1.1 THE LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABETNotes:There are seven vowels in Greek gg (gg) is pronounced as ng

Greek LetterCalledWrittenSoundNoteNormalCapitalIn EnglishIn Greekin EnglishaAAlphalfaaa as in 'hat'1bBBetabhtabas English bgGGammagammaghard g as in 'get'2dDDeltadeltadas English deEEpsilonyiloneshort e as in 'met'1zZZetazhtazas English z

aeiouShortaeiouLongahiwu

1.1 THE LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABETNotes:There are seven vowels in Greek. Pronunciation of h varies - some say 'bear' or 'honey' i can sometimes behave as a consonant when it begins a word.There is a difference in sound between k (k) and c (kh).

Greek LetterCalledWrittenSoundNoteNormalCapitalIn EnglishIn Greekin EnglishhHEtatalong e as in 'obey'1, 3qQThetaqhtathas English thiIIotawtaii as in 'hit'1, 4kKKappakappakas English k5lLLambdalambdalas English lmMMumumas English m

1.1 THE LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABETNotes:There are seven vowels in Greek. n looks like an English v but is an n. r should really be aspirated (i.e. pronouced 'rh') r looks like an English p but is an r (the Greek p is p). sigma is s normally, but j if it is the last letter in a word.

Greek LetterCalledWrittenSoundNoteNormalCapitalIn EnglishIn Greekin EnglishnNNununas English n6xX Xixixas English xoOOmicronmikronoshort o as in 'not'1pPPipipas English prRRhowr or rhas English r7, 8s or jSSigmasigmasas English s9

1.1 THE LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABETNotes:There are seven vowels in Greek.There is a difference in sound between k and c.The u has become a y in English words derived from Greek.

Greek LetterCalledWrittenSoundNoteNormalCapitalIn EnglishIn Greekin EnglishtTTautautas English tuUUpsilonyilonuas English u1, 10fFPhifiph or fas English fcCChicich or khhard as in loch5yYPsiyipsas in lipswWOmegamegalong o as in 'tone'1

1.1 THE LETTERS OF THE GREEK ALPHABETabgdezhqiklmnxoprsjtufcywNotes: b, d, z, q, l and x stretch above the line (and the central stroke of f and y in many people's handwriting). Contrary to English, k and t do not. b, g, z, h, m, x, r, j, f, c, y have 'tails' which stretch below the line.

1.2 BREATHINGSEvery Greek vowel (a, e, h, i, o, u, w) at the beginning of a word must have a breathingNotes: Breathings are written on top - , , , , , , , , , , , , , . Smooth breathings are not optional just because they are not pronounced. If r is the first letter, it also must carry a rough breathing .

SoundWrittenExampleRough Breathingh gioj (hagios - holy) Smooth Breathingnone ggeloj (angelos - angel)

1.3 CAPITAL LETTERSH R U C vs. EnglishG D X S W vs. lower case

1.4 DIPTHONGS AND IOTA SUBSCRIPTS

ai'ai' as in Thailand, or the English word 'eye'ei'ei' as in veil, or the 'ay' in sayoioi as in oilui'ui' as in quitau'au' as in sauerkraut, or the 'ow' in howou'ou' as in soup, or the 'oo' in 'hoop'eu / hu'eu' as in feud, or the English word 'you'

Plus - the iota subscript -

1.5 ACCENTS AND STRESSBreathings EssentialAccents Unimportant

1.6 PUNCTUATIONElision Final vowel of a word normally dropped (replaced with ') if next word begins with vowellla gw ll' gw

GreekEnglish Equivalent Used for. (on the line) .End of sentence, ,Minor break within a sentence . (above the line) ; and :Major break within a sentence ; ?Questions