grammar part 2 mr eslam fayez

8/6/2019 Grammar Part 2 Mr Eslam Fayez

1/132

1

Sentence, Phrase and Clause

1The sentence-)() ) .(

).:finite verbCapital Letter (.) )(

.(!)

Examples

.He sat.1..She plays football.2.

Are they dancing?3.!Ah , they have come!4..Read the lesson.5.

2

Clause

-

).(

Examples

....... because he was tired.1....When he arrived ...2.

3Phrase-.

Examples

....... in the corner ...1.......Reaching home, ...2

v)Reachinggerund ) (verbal noun).(


2/132

2

Finite verb

)(

Complete sense

bb Sentence

b Clause Phrase

.ClausesPhrases

Reaching home, he sat in the corner because he was tired. .

Phrase Main Sentence Phrase Clause

Exercise No. 1

v Which of the following are sentences, clauses or phrases?

Open the window.1.whom we saw.2.at the grocer's.3.across the street.4.that he came.5.through the window.6.Come here.7.as I was waiting.8.from my father.9.Where are my books?10.Did you laugh?11.Sit down.12.near the new secondary school.13.before he met you.14.if I see him.15.They watched T.V.16.


3/132

3

Kinds of Sentences

u:-

Order.(Statement3(.1Exclamation.(Question4(.2

v.

The Statement

. .(He watches TV.1(.

.(He does not watch TV.2(.v

The Simple Sentence.1

2.

The Compound Sentence

The Complex Sentence.3

1. The Simple Sentence

.

Examples

.The earth moves around the sun.1..Samy has a car.2.

."(Come.3".(Why did youcome late?4.

.They didn'tbelieve you.5.Going home, he stopped by the grocery shopto buy some tea and rice.

.6.unon-finite verbs).(


4/132

4

u:

.

2. The Compound Sentence

.)(

Coordinative Conjunctions.:

(She. ( invited him.a)) .(She sent him her car.b)

)b()a.(

.Not only did she invite himbut also she sent him her car.c)

Examples

.) .(=) .(

The man woke up. He took a bath.= The man woke upandhe took a bath.

1..) .(

)) .=Samy studied well. He didn'tsucceed.

= Samy studied wellbut he didn'tsucceed.2.

. .)(

)) .=

You can go to the cinema. You canstay at

home.

= You cango to the cinemaor you can stay

at home.

3...

). (=

)) .

She was very beautiful. She had many

admirers. She married none of them.= She was very beautiful and shehadmany

admirersbut she married none of them.

4.


5/132

5

v

(Coordinative Conjunctions)

..and../..../ .....nevertheless// butin spite of that... ...both ... and...despite that

...and alsoon the contraryas well as../..or/

..not only ...but also....otherwise/...or elsebesides

furthermore/... ...either ... or.... moreover... ..neither ... nor....likewise/soagain/thushenceyet

thenstillhowevertherefore

accordinglyconsequently

v :

.Coordinating Copulative1.1.Negative Coordinating Copulative2.2.Coordinating Adversative3.34.Coordinating Alternative4..Coordinating Illative5.5

1. Coordinating Copulative

"and":

further moreagainand

likewisebesidesand also

as well asmoreoverboth...and

not only...but also

)(.


6/132

6

...1. and.........:

and.

Ahmed went to school. Hany went to school. Nader went to school.

Ahmed, HanyandNader went to school. (compound)=

)(.=and(

a)

Samy went away. Samy bought a paper.

= Samy went awayandbought a paper.(compound) )(.= b)

The liquid was thick. The liquid was yellow.

= The liquid was thickandyellow. (compound) =.)(c)

He was the bravest. He was the strongest.

= He was thebravest andthestrongest. (compound) ((d(.=I hope to succeed. He hopes to succeed.

=I andhe hope to succeed. (compound) )(.= e)

Slowly he arrived home. Safely he arrived home.

= Slowlyandsafely he arrived home. =).(f)

v-

)and(((and)1

.or.and)and()2

Examples

...=

The boy opened the door. The boy walkedinto the room.

= The boy opened the doorandwalked into

the room.(compound)

-

the boyand theboyand.

..=

Samy didn't go away. Samy didn't buy a paper.

= Samy didn't go awayor buy a paper.(compound)-

orand.ort'didn)Samy(or

...=

Samy didn't go away. Magid didn't stay home.

= Samy didn't go away and Magid didn't stay home.

(compound)-


7/132

7

)Magid()Samy( ).)2andand

..

=

Samy went away. Samy bought a paper.

= Did Samy go awayor buy a paper? (Question)-

)Samy()( or.orand

..=

Samy went away. Magid stayed at home.

= Did Samy go away, and, did Magid stay at home?

(Question)

-

)MagidSamy( and .

..... ....2. both .... and....

.(.(=.

a) Ali is clever.

b) Ahmed is clever too.

=BothAliandAhmed are clever. (compound)

1.

.)

.) .=

a) Governments are interested in education.

b) Parents are interested in education.

= Both governments and parents are interested ineducation.(compound)

2.

............ as well as3

as well as as well as.

.)

.).=

a) He speaks English.

b) He speaks French.= He speaks French as well as English.

(compound)

1..).)=.

a) He is a doctor.b) He is a musician.

= He is a musician as well as a doctor.

(compound)

2.

.).(

.=

a) I am interested in music.b) My brother is interested in music too.

= I,as well as my brother, am interested in

music. (compound)

3.

am)I(.


8/132

8

.(( ..=

a) He is fond of swimming.

b) His cousins are fond of swimming too.

= He, as well as his cousins, is fond of swimming.

(compound)

4.

.( .(=.

a) His cousins are fond of swimming.

b) He is fond of swimming too.= His cousins, as well as he, are fond of

swimming. (compound)5.

... ....4. not only .... but .... also.........Or:not only .... but also ... .... ... :

. ) dodoesdid) )

).(not onlynotonly).(.

Examples

.) .)=.=

.

a) She speaks English.b) She speaks Spanish.

= Not only does she speak English butshespeaks Spanishalso. (compound)

Or = Shenot only speaks Englishbutshespeaks Spanishalso. (compound)

1.

as wellalso :

Or: = Not only does she speak Englishbutshe speaks Spanishas well. (compound)

.=

.(.(

= .

a) He listens carefully in class.

b) He works hard at home.

= He,not only listens carefully in class,butalso, he works hard at home.(comp.)

2.

.....not only .... but alsoas well as

Or = He listens carefully in classas well as he works hard at home. (compound)

.=


9/132

9

.).)

.=

a) They sold their factory.

b) They migrated to America.= Not only did they sell their factory but

they migrated to Americaalso. (comp.)

3.

.) .(=

.=

.

a) Ahmed has passed his exam.

b) Ahmed has obtained full mark.

= Not only has Ahmed passed his exambut

also he has obtained full mark. (comp)

Or = Ahmed,not only has passed his exam,but also he has obtained full mark. (comp)

4.

.).)=.

a) He is innocent.b) He is brave.

=Not onlyis he innocentbut he is braveas

well. (compound)

Or =He, not only is innocent but he is

braveas well. (compound)

5.

.).)

=.

a) They send him letters.

b) They send him money and explosives.= Not only do they send him letters but

they send him money and explosivesalso.

Or = They, not only send him letters but

they send him money and explosivesalso.

6.

.( .).=

a) She may refuse to pay money.

b) She may call the police.= Not only may she refuse to pay moneybut

she may call the policealso. (compound)

Or = She,not only may refuse to pay money

but also she may call the police.(compound)

7.

5. besides

.)

.).=

a) The pens are new.

b) The pens are cheap.= The pens are new, besides, they are

cheap. (compound)

1..(

.(=.

.

a) Students study Arabic at schoolb) Students study Maths at school.

= Students study Arabic at school,besides,

they study Maths at school. (compound)2.


10/132

10

6. moreover

.(.(=.

a) He lost his money.

b) He lost his shop.= He lost his money, moreover, he lost his

shop. (compound)

2. Negative Coordinating Copulative

"nor":-

......neither ....... nor1.....nor .

....2.

)(.

.).)=

a)He can not read.

b) He can not write.

= He canneither readnor write. (compound)1.

.(.).=

a) He didn't come.

He didn't apologize

= He didn't come, nor did he apologize.

(compound)

2.

.).).=

a) He will not gain the first prize.

b) He will not gain the second prize.= He will gainneitherthe firstnorthe second

prize. (compound)

3.

-)...Neither) ).()norNeither:(

=Neither the firstnor the second prize will he gain. (compound)

.=

.).)= .

a) He didn't come early.

b) He didn't stop talking either.

= Heneither came earlynor stopped talking. (comp.)Or: = Neither didhe come earlynor didhe stop talking. (comp.)

4.

.)

.).=

a) He didn't buy anything.

b) He didn't sell anything.

= Heneither boughtnor sold anything. (compound)Or: = Neither didhe buynor did he sell anything. (comp.)

5.


11/132

11

.).(.=

a) He does not understand the lesson.

b) He does not answer the question either.

= Heneither understands the lessonnor answers the

question. (comp.)

Or: = Neither does he understand the lessonnor does he

answer the question.(comp.)

6.

3. Coordinating Adversative

."but":

neverthelessbut

in spite of thatstill

despite thatyet

on the contraryhowever

1. but

but -:but

.(.(=.

a) She was angry with him.b) She gave him money.= She was angry with himbutshe gave him money. (compound)

2. still

.).(.=

a) They received the body.

b) His mother thinks he is alive.= They received the body, his mother still thinks he is

alive. (compound)

3. yet

.).)=.

a) He is forty years old.

b) He is a bachelor.= He is forty years old,yet , he is a bachelor.(comp.)

1.

.(

(

)

.(

= ).(

a) He worked hard.

b) He was fired.

= He worked hard,yet , he was fired. (comp.)

2.


12/132

12

4. however

) ..)= .

a) He became rather mad.

b) You can talk to him.

= He became rather mad, however , he can talk

to him. (comp.)

5. nevertheless

.(.(=.

a) He was innocent.

b) He was hanged.

= He was innocent,nevertheless , he washanged.(comp.)

1.

.(.)=.

a) They are enemies.

b) They respect each other.= They are enemies; nevertheless, they respect each

other. (compound)

2.

.(.(=)(.

a) Winter is cold.

b) Summer is hot.

= Winter is cold (but, yet, however) summer

is hot. (compound)

1.

.) .()(=

.

a) He was blind.b)He could find his way.

= He was blind (however, but, nevertheless)

he could find his way. (compound)2.

6. on the contrary

.(

.(=.

a) She does not hate him.

b) She is fond of him.= She does not hate him,on the contrary, she is

fond of him. (compound)

4.Coordinating Alternative

."" "or":

or elseor

otherwiseeither ...... or

.


13/132

13

/ 1. or

.)

(

.

.=

a) You can buy a Sony recorder.

b) You can buy a Philips recorder.

= You can buy a Sonyor a Philips recorder.(compound)

1.

.(.)=.

a) Pay them money.

b) Take the consequences.= Pay them moneyor take the consequences.

(compound)

2.

....2. either ...... or....

.(.(.=.=:

a) He will gain the first prize.b) He will gain the second prize.

= He will gaineither the first prize,or the secondprize. (compound)

Or =Either the first prizeor the second prize will

he gain. (compound)

1.

.).).=

a) You can stay.

b) You can leave.= You can either stay,or you can leave. (comp.)

2.

./)./).=

a) I am to blame.

b) He is to blame.

=Either Ior he is to blame. (compound)3.

.... ....3. or else

.)

.) .=

a) I had to obey them.

b) They would have killed me.

= I had to obey them, orelse, they would have killedme. (comp.)

.... ....4. otherwise.../

.).)=

.

a) They will take their money.

b) They will take the car.

= They will take their money;otherwise, they will take the

car. (comp.)


14/132

14

General Example

.(

.(=)(

..: =.: =

a) You must study hard.b) You wont get high marks.= You must study hardor (otherwise) you wont

get high marks. (compound)

Or: =Either you must study hardor you wontget high marks. (compound)

Or: = You must either study hardor you wontget high marks. (compound)

5. Coordinating Illative

."""so":

thereforeso

accordinglythus

thenhence

consequently

. .

.(.)=)(.

a) He was very tired.

b) He couldn't walk.

= He was very tired, so (thus, therefore), he

couldn't walk. (compound)

1.

.).).))=

a) She was sick.

b) She went to the doctor.= She was sick,consequently (hence), she

went to the doctor. (compound)

2.

... ...1. so

.).(.=

a) He is an officer.b) He can use a gun well.

= He is an officer,so , he can use a gun

well. (compound)

1.

.(.(=.

a) He didn't do his homework.

b) He was punished.= He didn't do his homework,so, he was

punished. (comp.)

2.


15/132

15

2. thus

.(

(

.

.=

a) She showed us her documents.

b) We believe that she is the only owner.

= She showed us her documents,thus , webelieve that she is the only owner.(comp.)

/ 3. therefore

.).)=

.

a) She always obeys her mother.b) You have to arrange it with your mother-in-law.

= She always obeys her mother,therefore , you haveto arrange it with your mother-in-law. (comp.)

4. accordingly

.).).=

a) They have signed the contract.

b) They cannot ask for a higher price.

= They have signed the contract, accordingly, theycannot ask for a higher price. (comp.)

/ 5. hence

.).).=

a) She was robbed once.

b) She always locks everything.

= She was robbed once,hence,she alwayslocks everything. (compound)

1.

.).)= .

a) I have paid all the price.

b) I have the right to earn its rent.

= I have paid all the price,hence , I have

the right to earn its rent. (compound)

2.

6. then

.).)=.

a) I left back my glasses.b) I can not read anything.

= I left back my glasses,then , I can not read

anything. (compound)


16/132

16

7. consequently

.(

.)=.

a) He was tired.

b) His answers were wrong.

= He was tired,consequently , his answers werewrong. (comp.)

1..(

.(=.

a) I held him by the neck.

b) He couldn't bite me.

= I held him by the neck, consequently, he

couldn't bite me. (comp.)

2.

Exercise No. 2

**: Join each pair of the following: and ,but ,or

. .

:

1. Hoda was blamed. Her mother was blamed. (both .... and ...)2. Hoda was not blamed. Her mother was not blamed. (neither .... nor ...)3. He is a farmer. He is a government employee. (as well as)4. He works hard. He finds time to play. (not only ... but ... also)5. He came to see me. He stayed for a month.6. He has time to play tennis. He has money to play tennis.7. I told him that she does not fit. He insisted on marrying her.8. This is a very heavy loss. You should not stop at all.9. I did not cause any harms. Why do you blame me?10. She may send a telegram. She may come tomorrow.11. I can not believe that such a child can buy a gun. I can not believe that he can use it.12. When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital. It is impossible to

be accused ).( 13. He did not buy a car. He did not buy a flat.14. of forty feddans.Her father died last month. She is the heiress


17/132

17

Exercise No. 3

** Join the following sentences using a suitable coordinating conjunction and

make necessary changes:

:**1. The wind was cold. I felt warm.2. It was raining. We decided to stay indoors.3. Hurry up! You'll be late for school.4. The weather was windy and rainy. It was cold.5. He told the truth. No one believed him.6. Can you fix the lamp ? Is it too high?7. She studied hard. She failed.8. She studied hard. She succeeded.9. She didn't study hard. She didn't succeed.10. He is intelligent. He is hard-working.

Exercise No. 4

** Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets

and make necessary changes:**:

1. He neither cheatednor lied. (Neither....)2. He was not kind,but, he wasalso brave. (Notonly....)3. He either went homeor went to the club. (Either....)4. Heneither sold his carnor used it. (Neither....)5. Shenotonly cleans the house,but shealso cooks dinner. (Not only....)

Exercise No. 5

** Complete with an appropriate coordinating conjunction:

:**

1. He drinks ..... tea ... coffee, but never the tow at the same time.2. Their actions were .... risky ..... positively suicidal.3. I'm going out for a minute ..... two ..... you can get supper ready.4. I don't agree with you, ..... does my brother.


18/132

18

5. Those who are not studying hard should ..... change their ways ..... make room for those who will work.6. The answer is not right ..... is mine.7. The car was quite old, ..... it was in excellent condition.8. John could ..... see, hear ..... talk.

Wh e n I a m r igh t n o o n e r e m e m b e r s , w h en I a m w r on g

no one fo rge t s .


19/132

19

3. The Complex Sentence

.

.Subordinative Conjunctions

Coordinative Conjunctions .)(

:

Complex Sentence consists of two parts

Main (Principle) ClauseSubordinate Clause

Simple sentence - has a verb.

- has not a complete meaning.- connect to the joining-word.

Clause)Principle(Main ).(

Subordinate Clause: ).(

..)Subordinate Clause()Phrase(

(( )Clause()Phrase( )Phrase()Clause(.

.

@-)Phrase().(.)


20/132

20

Examples

1. I shall start cooking when you come home. ..1

).(

2.Ifyou succeed, I'll buy you a car. ..2

)(),(.

3. He was angrybecause they arrested him for a crime he did not commit.

))1))2 ..3

)(.

4. Themanwho arrived by taxi will be promotedbecause he is efficient.

))1))2).(.4

)( .

The man will be promotedwho arrived by taxi

because he is efficient)(

Noun Clause1.Adject iv al (Relat iv e) Clause2.

Adverbi al Clause3.


21/132

21

Sub ordinati ve Clause

Noun Clause Adject ival (Relati ve) Clause Adverbi al Clause

Examples

.

When the manager returns, I will ask him

whether the books which you ordered have

arrived from the publishers

)(:

main ClauseI will ask himan adverbial Clausewhen the manager returnsnoun Clausewhether the books have

arrived from the publishers

an adjectival Clausewhich you ordered

How to change a complex sentence Into a simple sentence

Or: How to change from Clause Into Phrase

Main (Principle) Clausephrase(Subordinative Clause(s)(

clause .

. Noun Clause Nounor Noun Phrase

. Adjectival Clause Adjectiveor Adjectival Phrase

. Adverbial Clause Adverbor Adverbial Phrase

ClausesPhrases

.


22/132

22

Clause)(Complex (Simple) Phrase.

Clauses Phrases

Noun Adjectival Adverbial Noun Adjectival Adverbial

Noun ClauseNoun Phrase .PhraseClause

1. Noun ClausesandNoun Phrases

.

Noun Clause.

@-1Phrase)(:

..in the corner............Reaching home

2Clause)():)

.......if I see him.

.....Where he lives

ComplexSimpleClausePhrase .

Noun Clause Nounor Noun Phrase

@ :-Wh(questions words))

:)


23/132

23

what whom how long how far

when who how much how often

where which how many whose

why how how wide

:)

whether / if = that

@-((Noun Clauses.1

.:-((Verbs of thinking

understand suppose mean believe know feel think remember trust recall

2. :-

that question words (wh.) whif / whether /

Examples

1. That the earth moves around the sun is a fact. (Complex / Clause)

Subordinate clause (Noun clause) Main Clause

..1

(Noun Clause) (Noun Phrase)

:= The movement of the earth around the sun is a fact. (Simple / Phrase)

.= The movement of the earth around the sunis

.


24/132

24

2. He explainedhow nature breaks rocks. (Complex / Clause)

Main Clause Subordinate clause (Noun clause)

..2

how .

=He explained the way of breaking rocks by the nature. (Simple / Phrase)

.=

clausephrase.

Noun Clauses Noun Phrases

1. I told himthat he is innocent. .I told him about his innocence.

.

2.That the earth moves around the sun became

a fact.

.

The movement of the earth around thesun became a fact.

. 3. What he said annoyed me. . His words annoyed me. .4. He showedthat he is a clever doctor..

He showed his cleverness as a doctor.

.

5. That he is innocent became a fact.. His innocence became a fact.. 6. I know where she lives. . I know her address. .7. He knowswhen she will arrive..

He knows the time of her arrival.

.

8.I don't know whether she can buy it or she

cannot.

.

I dont know her ability or inability to buyit.

.

9.He broughtwhat is necessary for us.

. He brought our necessary things.

.

10.I don't know whether he has succeeded or

failed.

.

I dont know anything about his successor failure.

.

11. They discoveredhow deep it was.. They discovered its depth.

.

12.She askedhow much sugar I had bought.

. She asked about the quantity of sugarbought by me.

. 13. The teacher askedhow many books we had..

The teacher asked about the number of

our books. .


25/132

25

14. He didnt tell us why he had committed hiscrime. .

He didnt tell us the reason of his crime.

.15. What he said is true. . His speech is true. . 16. That he will succeed is certain. . His success is certain. .17. That he is generous was known to everyone.. His generosity was known to everyone.. 18. What he studies gave him great pleasure..

His studies gave him great pleasure.

.

19. That he failed was unexpected.. His failure was unexpected.

.

20.Tell mewhere you live. . Or:Tell mewhere your address is.

.

Tell me your address.

.

21.Can you tell me where your birthplace is?

. Or:Can you tell mewhere you were born.

.

Can you tell me your birthplace?

.

22. I sawwho built that house. . I saw the builder of that house.

.

23. I metwho wrote this book. . I met the writer of this book.

.

24.She spoke ofwhat she feels.

Or:She spoke ofwhat she felt.

).(

She spoke ofher feelings.

.

25. No one knowswhy he was absent.. No one knows the reason of his absence.

.

26. The doctor discoveredwhy he was ill.. The doctor discovered the cause of his

illness. .

27. He told mewhen he arrived. . He told me the time of his arrival.

.

28.Tell mehow far the house from the airport.

. Tell me the distance between the house and

the airport.

.29. We hopethat he succeeds. . We hope for his success. .

30.She knowshow she makes cakes.

. She knows the way of making cakes.

.Or:She knows how to make cakes.

:.

31.

He knewhow he can solve the problem.

.

He knew the way of solving the problem.

.Or:He knew how to solve the problem.

.:


26/132

26

32.The teacher does not know how many pupils

there are in the class.

.

The teacher does not know the number of

pupils in the class.

.

33. They didnt know how many brothers I havegot. .

They didnt know the number of my

brothers. .

34. I wanted to knowhow oldyou are..I wanted to know your age.

.

35. Do you knowhow much this book costs?Do you know the cost of this book?

36. Do you knowhow wide the street is?Do you know the width of the street?

37. Can you tell mehow deep the river is?Can you tell me the depth of the river?

38. She askedwhether she could go home.. She asked a permission to go home.. 39. He saidthat he was lonely. .

He told us about his loneliness.

.

40.How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.

. The prisoners (method of) escape is amystery.

.)(

41.He told mewhere he works.

. He told me the place (the address, the

whereabouts) of his work.

.)(

42. She laughed atwhat he said..She laughed at his jokes (story, tales).

).(

43. This ishow he sings. . This is his way (manner, method) ofsinging. .

44. The story of why he committed suicide waswell known. .

The reason of his suicide was well known.

.

v))infinitive.1

.to go)()Phrase()8303138.(

2.phraseclause .

3.phraseclause

.

.


27/132

27

Exercise No. 6

** Change the following clauses into phrases (Change the following complexsentences into simple sentences):-

-):)1. Rememberthat we are friends. .2. We dont know why he broke it. .3. I know why she failed. .4. I expectthat they will arrive here. .5. She did not tell ushow oldshe is. .6. None knows who owns it. .7.

They can guesshow

we got money. .

8. We discoveredthat she was clever. .9. You should knowhow high the hill is. .10. I do not knowhow deep this canal is. .11. Tell me why you were absent. .12. I dont know when the flood occurs (happens). .13. It is essentialthat man thinks before he acts. .14. Most of the members repeated what he said. .15. He seemsthat he is glad. .16. The policeman knew where the crime had happened. .17. Do you knowhow much this house costs? 18. That he will arrive tomorrow is certain. .19. Bring what you need with you. .20. We know who designed the house. .21. We must hopethat he will recover. .22. Dont forget where you will examine. .23. He spoke along time what he suffers. .24. We agreed to what he suggested. .25. Tell mehow tallyou are. .26. I am sure ofthat the book is not useful (is useless). .27. The patient hopedthat he recovers quickly. .28. That he is young was evident to all. .29. That he is intelligent was clear to every one. .30. Tell mehow many boys there are in this class. .


28/132

28

2. Adjectival (Relative) Clauses&Adjectival (Relative) Phrases

vClause)Relative(Adjective:

.

RelativePronouns(

.:

who, which, that, whom, whose, what (= the thing that)

): :()(

.He sent his son who is ill to the doctor.1..He sent his son to the doctorwho is ill.2.

Main clause Adjectival clause

).)1))2

vKinds of Relative Clauses:

(defining clauses ) .:.(

(defining clauses-non ),(

)comma(.

Examples

1. The student who was absent yesterday will be punished.

.was absent yesterdaywho)defining(

:The student will be punished. .

:

What student?


29/132

29

2. Nabil, who was absent yesterday, will be punished. .was absent yesterdaywho)defining-non(

:Nabil will be punished. .

3. The professor who teaches us chemistry is a good teacher. (defining)

4. The professor, who teaches us chemistry, is a good teacher. (non-defining)

:1. The boys, who wanted to swim, jumped into the water.

2. The boys who wanted to swim jumped into the water while the others played on the beach.

)who wanted to swim():(

.

v

:which

I did not bring my book again, which made the teacher very angry.

.

:)())infinitive.1the first, the second, the next, the last, the only, and the superlatives )( (e.g. the most, the least, the fewest ..etc.).

Mr. Ahmed was the first personthat (who) arrived at the reception.

.= Mr. Ahmed was the first personto arrive at the reception.

.

))-ingform()the present participle.2 )verb in activevoice:(

Students whowant to success should study harder.

.= Students wanting to success should study harder.

.

))-ed form) (the past participle.3 )verb in passivevoice:(


30/132

30

Jewellerythatwasbought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.

= Jewellery bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.

:)Present Participle(

.He saw an excitingfilm.1..It was an interestingbook.2.

.Many men were inside the burninghouse.3.:)()Past Participle(

.He was excited when he saw the film.1..He was interested in the book.2.

.The burnt men were rushed to the hospital.3.vraseAdjectival Ph )Adjective(

:)(

.(Adjective)He likes a corner seat.1..(Adjectival Phrase)He likes a seat in the corner.2.

vForms of Adjective

(Simple Adjective: clever boy intelligent girl wise man

(((Present Participle +ing( :

exciting film interesting book terrifying place

Past Participle:

educated man broken bottle sunken ship written exercise

:

An air-conditioned housea narrow-minded mana talented composer

v

(Adjective Clause()(

(Relative Pronouns)clausephrase


31/132

31

Relative Pronouns

)

)..)12(conjunction.

PossessiveObjectSubject

whosewhom - thatwho - thatwhosethatthat

of whichwhichwhich

: ((

..

v.)1

.).(.=

a) The man has just arrived.b) He was lost.

= The manwho (that) was lost has just arrived.

whoHe)a.(

.Adjectival Clause)2

1. who /

:who

.).).=

a) The man was arrested.

b) The man had robbed the bank.= The manwho (that) had robbed the bank was arrested.

1.

.(.)=.

a) The boy is absent.

b) He broke the window.

= The boywho (that) broke the window is absent.2.


32/132

32

12)whothat) ((()(

.(

)())2 :))He))The boy))He

a)The boy is absent.

b)The boybroke the window.

= The boywho (that) broke the window is absent.

)that)who))The boy ) .(

= The boywho (that) broke the window is absent.

=The boywho (that) is absent broke the window.

.

2. which /

:which

.)

(

.

)the cup(.=

a) The cup is useless.b) The cup is broken.

= The cupwhich (that) is broken is useless.

1.( ..)

.

a) The blackboardbecame well.

b) He painted the blackboard.

=The blackboardwhich (that) he paintedbecame well.

2..(

.2(=2.

a) I hired a car.

b)It broke down after two kilometers.

= I hired a car which (that) broke downafter two kilometers.

3.

it=a carit.

.).).=

a) I gavethe house a new coat of paint.

b) It looks very lovely now.

=The houseto which I gave a new coat of

paint looks very lovely now.

4.

it=the housewhich+.

v.which)1 .+which)2


33/132

33

3. whom /

.whomu

)(.They gave me a present.

))1))2

:whom)

.(.(

=.

a) The man wept.

b) The manger dismissed the man.

= The man whom (that) the manger

dismissed wept.

1.

.(.(.=

a) I sawthe director.

b) He told me to come back tomorrow.

=The directorwhom (that) I saw, told me

to come back tomorrow.

2.

:)Preposition+)whom)

.)

.(.=

a) That is the boy.

b) I gavehim a book.= That is the boyto whom I gave a book.

1..)

.(.=

a) I am going to visit Ahmed.

b) I boughthim a present.

= I am going to visit Ahmed for whom

I bought a present.

2.

:whom)

.).).=

a) Ali went to hospital.

b) A stone fellon him.

=Ali,on whom a stone fell, went to hospital.1.

)b(him)(whom.

.).).=

a) Ahmed married Tagreed.

b) He was in love with her.

= Ahmed married Tagreedwith whom he was in love.2.


34/132

34

4. whose )/)/

.whosewhose )()(:

.(.)=.

a) I met Ali.

b)Alis father is a doctor.

= I met Aliwhose father is a doctor.1.

.).(.=

a) My friend is sad.

b) His dog has been killed.

= My friendwhose dog has been killed is sad.2.

.).).=

a) The horses leg has been broken.b) It had to be shot.= The horse whose leg was broken had to be shot.

3.

5. that /

))whom-which-whothatwhose.

that ......

.).).=

a) The story is true.

b) He told us the story.

= The story that (which) he told us is true.1.

.).)=.

a) We fought for our freedom.

b) We loveour freedom.

= We fought for our freedomthat (which) we love.2.

.(.(.=

a)Ahmedis clever.b) Ahmed is a student.

=Ahmedthat (who) is a student is clever.3.

vthat

thatwhomwhichwhothat)1 :

It is the man behind the camera, not the camera,that is important..


35/132

35

2(that)()Noun Clause( ).)Adverbial Clause of Purpose)(

He said that he would like to be present. (Noun Clause)

.(1. ())I thinkthathe is innocent. (Noun Clause) ). ( 2.He stopped smoking thathe might live longer. (Adverbial Clause of Purpose)

..(3. (

Relative Pronoun)(that)3 ).)Adjectival Clause

The boythat broke the window is waiting outside. (Adj. Clause)

) .(1.

The manthat I met in the train is a doctor. (Adj. Clause)

) .(2.

.)(that)4

That man is foolish. (demonstrative adjective) ). (.)(that)5

That is my book. (demonstrative pronoun) )(.vRelative Pronouns

)/(who)1 whom)./(

. That is the man who (whom / that) I met yesterday.

).the thing that(what)2

.Whathe saw astonished him.1..He didnt tell us what he did.2.

:)())Adj. Clause)3why, where, when .etc.


36/132

36

1.why =for which

. The reason why he refused to stay was not known.2.where = in / at which /((

.The hotel where he was staying caught fire.1..The villa where I spent my boyhoodis still standing.2.

3.when = in /on /at /duringwhich /)(

Do you remember the day when we first met?1.

.The day whenhe arrived, his wife had a baby.2.where))Relative Adverb)4

:

.The reason he refused to stay was not known.1..The hotel he was stayingin caught fire.2..The villaI spent my boyhoodin is still standing.3.

Do you remember the day we first met?4..The day he arrived, his wife had a baby.5.

5(

))contact clause:

(defining clause)The man whom you saw yesterday is a doctor.(contact clause)= The man you saw yesterday is a doctor.

1.(defining clause)The family whom I visited invited me to stay.

(contact clause)= The familyI visited invited me to stay.2.

.whomwho)6

The dog, whowas chasing rabbits in his sleep, suddenly kicked the table..


37/132

37

)()7 :

Interrogative Adjectives

Interrogative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

(who((who(------------(whom((whom(------------

(whose((whose(whose +noun+ (((which(which(which +noun+ (

that------------------------(what+( +noun/whatwhat

)()

)..

Exercise No. 7

I) Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence. (Use a relative

pronoun). 1()( The minerals are in great quantities. The minerals are found in Egypt.1.The boat has no sails )( . The boat is on the river.2.The policeman warned )( the boy. The boy was driving quickly.3.Those boys must have good food. You made them work hard.4.The man helped the girl. He had met her in Gaza.5.Samy was weeping. I had found Samys book.6.

The boy was very clever. His answers were correct answers.7.I took all these things. I need all these things.8.This is the man. I met him in London.9.The man was killed. He was driving a car.10.I bought this stereo last week. It doesnt work properly.11.Hes the person. Hes going to be fired )( .12.That is the journalist. His article made quite a stir )/( yesterday.13.Im the man. You stole my wallet.14.They sent a new teacher. She looks nice.15.We didnt like the housemaid. The agency sent her.16.Nadia looked angry. She has been listening to our conversation.17.I climbed up the stairs. They were newly-painted.18.


38/132

38

II) Put a suitable relative pronoun: 2(: The cat had been very quiet, suddenly started mewing.1.I didnt find the wallet you said youd left under the pillow )( .2.Mr. Galal, had been very sick, died yesterday.3.Im the one car was stolen last night.4. Thats the general manager is retiring )( next month.5.I love cities, are big and noisy.6.He was extremely rude, made me very angry.7.Ive never met the actor lives next door to us.8.That is one neighbour with Ill never be on good terms )( .9.The car, four wheels were punctured, had to be abandoned )( 10.Students names begin with A always get examined first is unfair ( / ).11.I did I could wasnt much.12.He was very rude to the police officer , of course, made things worse.13.Youssef, . wallet was missing, found it under the table.14.

III) Add the missing word: 3(: I dont know . to do.1.I asked him . to put it.2.I cant remember . to start this machine.3.We dont know . to give it to.4.I dont know . is your house.5.I cant imagine . you are angry with me.6.I cant remember . I am supposed to meet him at the station.7.You must do .. he tells you.8.Do you know . did it?9.She hasnt written to me . she is coming.10.

IV) Remove the relative pronoun and make the necessary changes:

:)4The captain was the last manthat left the sinking ship.1.Tourists who travel abroad a lot should make prior reservations )( at hotels.2.The man who was sick was brought to the doctor.3.Students, who were punished yesterday, are to report to the headmasters office.4.He was the only student who understood the lesson.5.Gunsthat have been fired recently are easy to detect.6.Mona was the first person who saw the flying saucer )( .7.The carthat was stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.8.Plantsthat are watered by salty water seldom survive.9.People who want to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters )( 10.


39/132

39

V) Join the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets:

:)5Romeo and Juliet were deeply in love. Their families hated each other. (Romeo and Juliet .)1.I was waiting for a friend. He didnt come. (The friend .)2.Swiss Family Robison, is a story about family. Their ship sank near a desert island. (SwissFamily Robison )

3.I saw several apartments. Few of them were suitable. (I saw ..)4.I was given this address by my friend. I met her at the airport. (I was given ..)5.A man answered the phone. He said that it was the wrong number. (The man ..)6.The bed had no springs. I slept on that bed. (The bed .. )7.Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges. Many of them were hungry.

(Before the Gulf War ..)8.

Rashids leg is still in a plaster cast. Hell have to watch the match on T.V. (Rashid .)9.He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. This didnt suit me at all. (He wanted ..)_10.

VI) Pick out the adjective clause in each of the following sentences:

:)6This is the dress that my aunt gave me.1.The cakes which I bought are on the table.2.The thief who robbed the old lady was arrested.3.A car that wont start is of no value to anybody.4.The police gave the old man who has been robbed his stolen wallet.5.

VII) Get rid of the relative pronoun (make contact clauses or use the infinitive,the present participle or the past participle):

()7)):(

The house which they built fell down after two months.1.The bus that arrived late was full.2.The money which he borrowed from his friend was lost.3.She was the most beautiful girl that attended the party.4.The street was lead to the university is very wide.5.Buildings which were built fifty years ago are more robust .than those are built these days.6The man whom I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss.7.Books that bored him were usually thrown into the waste basket.8.Being the last person that arrived that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.9.He said that bonds / that were purchasedlast month made a large profit / .10.


40/132

40

VIII) Add the missing relative, but where possible, make a contact clause

(without a relative pronoun):

8():(

The doctor you want has just left.1.The paper you showed me yesterday was very interesting.2.The flowers I cut this morning are still fresh. 3.The barber shaved your beard did it very badly.4.The eggs I ate yesterday were delicious.5.The man about you are talking died last week.6.The knife with we cut the bread is very sharp.7.The knife, we use to cut the bread with, is very sharp.8.The man money you stole went to the police.9. Where is the shop sells picture post-cards?10.

IX) Punctuate the following sentences to show which are defining and which are

non-defining clauses:

:)9Many people were injured in the capital Zaire where 10.000 students took part in

a demonstration )( .1.The river that flows through Cairo is the Nile.2.The Nile which flows through Cairo is the longest river in the world. 3.I went to see their home which I liked very much.4.Professor Ali who teaches chemistry is a good teacher.5.

X) Express differently by means of a relative pronoun:

:)10

The reason for his anger is not known.1.This is a book on astronomy; there is non better.2.We are living in profoundly disturbing times.3.I ended up by making a speech, and I hadn't wanted to.4.

Tim e is m one y.


41/132

41

How to change Adjectival Clause into Adjectival Phrase

(How to change from Complex to Phrase)

Adjectival Clause Adjectiveor Adjectival Phrase

complexsimpleclausephrase+verb To Be.

)(.)(.

The man who is intelligent can overcome his problems. (Complex / Clause)

.))

The intelligent man can overcome his problems. (Simple / Phrase)

.()

1.

Eintelligent)( )Complex/Clause()Simple /Phrase()(

who is)verb to be.(

I bought a suit which is made of wool. (Complex / Clause).

I bought a suit made of wool. (Simple / Phrase)

.

2.

E made of wool ) ( (Complex/Clause)Simple /Phrase)()()a suit(

which is)verb to be.(

Examples

Adjectival Phrase

Adjectival Clauses

LearnedPeople behave wisely.

.People who are learned behave wisely.

..1Thewoundedmancould regain his health.

.

The man who was woundedcould regain his

health.

.

2.Careless students are always punished.

.Students who are careless are always punished.

..3


42/132

42

The man called Hany, did the work.

.Or: Hany did the work. .

The man who is called Hany did the work.

..4

Mr. Mazen, your host ofyesterday is dead.

.

Mr. Mazen, whom you visited yesterday, is

dead.

.:visited

Mr. Mazen.is

5.

Nadia, the owner of the blue car, is

downstairs.

.Nadia, who owns the blue car, is downstairs.

..6The book recommended by you was

excellent.

.

The book which you recommended me to

read was excellent.

.7.

Your advice caused me much trouble.

.Or: The advice given by you caused me

much trouble.

.

The advice you gave caused me much

trouble.

.:which

.the adviceyou

8.

Thedeafgirl couldn't hear the noise.

.The girl who was deafcouldn't hear the noise.

..9I met the blind man in the street. .I met the man)( who is blind in the street.)(.10.The robber of the bank was arrested.

.The man who had robbed the bank was arrested.

..11The people invitedby you are wanted.

.:invited

.are

The people whom you invited are wanted.

.12.

The dismissed man wept.

.The man whom the manager dismissed wept.

..13Migratingbirds have strong wings.

.Birds which migrate have strong wings.

..14Abrokencup is useless.

.A cup which is broken is useless.

..15Farmers possessing burnt land will get money.

.Farmers who possess burnt land will get money.

.16.The car boughtbyher is very expensive.

.:bought

.is

The car she bought is very expensive.

.:which the car

.the carshe

17.


43/132

43

The government gave money to the owner

of the burnt houses.

.

The government gave money to the people

whose houses were burnt.

.18.

The lost battle was a great one.

.The battlethat they lost was a great one.

.19.The valuable illustrations are kept in

museums.

.

The illustrations which are valuable are kept

in museums.

.20.

Exercise No. 8

v Change adjectival clauses into phrases::

The roadwhichthey destroyed joined two cities. . 1.The man who wrote these papers died many years ago.

.2.The man who invitedthis rocket made more advanced rockets.

..3The people whom they employed are very clever. . 4.The storiesthat he writes are tragedies. . 5.The man whose car was damaged is still alive. . 6.The manuscripts that they found in the desert clear many things

..7The papers which were very old are written in a strange language.

).(8.

D e e d s , n o t w o r d s .


44/132

44

How to change from Simple Sentence into Complex Sentence

Or: How to change from Phrase into Clause

.phraseclauseclausephrase-

Adjectiveor Adjectival phrase Adjectival clause

)adjectival clause( :

verb to Be

Adjectival Clause ( Complex )

Adjectival Phrase (Simple )

The boywho is clever succeeds every year.

.The clever boy succeeds every year.

..1The man who is wise can solve his problems.

.The wise man can solve his problems.

.2.Peoplewhoare living in Gaza enjoy the sea.

Or:Peoplewholive in Gaza enjoy the sea.)()( .

People living in Gaza enjoy the sea.

)()( ..3The pupils who are in the third year must

work hard.

.

The pupils in the thirdyear must work hard.

.4.I have reada storywhich was interesting.

.I have read an interesting story.

.5.I saw a film which was wonderful.

.

I saw a wonderful film.

.6.

Khalil lives in a house which is air-

conditioned.

.)(

Khalil lives in an air-conditioned house.

..7((We live in a house which is containing

many rooms.Or: We live in a house whichcontains many

rooms.

.

We live in a house containing many rooms.

)(.8.


45/132


46/132

46

3. Adverbial Clause and Adverbial Phrases

v

Adverbial ClausesAdverb... .)Subordinating Conjunctions(:

while, where, because, if, as, although, ...etc.

)Subordinating Conjunctions( Complex SentenceSubordinate Clause

:main (principle) clause

.)(

.because.12.because he was tiredhe went home.3

He went homebecause he was tired. (complex)

.)(:

.

Because he was tired, he went home. (complex)

Examples

.He went homebecausehe was tired.1..Becausehe was tired, he went home.2.

..He went for a walkalthoughit was raining.3,.Althoughit was raining he went for a walk.4.

v),) (comma(.

E-

1.Adver bial Clause of Place2.Adverbi al Clause of Ti me3.Adver bial Clause of Cause (Reason)4.Adverbi al Clause of Pur pose5.Adver bial Clause of Result (Consequence)6.Adverbi al Clause of Cont rast


47/132

47

7.Adverbi al Clause of M anner8.Adverbi al Clause of Com parison9.Adverbi al Clause of Condit ion

10.Adverbi al Clause of Degree11.Adverbi al Clause of Except ion12.Adverbi al Clause of Preference13.Adverbi al Clause of Proport ion

vAdverbial Phrase)...(

....

Preposition Compound ConjunctionsPresent Participle) (ing form)(

)PastParticiple) (.(

Examples

1. He smiled wickedly. (adv. Phrase of manner) ) .) ((2. He smiled in a wickedly way. (adv. Phrase of manner) )). (.(3. He arrived at four oclock. (adv. Phrase of time) ). (4. She went into the garden. (adv. Phrase of place) ). (5. Being ill, he was absent yesterday. (adv. Phrase of reason) ) .(6.

Going home, he ran into his friend. (adv. Phrase of time)

). (((

7. He studied hard, in order to succeed. (adv. Phrase of purpose) ). (8. But for his illness, he would succeeded. (adv. Phrase of condition) ). ()(

. .

He went on foot to the station at four oclock..

Adverbial clause ofmanner place time


48/132

48

|Clausephrase

1. Adverbial Clauses of Place

":"where

/ whencewhere/ any wherewherever

).(

Examples

1. I dont know wherehe went. .)(2. I found your pen whereyou dropped it. .3. Bad luck follows him whereverhe goes. ."4. I dont know whencehe came. .

How to change from Adverbial Clause to Adverbial Phrase

Adverbial Clause Adverbor Adverbial Phrase

)(

)( .

How to change from Adverbial Clause of Place into Phrase

ClausePhrase:

PhraseClause

wherewherever in, at, on, .. etc, every where

/whenceany where/no where/


49/132

49

Examples

Clause Phrase

1. She goes with him where he goes..

She goes with him every where.

2. You can go whence you came..

You can goback.

.

3. The sun was where the sea meets the sky..The sun wasat the horizon.

.

4. He made friends wherever he went..He made friends every where.

.

5. Do you know wherehe hides the map?

Do you knowthe place of the hidden map?

6.She showed them where she had hidden

the bag.

.She showed themthe place of the hidden bag.

.

7.New building are standing where old

cottages once stood.

.

New building are standing in the place of the

old cottages.

.

L ike fa t he r , li ke son .


50/132


51/132

51

Present Perfect)had():(

Hardly had he opened the envelop when an explosion was heard.

.

3after, when, as soon as, before, till, until, the moment

) ).(

after, when, as soon as, before, till, until, the moment +

Examples

1. After I finish (or have finished) my work, Ill go to thecinema.

.

2. I will visit himas soon as I phone (or have phoned) him. .3. She will prepare the dinner before she goes (or has

gone) out..

4. We will waituntilhe arrives (or has arrived)...5 When I get (or have got) my visa, Ill travel to Paris. .(

6. Ill send him a letter the moment I know (or haveknown) of his success.

.

.after, when, as soon as, till, until, the moment.before

after, when, as soon as, till, until) ).(

(before) ).

+after, when, as soon as +

+before +

till, until+


52/132

52

Examples

7. After he had eaten dinner, he went for a walk. .8.

Before he went for a walk, he had eaten dinner. .

9. He didnt go for a walkuntil (till) he had eaten dinner. .

.

.untiltill

I comm it m y a ffa i r to Allah .


53/132

53

How to change from Adverbial Clause of Time into Phrase

ClausePhrase:

PhraseClausein / at / onwhen

after / beforeafter, before

during / whileas, while

till / untiltill, until

since + poss. adj.sincejust onthe moment

noun or

gerund

immediately on / after / just on /on / as soon as + poss. adj.

as soon as,

no sooner than ,scarcely when ,

hardly when

when in, at, on + noun or gerund

Clause Phrase

1. Whenhe saw his mother, he ran towards her..Onseeinghis mother, he ran towards her.

.

2. Whenhe arrived, she was angry. .On his arrival, she was angry.

.

3. When he came, I was sleeping. .On his coming, I was sleeping.

.

4. When she heard the news, she fainted. .On hearing the news, she fainted .

.

after 1) after +noun or gerund

Or 2) having +p.p

before before +noun or gerund

PhrasesClausesAfter eating dinner, he went for a walk .

Or:Having eaten dinner, he went for a walk.

.

After he had eaten dinner, he went for a walk.

..1

After receiving the telegram, they came.

Or:Having receivedthe telegram, they came.

).(

They came after they had received the

telegram.

..2)(


54/132


55/132

55

since since + poss. adj. +noun or gerund

)poss. adj.() :my, his, her, it, their, your, our( since.

Clauses Phrases

1.

I havent seen him since he returned fromthe U.S.A.

.

I havent seen himsince his return from theU.S.A.

.

2.He hasnt sent letterssince he departed.

.He hasnt sent letters since (his) departing(departure).

.

3.Since he died, no one has visited his family.

.

Since (his) death, no one has visited hisfamily.

.

4.He has left his homesince they arrived.

.He has left his homesince their arrival.

.

5.

She neglected every thing since her child

died.

.

She neglected every thing since the death of

her child.

.

the moment just on +noun or gerund

Clauses Phrases

1.

The moment he rang the bell, two men

came.

.Just on ringing the bell, two men came.

.

2.

The moment he read that letter, he left

our village.

.

(Just on) Reading that letter, he left our village.

.Just on.

3.

I shall send him a letter the moment I

know of his success.

.

I shall send him a letter just on knowing of his

success.

.

hardly .when .

no sooner . than .

scarcely . when

as soon as ..

immediatelty on immediately after

Clauses Phrases

1.As soon as he arrived, he started talking.

.Immediately on arrival (arriving), he started talking.

.


56/132

56

2.

As soon as I received the telegram, I hurried tothe airport.

.

Immediately on receiving the telegram, I hurried to theairport.

.

3.

As soon as he had arrived, he demandeda meal.

.

Immediately after his arrival, he demanded a meal.

.

4.

No sooner had she taken the papersthan she tore them.

.Immediately on taking the papers, she tore them.

.)(

5.

No sooner had she swallowed two pillsthanshe slept.

.Immediately on swallowing two pills, she slept.

.

6.

No sooner had I reached the stationthan the train left.

.

Immediately on reaching the station, the train left.

.

7.

No sooner had she seen the lion thanshe cried.

.Immediately after seeing the lion, she cried.

.

8.

Hardly had he reached the station whenhe was called back.

.Reaching the station, he was called back.

.)(

9.

Hardly had she opened the envelopwhen an explosion was heard.

.

Opening the envelop, an explosion was heard.

.)(

10.

Hardly had he left the house when we

missed the jewels.

.

Just after his leaving the house, we missed the

jewels.

.)(

11.

Scarcely had the plan touched theground whenit burst into flames.

.

Just on touching the ground, the plan burst into

flames.

.((

12.

Scarcely had the bus stopped when it

burst into flames.

.

Stopping, the bus burst into flames.

.((

13.

So long as he neglects his duties, he should beblamed.

.Neglecting his duties, he should be blamed.

.

14.

So long as he disobeys me, I shall stop sending

him money.

.Disobeying me, I shall stop sending him money.

.

15.Once he stands firm, she will respect him.

.))Standing firm, she will respect him.

.

16.

Once you sign these papers, I shall send you the

goods.

)/()( .

Signing these papers, I shall send you the goods.

.)(


57/132

57

Exercise No. 10

I) Join the following pairs to make one complex sentence:

:)1

I waited for a long time. At least he appeared.1.We arrived at the football field. Then the game started.2.He arrived at a certain time. Immediately I went home.3.My father finished his work. He soon went home.4.I studied my lessons. I went to bed afterwards.5.He went away yesterday. We have done no work since that time.6.They crossed the canal. Then they attacked the enemy.7.

The Egyptian soldiers had appeared. Immediately the Israeli soldiers disappeared.8.I was washing my hands. The telephone rang.9.She was sitting at the table. Then the children came.10.

II) Complete the following: :)2 1. He had lived abroad since 2. No sooner had he left the house 3. He apologized to his father after 4. The boys sat silent when 5. Hardly had he packed his luggage to travel 6. Scarcely had they gone out of school 7. I shall wait for him till 8. He had studied his lessons well before III) Change the black typed clauses into phrases and vice versa:

:)3|).(

I didnt know him until he spoke to me.1.No one could believe him after he had told lies.2.The sick pupil forgot every thing when he sat for the exam.3.He had not prepared himselfbefore entering the exam.4.Having prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic.5.No sooner had he met him thanhe informed him of his success.6.In doing your duty, you should not be shamed.7.Hardly had we attacked themwhen they escaped.8.Immediately after his reaching school, the bell rang.9.When I spoke to him, he was angry.10.Dont write till I give you an order.11.The world has changed since the atomic power was discovered.12.


58/132

58

3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause (Reason)

)because:(-

for because / so long as since now that as /

Examples

1. She didnt come to school todaybecause she was ill. .2. As she was late, she was walking quickly. .3. He walked carefullysince he was in pain. .4. She was thirstyfor she had drunk nothing all morning. .5. As long as he refuses our advice he should shoulder

the results..

6. Now that you have taken money, sign this contract. .)(usinceasforbecause)(

.

How to change Adverbial Clause of Cause into Phrase

clausephrase:

Clause Phrase

because / because of for / for /since / owing to as // due to /

on account to so long as as a result of

now that thanks to so long as Being + /

+ poss. adj. +

noun or gerund

uclausephrase)verb + ing( .


59/132

59

Examples

Clauses Phrases

1. He could not speakbecause he was ill..He could not speakbecause ofhis illness.

Or:Being ill, he could not speak.

.

2.He got angrysince she was late.

.He got angryon account ofher lateness.

.

3.She drove fastas she was late.

.She drove fastowing to her being late.

.

4.

He studied hard because he wanted to

succeed.

.

He studied harddue to his need to succeed.

.

5.

Because he was careless, he was

punished.

.

Because of his carelessness, he was punished.

.Or:Being careless, he was punished.

.:

6.As it was dark, we lost our way.

.Owing to darkness, we lost our way.

.

7.

She stayed in bedas she was ill.

.She stayed in bedas a result ofher illness.

.Or:Being ill, she stayed in bed

.

8.She dancedbecause she was happy.

.Being happy, she danced.

.

9.They admired hisfor he is brave.

.They admired hisfor his bravery.

.

10.

As we have a wise leader, we avoidedmany troubles.

.

Owing to the wisdom of our leader, we avoidedmany troubles.

.

11.He will succeedsince he works hard.

.Working hard, he will succeed.

.

12.

They work in this way as you have

directed them.

).(

They work in this way according to your

directions.

).(

13.

Now that you have taken money, sign

this contract.

.Having taken your money, sign this contract.

.

14.

Now that he is innocent, they must set

him free.

.Being innocent, they must set him free. .


60/132

60

15.

As long as he refuses our advice, he

should shoulder the results.

.

Refusing our advice, he should shoulder the

results.

)(.

16.

As you had been here before, you had

better lead the way.

.

Having been here before, you had better lead the

way.

.

17.

He refuses to drive his car since he has

faced many accidents.

.

Due tohis accidents, he refuses to drive his car.

.he refuses to,Due to facing many accidents:Or

drive his car.

.

18.You cannot blame himfor he is innocent.

.You cannot blame himfor his innocence.

.

19. He succeededbecause he is clever. .He succeeded owing to (due to) (on account of)(according to) his cleverness.

.

N e c e s s it y h a s n o la w .

Exercise No. 11


:)1

He could not see. He was blind.1.He was angry. He lost his watch.2.He could not play well. He was not trained well.3.He could not walk. His leg was broken.4.He suffers from cough. He smokes much.5.

II) Complete the following: :)21. He closed his shop as .2. He left sad because .3. She wept bitterly . since4. He could not buy new shoes for .5. As he refused to return the stolen good .


61/132

61

III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:

:)3

|).(

1. He failed because of his laziness.2. Owing to his bravery, he defeated his rival )(.3. Being tired, he went to bed.4. We couldnt study, becausethere was much noise.5. As the day was hot, they decided to spend it on the beach.6. The boy was punished because he was careless.7. He was put in prison as a result of bad behavior.8. Thanks to intelligence, he could overcome his difficulties.9. The travelers suffered a great deal as they did not have enough water.10. Egypt, being full of monuments, tourists visit it all the year round.

C h a r i t y b e gin s a t h o m e .


62/132

62

4. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose

purposecause(reason):.......

)Why........ ?(.

?Why do you go to school(I go to schoolbecause(. I want to learn. (cause)

:(Or()(: I go to school to learn. (purpose)

ofreasonof purpose:).(

).(

cause.

purpose.

:))so that@

so that

in order thatthat

in the hope that aiming that

1.

.

)(+may.

)(+might.

.

may + + + so that, in order, that, in thehope that, aiming that

+

might + + + so that, in order, that, in thehope that, aiming that

+

maymight(


63/132

63

lest ///for fear that

2.

shouldlestfor fear that.

lest

for fear that+ + should +

+ + mayor might + + + + should

for fear that

/

Examples

1. He worked hardso that he might succeed. .2. She studies hardthat she may / can succeed. ).(3. He ran fast in order that he might catch the train. .4. He traveled abroad in the hope that he might find work. .5. He stopped smoking lest he should die young. .6. I opened the door quickly lest I should disturb him. )(.

7.She didnt sleep all night for fear that she mightmiss her train. )(.

8.He got up early for fear that he should miss the

train..

How to change Adverbial Clause of Purpose into Phrase

thatsoclausecomplexphrasesimple

:mightmay)(

Clause Phrase

so that, in order that,

that, in the hope that

to, in order to,so as to, not to ,in order not to

aiming that / aiming to

+ infinitive

Or:for , with the intention of ,with the aim of

+ noun or gerund


64/132


65/132

65

8.I am in a hurry lest I shouldnt attend thefirst lesson.

.

I am in a hurryfor fear ofnot attending the first

lesson.

.

9.He worked hard lest he should fail.

.He worked hardso as not to fail.

.Or: He worked hardfor fear offailing (failure)..:

10.He got up early for fear that he should

miss the train.

.

He got up earlyso as not to miss the train.

)(.Or: He got up early for fear ofmissing the train.

.

Exercise No. 12


1(:

He went home. He wanted to take a rest.1.They spent the day on the mountain. They hoped to enjoy the fresh air.2.The students worked hard. They were afraid to fail.3.She went to the doctor. She wished the doctor to examine her.4.They kept the child in a warm room. They feared he would take cold.5.They traveled to Egypt. They aimed at spending the holiday.6.The doctor cleaned the instruments. He was afraid the wound would fester ). )7.My uncle left for Europe. He wished to find a new job.8.He told me a funny story. He wanted me to forget my sadness.9.She answered perfectly. She wished to get the top prize.10.

II) Complete the following to make a complex sentence::)2

1. Boys go to the libraryso that ..2. Children play with toys in order that ..3. Youth travel abroad in the hope that ..4. Pupils get up early lest ..5. The policeman locked the thief up lest ..6. The teacher explained the lesson twice in order that ..7. They took a boatso that ..8. People read books in order that ..


66/132

66

III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:

:|).(

1. He went home so as to study his lessons.2. They got up early so that they might enjoy the fresh air.3. He disguisedhimselfso as not to be recognized.4. The policeman hurried in order that he could catch the thief.5. The army marched quicklyto surprise the enemy.6. He saved his money lest he should fall in trouble.7. The pupils listened carefully to understand the lesson.8. He hurried to the station for fear of missing the train.9. My uncle traveled to Europe with the intention of taking a degree.10. I study in order that I may succeed.11. Many of our soldiers sacrificed their lives so as to free our land.12. We wagedthe war so that we might restore our land.13. We decided to conquer Israelto break the myth of her army.14. The boys escaped for fear of being punished.15. They met to discuss the new plan.

A b ir d i n t h e h a n d is w or t h t e n o n t h e b r u s h .


67/132

67

General Exercise No. 13

v ) Change the following Clauses into Phrases: :

1. Do you know where he lives?2. I shall find him wherever he hides.3. Ice will melt when the sun shines.4. He ran away as soon as he heard their steps.5. When he was working for them, he earned much money.6. She went home after she had finished her lectures.7. While we were having supper, all lights went out.8. We cannot do anything till he arrives.9. No sooner had she smelt it than she fainted. )( 10. Hardly had he left their house when they cried for help.11. Scarcely had she opened the door when two men rushed in. )( 12. While he was going to school, she met him.13. Once you have frightened her, she will not return home.14. She is quite unconscious so long as the doctor operates.15. While he was abroad, she ran all his shops.16. They dismissed him because he was careless.17. Remember these facts for they are very important.18. He was very angry as she insulted him )/( .19.

They killed him for he refused to obey them.20. He has not been allowed to smoke since he became seriously ill.

21. Cover our food lest flies should spoil it.22. We arranged everything well in order that his wedding party might be a lovely party. 23. He went to the market so that he might buy a camel.24. She pays him regularly so that he may let her sell her goods.25. I shall do everything that I may help you.

Ac t io n s s p e a k l o u d e r t h a n w o r k s .


68/132

68

5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence)

.

-:

1.He isso cleverthat he answers all questions. ( complex )

.)(Or: He is clever enough to answer. ( simple )

)) .:

::

2.He isso stupidthat he cannot answer any question. ( complex )

2..)(Or:He istoo stupidto answer. ( simple )

)(.:

)so - - - that(:-

so + +that + + 1.

such + +that + + 2.

.

so such=very

that =

so)(that)+(so.hsucthat)+(

.such

|.

Examples

1.He is very strong. He can defeat his rival. .. He isso strongthathe can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )

.)(


69/132

69

2.He was very clever. He passed the examination. ..He wasso cleverthathe passed the examination. ( complex / clause )

).)

3.She was very polite. She respected every one. .. She wasso politethatshe respected every one. ( complex / clause )

).)

4.He spoke very slowly that I could not hear him. . He spokeso slowlythatI could not hear him. ( complex / clause )

.)(

|:)())3thatso))2))1.1

).(that2.so .... that)(complex / clause..3 that++so

that)+such +( .

Verb to Be +such + +thatVerb to Have +such + +that

1.He issuch a strong manthathe can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )

.)(Or: Hehassuch strengththathe can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )

).):

2.They weresuch clever boysthatthey passed the examination. ( complex / clause )

).)Or: Theyhave such clevernessthatthey passed the examination. ( complex / clause )

).):

3.She wassuch a polite girlthatshe respected every one. ( complex / clause )

).)Or: Shehassuch politenessthatshe respected every one. ( complex / clause )

).):

|:))3))1such))a.1

).)2))a.suchHaveVerb ToBeVerb To.2


70/132

70

)()Emphasis(sosuch ):(:

So + + +that +

Such + + +that +

1. She wassucha polite girlthat she respected everyone.Or: Such a polite girl was she,that she respected everyone.

( complex / clause )


2. He had (has)such cleverness thathe passed the examination.Or: Such clevernesshad (has) he, thathe passed the examination.



3. He spokesoslowlythat I couldn't hear him.Or:Soslowly did he speak,that I couldn't hear him.



4. She singssobeautifullythat I admire her.Or: So beautifully does she sing,that I admire her. ( complex / clause )( complex / clause )5. He isso strong that he can defeat his rival.

Or: Sostrong is he,that he can defeat his rival.( complex / clause )


How to change Adverbial Clause of Result into Phrase

so .. thatsuch . thatcomplex (clause)(phrase)simple :+

Clause Phrase

so + +that + + + enoughto +

such + +that + + too + + to +

|:

:hatt.1

+ enough to +

:that.2

+ enough for + +to +

3.

enough to (for)

so .. that

such . that

)

)


71/132


72/132

72

11.

Khalil is such a clever doctor that he got

a prize.

Or:Sucha clever doctor is Khalilthat he

got a prize.

.

Khalil is a clever doctor enough togot a prize.

.

12.He wasso lazythat he could not succeed.

.He wastoo lazyto succeed.

.

13.

The ceiling isso highthat he can't touch it.

Or: So high is the ceiling that he can't

touch it.

.Or: It is such a high ceilingthat he can't

touch it.

Or: Such a high ceiling is it that he can'ttouch it.

.

The ceiling istoo high (for him) to touch.

)(.Or: The ceiling is not low enough (for him)

to touch.

.

|enough . totoo . to:

Clauses Phrases

1.

The exam was so difficult that we couldn't

answer any question.

.

The exam wastoo difficultto answer.

.Or: The exam wasnot easy enough to answer.

: ).(

2.

The baby was so young that he couldn'tpick up anything.

.

The baby wastoo youngto pick up anything.

.Or: The baby wasnot old enough to pick up

anything.

.

Exercise No. 14


1(:1. The aero-plane flew very fast. No one could see it.2. The mountain is very high. No one could climb it.3. The journey was very tiring. I fell asleep.4. The flowers are very beautiful. It is a shame to pick them.5. It was a very boring book. I couldnt finish it.6. It was a very long flight. We had three meals on board.7. It was a very pretty dress. I couldnt resist it.8. They were very large boxes. We couldnt send them by air.9. He was very fat. He couldnt get through the door.10. I was very busy. I couldnt answer the telephone.


73/132

73

II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:

:)2|).(

1. The child became so ill that he could not leave his bed.2. He was honest enough for everyone to trust him.3. He was so frightened that he could not move.4. The enemy soldiers were so cowardly .that they could not resist5. Our soldiers were so brave that they destroyed the enemy.6. They walked too slowly to catch the train.7. He was so annoyed that he could not speak.8. The building is too high for us to reach it.9. He spoke so foolishly that people left him.10. Some people are so short-slighted that they cannot appreciate matters.11. The pyramids are so strong that they will remain for centuries.12. The moon is bright enough to read a book.13. We were so impatient that we could not wait any longer.14. The fruit is ripe enough to be picked.15. The flat is wide enough for them tolive in.III) Combine each of the following pairs to make one complex sentence usingtoo

/ enough with infinitives:

3(enough / too:

1. It is very cold. We cant go out.2. You are quite clever. You understand perfectly.3. It is very dark. I cant see anything.4. I am very old. I cant wear this kind of hat.5. I am very rich. I could buy your whole hotel.6. He is very ill. He cant eat anything.7. You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars.8. He was furious. He couldnt speak.9. Our car is very wide. I wont get through those gates.10.

The ice is quite thick. We can walk on it. (it)

11. He was very drunk. He couldnt answer any question.12. It is very cold. We cant have breakfast in the garden.

Love m e l it t le , love m e long.


74/132

74

6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast (Concession )

):)although)(

1. although / though // 2. even though / even if / 3. however / whatever // 4. whether . or not ......

5.whereas , while, on the

other hand ///

6. as .. //***

.""although""as***

and:

He cameandI didn't see him . .

although, though, even though, even if+ + .1

He was poor. He was happy .. Although (Though / Even though / Even if) he was poor, he was happy. .

though.

Poorthough he was, he was happy. Thoughpoor washe, he was happy.

althoughthougheven thoughevenif.

Although (Though / Even though / Even if)she was wealthy, she felt miserable.

..1Although he was clever, he always failed ).(2.Although he was strong, he couldn't work hard.

.

Or: Thoughstrong he was, he couldn't work hard.3.


75/132

75

however + )( + + .2

however).(

However clean the house was, we didn't stay in it. . 1.Howeverbadly he wrote, he got high marks. ..2

.however))badly))cleanhoweveralthough).(

.Although he was poor, he was happy..However poor he was, he was happy.

.He was happy,however poor he was.3.

.Though the tree is high, he can climb it.

.However high the tree is, he can climb it.

.He can climb the treehowever high it is.4.

whatever + + + .3

.whatever

Whatever mistakes she made, he forgave her. ..1

Whatever you say, I never mind. ..(2):)although(althoughwhatever

Although he tells lies, he is believed. . Whateverlies he tells, he is believed. . He is believed whateverlies he tells. .

3.

:whatever

Whateverhe said, we all laughed. . We all laughed whateverhe said. .

4.

+as + + .4

asalthough)(.

Cleveras he was, he couldn't answer the question. . Or: Although he was clever, he couldn't answer the question.

1.

Educatedas he was, he behaved badly. . Or: Although he was educated, he behaved badly.

2.


76/132

76

How to change Adverbial Clause of Contrast into Phrase

althoughthoughevenifeven thoughhoweverwhatever)as(++:

Clause Phrase

although / though

however / whatever even though / even if /

in spite of/ despite/ for all / with all /regardless of/not with

standing /

whether . or not ...... with or without + (noun)

+poss. adj.

+

noun or

gerund

v )(verb + ing)gerund(

.)+being(

Examples

PhraseClauseHe was unhappy in spite ofhis wealth.

.He was unhappythough he is wealthy.

..1In spite ofhis strength, he couldn't work hard.

.Or: In spite ofbeing strong, he couldn't work

hard.

.:

Although he was strong, he couldn't work hard.

.2.

Despite his bad writing, he got high marks.

.

However badly he wrote, he got high marks.

.3.

Despite his wealth, he doesn't spend much.

.Although he is wealthy, he doesn't spend much.

..4Despite being wealthy, he doesn't spend much.

.However wealthy he is, he doesn't spend much.

..5She refused to stay with them in spite ofher

happiness.

.

She refused to stay with them though she was

happy.

.6.

In spite ofbeing my only friend, he never

visits me..

Although he is my only friend, he never visits me.

.7.


77/132


78/132

78

Exercise No. 15


:)1The battle was fierce ) ). We could win the battle.1.The distance was too far. We could cover it in a short time.2.The road was bad. They crossed it easily.3.He was very hungry. He refused to eat.4.We shall stay a little longer. It is late.5.He behaved unwisely. He was highly educated.6.He made the same mistakes. I warned him much.7.

II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:

:)2|).(

Though he has a car, he often uses a bus.1.However strong he may be, he cannot bend ) ) this bar.2.Intelligent as he was, he behaved wrongly.3.Whatever books he reads, his knowledge is limited.4.I shall buy a car, whatever money it costs.5.In spite of his strength, he could not fight two men.6.For all his wealthy, he does not help the poor people.7.Despite his courage, he escaped.8.However violent the resistance was, we could conquer )( them.9.Whatever mistakes he made, I forgave him.10.Regardless of his serious illness, he went on working.11.However cautious he was, he fell into troubles.12.For all his great efforts, he failed to attain his ends.13.Although he has a good name, he faced troubles.14.Though clever he was, he failed to answer well.15.

I t i s n o use c ry in g ove r s i lt m ilk .


79/132

79

7. Adverbial Clauses of Manner

)()as:(

.as .1as if .2.as though .3.

Examples

.He worksas I order him.1.

.He did his dutyas a brave soldier should (do it).2..Mona did her jobas it should be done.3.

.He laughedas if (as though) he was mad.4..He speaksasifhe were a king.5..He seemedas though he had lost his wealth.6.E

)as))5.1 if( )

))were))he) ..as ifhe were a king.

).) (())seemed))6.2

.asthough he had lost his money...

H e w h o m a k e s n o m i s t a k e s m a k e s n o t h in g .


80/132

80

How to change Adverbial Clause of Manner into Phrase

as

as if

as though: Clause Phrase

as according to / as / in accordance with in the manner (way) of . ...in a () way (manner) ...with .

as if / as though

like .

+noun or

gerund

Examples

PhraseClauseHe made the dooraccording to my orders.

.)(He made the dooras I told him.

..1They workedaccording to her orders.Or: They worked in accordance with her orders.

.They workedas she had ordered them.

..2

They are actingaccording to his teachings.

.They are actingas he taught them.

..3He speaks like a king.

.He speaksas ifhe were a king.

..4He smiled with pleasure (fake).

)/.(He smiledas though he was pleased.

..5He speaks like the owner of the factory.

.He speaks as ifhe were the owner of the

factory..

6.She talked in a singing way (manner) (fashion).

.She talkedas ifshe were singing.

..7He seemed losing his money.

.He seemedas though he lost his money.

..8He ran like a haunted person.

.Or: He ranin great fear. :.

He ranas ifthe devils were pursing him.

.9.


81/132

81

She did her workcorrectly (properly / well).

).(She did her workas it should be done.

..10Answer the questionsaccording to my teachings.

.Answer the questionsas I have taught you.

..11She walks and talks in the way (manner) ofa queen.

.She walks and talks as ifshe werea queen.

.12.

He walks proudly like a king. . Or: He walks proudly in a kingly way.

.:

He walks proudlyas ifhe were a king.

.13.

He swam like a champion. . He swam as though he had beena champion.

.

14.

clause

She spokeas ifshe had known the truth.

..15

Exercise No. 16

I) Complete the following: :)1

1. The house will be built as .2. Everything happened as .3. He jumped as if .4. The car ran very quickly as though .5. She walked proudly as if .II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:

:)2 |).(

1. He lives as his salary allows him.2. He fought as a brave man should fight.3. They carried out the project as he planned.4. The child was likehis grandfather in behavior.5. According to this book, Salah Eddin was a good warrior ( / ).6. In accordance with the police orders, smoking is forbidden.7. The stude

grammar part 2 mr eslam fayez

Documents