grammar book first check
TRANSCRIPT
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GRAMMAR BOOKBy Zoilo Broach
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Table of Contents
1. Nationalities2. Stem Changing Verbs3. Para4. IOP5. Pronoun Placement6. Gustar7. Affirmative and Negative Words8. Superlatives9. Reflexives10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement12. Sequencing events
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Stem Changing Verbs
o > ue
• Poder, Puede
e > i
• Pedir, Pide
e > ie
• Tener, Tiene
u > ue
• Jugar, Juega
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Para
- Means “for” or “in order
to”
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Indirect Object Pronouns
Tells “to whom” or “for whom” Can :
- Come before a verb- attach to an infinitive- attach to a gerund- attach to an affirmative command
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Pronoun Placement
1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb
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Gustar
Means “to like” Follows an indirect object pronoun
Example: He likes to eat. - Le gusta come.
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Affirmative and Negative Words
NegativeNadaNadieNingunoNuncatampoco
AffirmativeAlgoAlguienAlgunaSiempreTambien
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Superlatives
Expresses extremes in adjectives. Drop the last vowel and add the ending –isimo(a). If last consonant is c, g, or z then spelling is changed. c > qu g > gu Z > c
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Reflexives
When the direct object is also the doer then a pronoun called a reflexive is added in front of the verb.
These are me, te, se, nos, and se. Use the correct pronoun, put in tu form
and drop the s. He shaves himself : Se afeita
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Affirmative Tu Commands
When giving instructions/commands to someone.
Put verb in tu form and drop the s.
Example : Comer – Come
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Negative Tu Commands
Telling someone not to do something Put in yo form, change to opposite vowel,
and add an s. ar > e er/ir > a
Example : No hables
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Sequencing Events
Primero = First Entonces = Next Antes = Before Despues = After Por fin = Finally
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Preterite (a snapshot in time)
-Ar verbs
e amos
Aste asteis
o aron
-Er verbs
I imos
iste isteis
io ieron
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Trigger Words
Un dia One day
Una vez Once
Ayer Yesterday
A noche At night
Hace un ano A year ago
Ya Already
El mes pasado Last month
Anteayer Day before yesterday
Por una hora For one hour
Por fin Finally
Una dia One day
A las ocho At eight
Dos veces twice
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-car –gar -zar
-car > que Tocar > toque
-gar > gue Jugar > jugue
-zar > ce Comenzar > comence
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Deber
Deber = should Use Deber + infinitive
Example : Yo debo bailo.
Debo Debemos
Debes Debeis
debe Deben
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Modal Verbs
Modal verb examples : deber, desear, necesitar, poder.
No side-by-side conjugated verbs
Example: Yo debo canto = Incorrect
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Present Progressive
-er and –ir verbs change to –iendo -ar verbs change to –ando If verb ends in a double vowel (like leer) it
changes to yendo Example: Cantar > Cantando Mover > Moviendo
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Adverbs
If ending in –o or –a adjective changes to –amente.
If ending in –e or a consonant then add –mente
Example: Feliz > Felizmente Rapido > Rapidamente