Grammar Book

By: Sofia Porter

Table of Contents

1. Present- ar, er, ir2. Stem changers3. Irreglars- go, zco4. Saber vs. conocer5. Reflexives6. Se impersonal7. Present tense with

dipthongs8. Verbs like gustar9. Verbs like-uir/guir- cer/cir-

ger/ gir

10. Hacer+ +que+ present11. Ser vs estar12. Imperfect13. Prederite14. Car, gar ,zar15. Spock16. La cucaracha 17. Snake18. Snakey19. Comparatives/

superlatives20. Future

Presente- ar, er, irar

er

ir

o

as

a

amos

ais

an

o

es

e

emos

is

en

o

es

e

emos

is

en

Stem Changers

• E ie ex. Piensa -> piensan

• E I ex. Pide -> piden

• O ue ex. Puedes -> pueden

• U ue

Nosotros and Vosotros do not use stem changers

Irregular “yo”

-car c Qu

-gar g gu

-zar z c

Saber vs. ConocerSaber Conocer

Used to express knowledge of facts

Used to express familiarity with places or people

reflexivesme

te

se

nos

os

se

Reflexives are the verbs that are reflected upon oneself or others

Reflexives can hook onto the infinitive comand-ex. Banate!

Reflexive can proceed a conjugated verb

Se impersonal

• Used when the subject of a sentence is not specific but it IS human

EX. Se habla espanol aquiSe prohibe fumar

Present tense with dipthongs

• Accents are required to break up the dipthingsfor stress

• Dipthings are the week vowels in a word

– Weak ( i/y, u)

– Strong (a,e,o)

Estudiar and limpiar do not require accents because the stress is not placed on the “i”

Verbs like gustar

Verbs like-uir/guir- cer/cir- ger/ gir

•When using the guir in the yoform, the gu changes to a g•When using uir you always add a y before the letters a, e, and o• When using the cer/ cir in the yoform you change the c to a z• For the verbs ger/ gir you change the g to a j

Hacer+ +que+ present

• Shows the amount of time that an action took

• Hacer plus the amount of time needed to complete the action plus que plus the present verb that is being completed during this time

Ser vs. Estar

H E L P I N G

Descriptions, Origins, Characteristics, Time, Occupation, Relationships, Possessions, Events, and Dates

Heath, Motion, Location, Present condition

-ING : ar- ando -yendoer/ir- endo

Imperfect1. To express what used to happen, or happened repeatedly in the past

2. To describe people or things in the past tense

3. To describe a state of mind, an opinion, or feeling in the past

4. To express the time of day in the past

5. Action interrupted by another action

6. To set the stage, describe a situation or setting

Imperfectiba

ibas

iba

ibamos

iban

era

eras

era

eramos

eran

veia

veias

veia

vieamos

vian

IR SER

VERTrigger Words•Siempre•A veces•A menudo•Cadadia•Todos los dias

PreteriteDar/ verD/ ViD/ visteD/ ioD/ imosD/ ieron

HacerHiceHicisteHizoHicimosHicieron

Ir/ SerFuiFuisteFueFuermosFueron

Andar-> AnduvEstar -> estuvPoder -> pudPoner -> pusQuerer -> QuisSaber -> supTener -> tuvVener -> vin

Trigger Words•Un dia•Una vez•Ayer•Hacer un ano•Ya

Snake

• E -> I

• Ex. Pedir, servir, venir

• O -> u

• Dormir, morir

Snakey

• O ->y

• oir

• E -> y

• Leer, creer

Comparatives/ Superlatives

Menos agj que

Mas adj que

El/ la mas adj de

El menos Adj de

Bueno/a -> mejorMalo/a -> peorGrande -> mayorPequeno/a -> menorJoven -> menorViejo/a -> mayor

FutureE

As

A

Emos

An

I, You, He/ She, They, We you all

Trigger Words•La semana•Proxima•Manana•Pasado semana•Ano•Pasado ano

Caber -> cabr Decir -> dir Haber -> habr

Hacer ->hacr Hay -> habra Poder -> podr

Poner -> pondr Saber -> sabr Tener -> tendr

Valer -> valdr Venir -> vendr