning, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, regarding, since, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, within, without.
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Prepositional Phrases• Begin with a preposition, and include an
object, which must be a noun or a pronoun.– She sat (under the tree).
• Any modifiers of the object are also included in the prepositional phrase.– She sat (under the big, old oak tree).
• You will never find a subject or a verb inside a prepositional phrase.
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Conjunctions and Conjunctions and InterjectionsInterjections
Conjunctions and Conjunctions and InterjectionsInterjections
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Conjunctions and Interjections
• Conjunctions join parts of sentences– And, but, or, so, neither/nor, either/or
• Interjections show surprise– Wow! You do that well.– Golly! I meant to do that.
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Phrases, Clauses, and Phrases, Clauses, and SentencesSentences
Phrases, Clauses, and Phrases, Clauses, and SentencesSentences
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Phrases• Phrases are groups of words.• They cannot stand alone as
sentences.– Living in Arizona.– Because I was early.
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Clauses• Clauses have a subject and a verb,
but don’t always express a complete thought.– She bought ice cream.– Go away.– If you were right.
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Dependent and Independent Clauses
• Clauses are dependent if they need more information to express a complete thought.– Because it rained on Saturday.
• Clauses are independent if they express a complete thought and can stand alone.– It rained on Saturday.
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Sentences• Sentences contain a subject, a verb,
and express a complete thought.• Independent clauses are sentences.• Dependent clauses may be combined
with others and with independent clauses to become sentences.
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Fragments and Run-Fragments and Run-OnsOns
Fragments and Run-Fragments and Run-OnsOns
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Fragments• Incomplete thoughts punctuated
as sentences are fragments.– Up above the house.
• Dependent clauses and phrases are fragments when left by themselves.– Across the ocean.
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Run-Ons• Run-ons are two or more independent clauses
improperly punctuated.– I gave the dog a bone he buried it in the yard.
• Run-ons also include too many ideas joined by conjunctions, or by commas only.– We went to the store and we bought some bananas and
then we went to the park and played in the sunshine until it was time to go home and eat dinner so we took our shoes off and ran in the grass.
– We went to the store, we bought some bananas, then we went to the park, and played in the sunshine until it was time to go home, and eat dinner, so we took our shoes off, and ran in the grass.
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Fix Run-Ons• One: Make the run-on into two
sentences.– Incorrect: We went to the store we
bought cookies.– Correct: We went to the store. We
bought cookies.
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Fix Run-Ons• Two: insert a comma and a
conjunction. ( A comma or a conjunction alone still result in a run-on.)– Incorrect: We went to the store we
bought cookies.– Correct: We went to the store, and
we bought cookies.
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Fix Run-Ons• Three: use a semicolon.
– Incorrect: We went to the store we bought cookies.
– Correct: We went to the store; we bought cookies.
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Fix Run-Ons• Four: change one of the
independent clauses into a dependent clause.
• Incorrect: We went to the store we bought cookies.
• Correct: When we went to the store, we bought cookies.
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ContractionsContractionsContractionsContractions
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Contractions• Contractions shorten words by
replacing letters with apostrophes.– Could not couldn’t– Will not won’t– I am I’m– It is it’s
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Singular and PluralSingular and PluralSingular and PluralSingular and Plural
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Singular and Plural• Singular is one of something
– Chair, desk, pencil
• Plural is two or more than two of something.– Chairs, desks, pencils
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Plurals• Some plurals add “s”
– Chair chairs– Repair repairs
• Some plurals add “es” after ch, sh, x, s, z.– Box boxes– Church churches– Fox foxes– Class classes– Buzz buzzes
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Plurals• After oy, ey, ay, or uy, add “s”
– Boy boys– Key keys– Monkey monkeys– Guy guys
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Plurals• Words ending with a consonant + y change
the y to i and -es– Cry cries– Berry berries
• Words ending in an f sometimes change f to v and add -es– Wolf wolves– Leaf leaves
• But not always: proof proofs• When in doubt, check the dictionary!
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Plurals• Some words change completely
– Woman women– Child children– Cactus cacti
• Some words are the same form in each singular and plural– Moose moose– Deer deer
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Plurals• Words ending in “o” sometimes add
“es,” sometimes just add “s”– Potato potatoes– Hero heroes– Photo photos
• Sometimes they can go either way– Zero zeroes zeros
• When in doubt, check the dictionary!
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NounsNounsNounsNouns
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Nouns• Common nouns describe everyday
things– Teacher, school, product
• Proper nouns are specific people, places or things– Mrs. Schilf– Brandon Valley Middle School– Sham-wow
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Nouns• Concrete nouns are things that
can be seen, heard, touched, or sensed– Sidewalk, moose, cabbage, air
• Abstract nouns are ideas or concepts– Justice, hope, frustration
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Nouns• Possessive nouns show ownership. Use
an apostrophe, or apostrophe s– Jim’s boat– The class’s teacher– The busses’ routes
• Singular always adds “’s”• Plurals ending in anything but s, add “’s”• Plurals ending in s, add an apostrophe
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VerbsVerbsVerbsVerbs
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Verbs• Action verbs show action
– Run, hop, skip, jump, fall, cry, kiss, nap
• Helping verbs help other verbs– Has run, will hop, can jump
• Linking verbs join parts of sentences together– Feel, appear, smell, remain, be, taste
• Linking verbs can be replaces with some form of “to be” and keep the meaning of the sentence– This carpet appears worn.– This carpet is worn.
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Verbs• Infinitive: To + verb
– The main form of a verb
• To run• To sing• To go• To be• To speculate
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Helping Verbs• Sing them to “London Bridge”
– Be, am, is, are, was, were, been, have, has, had, do, does, did, can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, being.
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Predicate Adjectives, Predicate Adjectives, Predicate Nominatives,Predicate Nominatives,
Direct and Indirect Direct and Indirect ObjectsObjects
Predicate Adjectives, Predicate Adjectives, Predicate Nominatives,Predicate Nominatives,
Direct and Indirect Direct and Indirect ObjectsObjects
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Predicate Adjectives• Predicate adjectives are adjectives
that follow a linking verb, and describe the subject.– My spaghetti tastes delicious.– Check: delicious spaghetti
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Predicate Nominatives• Predicate nominatives are nouns
that follow a linking verb and rename the subject– The coach is Mr. Block.– Check: Mr. Block is the coach.
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Direct Objects and Indirect Objects
• Direct objects receive the action of the verb.– I baked a cake.
• Indirect objects receive the direct object.– I baked Grandmother a cake.
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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
• Transitive verbs have a direct object– S-AV-DO = transitive– I baked a cake.
• Intransitive verbs do not have a direct object.– S-AV = intransitive– I baked.
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AdjectivesAdjectivesAdjectivesAdjectives
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Descriptive Adjectives• Adjectives describe nouns or
pronouns. They answer “what kind?”– Pretty girl– Quiet dog– Many pieces
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Limiting Adjectives: Determiners
• These signal that a noun is nearby. They are adjectives.– Articles: a, an, the– Possessive adjectives / pronouns: my, his,
her, its, your, our, their– Possessive nouns: the bank’s teller, Craig’s
shoe– Numbers: one, two, seven– Indefinite: some, many, few– Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
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Proper Adjectives• These are describing words
derived from proper nouns. They are capitalized, but the word they describe is not.– Swiss cheese– Dutch tulips– Mexican food
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Degrees of Adjectives• Comparative adjectives compare two
things– This horse is quicker than that one.– This pencil is sharper than that one.
• Superlative adjectives compare three or more things.– Of the three horses, the black one is
quickest of all.– Of all of the pencils, the blue one is the
sharpest.
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Degrees of Adjectives• Some comparatives and
superlatives use “more” and “most,” or “less” and “least.”– This book is more interesting than that
one. This book is most interesting of all.
– This game is less interesting than reading. That game is the least interesting of all.
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Appositives and Appositives and GerundsGerunds
Appositives and Appositives and GerundsGerunds
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Appositives and Gerunds
• Appositives make “a positive identification” by adding more information set off by commas– Bill, my neighbor, rides a bicycle.
• Gerunds use –ing verbs as nouns– Bill’s hobby is cycling.
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AdverbsAdverbsAdverbsAdverbs
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Adverbs• Adverbs modify verbs, or
sometimes adjectives and other adverbs.
• Adverbs answer the questions– How?– When?– Where?– To what extent?
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Adverbs• Grandmother drives __________.
– Quickly, slowly, Tuesdays, often, downtown
• Seven adverbs tell “to what extent”– Not, so, very, too, quite, rather,
somewhat
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Adverbs• Degrees of adverbs make use of
comparatives and superlatives, just like adjectives do.– This car is fast. That car is faster.
The blue one is fastest of all of them.– I drove crazily. You drive more
crazily than I do. Grandmother drives most crazily of all.
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TensesTensesTensesTenses
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Tenses• Tense shows time
– Regular verbs add –ed to the infinitive form
– Irregular verbs change the infinitive form
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Simple Tenses• Present tense is happening now.
It never uses a helping verb.– Sing, weep, dance
• Past tense happened yesterday. It never uses a helping verb, either.– Sang, wept, danced
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Simple Tenses• Past participles happened the day
before yesterday. They use the helping verbs have, has, had.– Have sung, have wept, have danced.
• Future tense will happen tomorrow. It always uses will or shall as helping verbs.– Will sing, will weep, will dance
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Perfect Tense• Perfect tense describes actions
that have already happened.
• To Have + past participle (-ed)– I have talked– He/she/it has talked– They have talked
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Progressive Tense• Progressive tense is happening
now. • To Be + present participle (-ing)
– I am talking– He/she/it is talking– They are talking
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Perfect and Progressive Tenses
Infinitive Present Past Participle
To be am, is, are was am being
To have have, has had have had