grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
Grammar BookMarcela Ray
Table of ContentsPart One
1. Present Tense2. Stem Changers3. Irregular “yo” verbs4. Saber vs. Conocer5. Reflexives6. ‘Se’ Impersonal7. Present tense with dipthongs 8. Verbs Similar to Gustar9. Irregular Verbs ending in –uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/-gir10. Hacer Expressions11. Imperfect12. Preterite13. Comparitives/Superlatives14. Future tense
Part Two15. Preterite vs. Imperfect16. Future vs. Conditional17. Por18. Para19. Por vs. Para20. Commands21. Present Perfect22. Double Object Pronouns23. Adverbs24. Subjunctive25. Progressive with ir, andar, and
seguir
1. Present Tense
-ar-o -
amos-as -áis-a -an
-er-o -
emos-es -éis-e -en
-ir-o -imos-es -ís-e -en
Yo Nosotros
Tú Vosotros
Él/Ella/ Ellos/Ellas/
Usted Ustedes
For present tense verbs, you replace the ar/er/ir ending with the related conjugation.
(1.) Present Tense Irregular Verbs
Ir•Voy•Vas•Va•Vamos •Van
Estar•Estoy•Estás•Está•Estamos•Están
Ser•Soy •Eres•Es•Somos•Son
Dar•Doy•Das•Da•Damos•Dan
2. Stem Changers
e → ie (Perder)e → i (Pedir)o → ue (Dormir)u → ue (Jugar)Example:
Cerrar (e-ie): cierro cerramoscierras cerráiscierra cierran
There is no stem change for nosotros or vosotros.
These are also called boot verbs.
3. Irregulars (-car,-gar,-zar)
-car: -co → -qué-gar: -go → -gué-zar: -zo → -céExample:
Empacar: empaqué empacamosempacasteempacó empacaron
It only changes in the first person singular tense.
4. Saber vs. Conocer
Saber and Conocer both mean “to know,” but they are not interchangable.
Saber: to express knowledge or ignorance of information, skills, or facts.
ex: Él sabe matemáticas.Conocer: to say that one is or is not
acquainted with a person, place, or an object.
ex: Yo no conozco a Juan.
5. Reflexives
Reflexive verbs show action being done to oneself.
They use the pronouns:me noste osse se
-The pronouns can go in front of the conjugated verb (Se baña) or hook on to the end of the infinitive form of the verb (bañarse).
Reflexive verbs include: lavarse, llamarse, and vestirse
6. ‘Se’ Impersonal
In english, people frequently say things like, “You shouldn’t smoke” or “One shouldn’t text and drive,” but “you” and “one” aren’t really referring to anyone specific. These are called impersonal expressions.
In Spanish, you add the pronoun ‘se’ in front of the verb you are using.
Example:How does one say “ice cream” in Italian? =¿Cómo se dice “helado” en italiano?
7. Present Tense with dipthongs
Some verbs need an accent to break up the dipthong in order to place stress on the proper syllable.
A dipthing is a weak vowel (‘i/y’ or ‘u’) with a strong vowel (‘a’, ‘e’, ‘o’), or two weak vowels coming together to form one syllable.
Example:Esquiar (to ski): esquíoesquíamos
esquíasesquía esquían
8. Verbs like Gustar
Gustar and verbs similar to gustar do not conjugate like normal verbs. Gustar only conjugates to “gusta” or “gustan.” You use “gusta” if the object that you like is singular, and you use “gustan” if the object you like is plural.
Ex: Me gusta la clasa. Te gustan las comidas.
Verbs similar to gustar include: Aburrir (to bore), fascinar (to facinate), bastar (to be sufficient), importar (to be important to), interesar (to interest), molestar (to bother), etc.
9. Verbs like -ger/-gir,-cer/-cir, -uir/-guir
Coger
• Cojo• Coges• Coge• Cogemos• Cogen
Conocer• Conozco• Conoces• Conoce• Conocemos• Conocen
Atribuir
• Atribuyo• Atribuyes• Atribuye• Atribuimos• Atribuyen
Exigir
• Exijo• Exiges• Exige• Exigimos• Exigen
Decir• Digo• Dices• Dice• Dicimos• Dicen
Conseguir
• Consigo• Consigues• Consigue• Consigimos• Consiguen
10. Hace + time + que + present tense
The verb "hacer" can be used to indicate the length of time an action has been taking place.
Use the formula: Hace + time + que + present tense
(Hacer + the amount of time needed for the action to be completed + que + the present tense form of the verb being used.)
11. Imperfect
Imperfect verbs describe an ongoing or repeated action taking place in the past. (“I used to…”)
Examples: Los pajaros cantaban. → The birds were singing.Mi mamá tenía una cara bonita. → My mom had a pretty face.
-ar: -aba -ábamos-abas-aba -aban
-er/-ir: -ía - íamos-ías-ía -ían
(11.) Irregular Imperfects and Trigger Words
Ir:•iba•ibas•iba•íbamos•iban
Ser:
•era•eras•era•éramos•eran
Ver:
•veía•veías•veía•veíamos•veían
Trigger Words:•Todos los dias•Siempre•A menudo•Con frecuencia•De vez en cuando•Habitualmente•Normalmente•A veces•Todas las noches•Cada dia•Por/en la tarde•Por/en la noche•Por lo general•Por lo regular •Frecuentemente•Etc.
12. Preterite
The preterite is a past tense perfected action or a snapshot of time, and it has a beginning and/or an ending.
Conjugations:
Trigger Words:Anteayer, el dia anterior, ayer, el jueves pasado,
la semana pasada, el fin de semana pasado, el mes pasado, el otra dia, una vez, esta tarde, etc.
-ar-é -amos-aste-ó -aron
-er/-ir-í -imos-iste-ió -ieron
(12.) Spock Verbs
Ir/Ser
fui
fuiste
Fue
fuimos
fueron
Dar/Ver
d/vi
d/viste
d/vio
d/vimos
d/vieron
Hacer
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicieron
(12.) Cucaracha Verbs
Andar: anduv-
Estar: estuv-
Poder: pud-
Poner: pus-
Querer: quis-
Saber: sup-
Tener: tuv-
Venir: vin-
Conducir: conduj-
Producir: produj-
Traducir: traduj-
Decir (e-i): dij-
Traer: traj-
-e-iste-o-imos-isteis-ieron
If there is a ‘j’- drop the ‘i’ on ‘ieron’
(12.) Snake and Snakey Verbs
Snake and Snakey verbs are verbs that change in the third person only.
Example of snake verbs:Pedir: pedí pedimos
pedistepidieron pidieron
Example of snakey verbs:Leer:leí leímos
leísteleyó leyeron
Snakey verbs change the ‘i’ to ‘y’ in the third person.
13. Superlatives and Comparatives
Superlatives describe what is the most or least of something.
Subject + Noun + Mas/Menos + Adjective/Adverb + de +
Ex: Esta es la playa más bonita de todas.This beach is the prettiest of all.
Comparatives compare one thing to another. (better, older, etc.)>Mas/menos + adj/adv/noun + que>tan (or tanto) + adj/adv (or noun) + como
Ex: Mi equipo de fútbol favorito es mejor que el tuyo. My favorite soccer team is better than yours.
14. Future Tense
1) Ir + a + infinitive is the future tense for the immediate future. (“Going to”)
2) The more formal way to use the future tense is by conjugating the verb (“I will”). Verbs in the future tense all use the same endings, no matter if they are –ar, -er, or –ir.
You do not take the –ar, -er, or –ir off the verb when you are conjugating it. (Nadaré)
Endings: -é-ás-á-emos-án
(14.) Irregular Future and Triggers
Decir: dir-Haber: habr-Hacer: har-Poder: podr-Poner: pondr-Querer: querr-Saber: sabr-Salir: saldr-Tener: tendr-Valer: valdr-Venir: vendr-
-é-ás-á-emos-án
Trigger Words:•La próxima semana•En ocho años•Luego •Mañana•Planifico•Espero•Etc.
Parte Dos
15. Preterite vs. Imperfect
Used for past actions that are seen as completed.•-ar endings:
-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -aron
•-er/-ir endings: -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -ieron
Used when the past action did not have a definite beginning or end. •-ar endings:
-aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -aban
•-er/-ir endings: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían
16. Future vs. Conditional
Used to express probability or possibility, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.• (All verbs):
Infinitive form + -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían
Used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.• (All verbs):
Infinitive form + -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -án
17. Por
Indicates:Motion/location- around, through, along,
byDuration of an action- for, during, inReason/motive for action- because of, on
account ofObject of search- for, in search ofBy which something is done- by, by way
of, by means ofExchange or substitution- in exchange forUnit of measure- per, by
18. Para
Indicates:Destination- toward, in direction ofDeadline or specific time in the future- by,
forPurpose or goal- in order to, for, used forRecipient of something- forComparison with others or opinion- for,
consideringIn the employ of- for
19. Por vs. Para
Por:• Through- Portal• Location- Portugal• Time- Porever• Cause of- Porpose• Exchange-
Import/Export• Means of doing
something inplace of someone else- I’m por, pay for me
Para:• Destination-
Paraguay• Purpose- Parasites
live in your body to stay alive
• To make an opionion- Paradon me, but…
• Compare/Contrast- Compara
• Deadline- Paramedic
20. Commands
Tú
Usted
Nosotros
• Positive: Drop the ‘s’ of the second tú form.• Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven
• Negative: Put it in the ‘yo’ form and change the ending to the opposite vowel, add an ‘s’• Irregulars: TVDISHES
• Put it in the ‘yo’ form and change the ending to the opposite vowel.
• Irregulars: TVDISHES
• Put it in the ‘nosotros’ form, add the opposite ending
• Irregulars: TVDISHES
21. Present Perfect
Formed by combining the verb “has” or “have” with the past participle: I have studied.
In Spanish, it is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb “haber” with the past participle.
HeHasHa +HemosHan
-ar verb: drop infinitive ending and add –ado
-er/-ir verb: drop infinitive ending and add -ido
22. Double Object Pronouns
The direct object pronouns are: me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las.
The indirect object pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, les. -Positive: Giver her the ball.
Dé la pelota a ella.(Tú affirmative command of dar)/ DOP: la/ IOP: le
Délela. (Désela. (Give it to her.)
-Negative: No se la des.If the IOP is le or les and the DOP is lo, la,
los, or las, the le or les changes to se.
23. Adverbs
Adverbs are formed by adding –mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending corresponds to –ly in English. -Ex: Claro – Claramente
When an adjective has a written accent, the adverb retains it.
Some adverbs do not follow the –mente pattern. Common ones include: bastante (quite), demasiado (too), mal (badly), mucho (a lot), muy (very), nunca (never), peor (worse), poco (little), and siempre (always).
24. Subjunctive
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood reflects how the speaker feels about the action.
Used to express WEDDING: Wish, wantEmotionDoubt DenialImpersonal expressionNegation, non-existingGod, guess
It is formed the same way as usted commands- ‘yo’ form, opposite vowel.
25. Progressive with ir, andar, and seguir
Ir + present participle= slowly but surely ___-ing.
Andar + present participle= is going around ___-ing.
Seguir +present participle= is still ___-ing. Present Participles
-ar: -ando-er: -iendo-ir: -yendo