GRAMMAR BOOKPor: Adi Baker

Table of Contents Conditional +

irregulars Perfect Tenses

Present Past Present Perfect

Irregulars Subjunctive Perfect

Tanto/tan Impersonal “se” Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandatos Informal/Formal

Affirmative Negative Irregular DOP+IOP placement

Nosotros Commands Mono verbs

Subjunctive + irregulars

Trigger phrases Impersonal expressions Expressions of emotion Conjunctions of time

Demonstrative adjectives + pronouns

Conditional Would, should, could, must have,

probably

Infinitive+

Expresses probability, conjecture, possibility, wonder

To indicate what would happen if it were not for some certain specific circumstance

Expresses speculation about the past

To express an action which is contrary to fact

To express the future from the perspective of the past

For polite use to soften requests

To express what would be done in a particular situation

To express hypothetical actions or events which may or may not occur

For reported speech To ask for adviceía íamo

s

ías íais

ía ían

Conditional irregulars

Conditional tense used the same irregulars as future tensedecir dir

hacer har

poner pondr

salir saldr

tener tendr

valer valdr

venir vendr

poder podr

querer querr

saber sabr

caber cabr

haber habr

Perfect Tenses

Haber + past participle Past participle formed by changing –ar to

–ado, -er to –ido, and –ir to –ido. Perfect tenses used to show actions

that are completed

Present

Used to indicate actions that have occurred prior to the present time

Present forms of haberHe Hemos

Has Habéis

Ha Han

Past

Used to indicate an action that occurred prior to another past action Ex. Juan dijo que había viajado a México. He traveled to Mexico before he said it,

so past perfect is used. Past forms of haber

Había Habíamos

Habías Habíais

Había Habían

Present Perfect Irregulars

Abrir Abierto

Cubrir Cubierto

Decir Dicho

Describir Descrito

Descubrir Descubierto

Devolver Devuelto

Escribir Escrito

Hacer Hecho

Morir Muerto

Poner Puesto

Romper Roto

Ver Visto

Volver Vuelto

Subjunctive Perfect

Used to express doubt or uncertainty of a past action

Formed by using the subjunctive form of haber + past participle

Ex. Es bueno que haya estudiado.Haya Hayamos

Hayas Hayáis

Haya Hayan

Tanto/Tan

Both tan and tanto are used to make comparisons of equality. However... Tan is used for comparisons using adjectives or

adverbs Tan + adjective/adverb + como

Tanto is used for comparisons using nouns Tanto + noun + como

If actions are being compared... Use tanto if there is no adjective, and tan if

there is an adjective Verb + tanto + como, or verb + tan + adjective

+ como

Impersonal “se”

Used to make general statements that don’t have a subject. Ex. ¿Cómo se dice ... en español?

Se + third person singular Plural impersonal (unknown they)

does not use se Ex. Abren las tiendas a las nueve de la

mañana.

Saber vs. Conocer

Both saber and conocer means “to know”.

Use saber when talking about knowing facts or information. Juan sabe donde está María.

Use conocer when talking about knowing a person, place, object, or work of literature. Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid.

Los Mandatos

Used when telling or ordering someone to do something.

There are formal, informal, nosotros, and vosotros commands.

Informal/Formal

Informal commands are used among friends, relatives, coworkers, or when addressing a child.

Formal commands are used to show politeness and respect.

Affirmative

Informal commands are formed by taking the “yo” form, dropping the o, and adding the vowel that goes with the infinitive. -ar to –a/an, -er to –e/en, -ir to –e/en

Formal commands are formed by taking the “yo” form, dropping the o, and adding the opposite vowel. -ar to –e/en, -er to –a/an, -ir to –a/an

Negative

Negative formal commands are formed the same way as affiramtive formal commands. “yo” form->drop the “o”->add opposite

vowel Negative informal commands are

formed by dropping the “o” from the “yo” form, adding the opposite vowel, and adding s Ex. No hables más lentamente.

Irregular

There are eight verbs that are irregular in the affirmative tú commandsDecir Di

Hacer Haz

Ir Ve

Poner Pon

Salir Sal

Ser Sé

Tener Ten

Venir Ven

DOP+IOP Placement

In affirmative commands, both DOPs and IOPs are attached directly to the verb. If both are used, IOP comes before the

DOP. Ex. Cómpremelo

In negative commands, nither object pronoun is attached to the verb. IOP still comes before DOP. Ex. No me lo compre.

Nosotros Commands

Commands used when the speaker is included, equivalent to “let’s...”

To form, change the ending to that of the opposite vowel. Ex. Comer-> comamos

Exception is “ir” Affirmative- vamos Negative- vayamos

“Let’s...” can also be formed by using vamos a + infinitive.

-mono verbs

Before attaching “nos” or “se” to a nosotros command, drop the “s” at the end. Ex. Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos Ex. Escribamos + se + la =

Escribámosela. This is not used for negative

commands because pronouns are not attached to them.

Subjuntive

Used to express doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity. Not used to express certainty and objectivity.

Formed by adding the opposite ending to verbs after dropping the “o” from the “yo” form-ar -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis,

-en

-er -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

-ir -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

Irregulars

There are six verbs that are irregular in the present subjunctive form

Dar Estar Haber Ir Saber SerDé Dem

os

Des Deis

Dé Den

Esté Estemos

Estés Estéis

Esté Estén

Haya Hayamos

Hayas Hayáis

Haya Hayan

Vaya Vayamos

Vayas Vayáis

Vaya Vayan

Sepa Sepamos

Sepas Sepáis

Sepa Sepan

Sea Seamos

Seas Seáis

Sea Sean

Trigger phrases

Phrases used to show that the subjunctive is required by introducing uncertainty or doubt. Impersonal Expressions Expressions of Emotion Conjunctions of Time

Impersonal Expressions

Impersonal expressions are used to introduce the subjunctive tense by showing uncertainty or doubt

Some examples...Es aconsejable que Es malo que

Es bueno que Es necesario que

Es importante que Ea posible que

Es incierto que Es probale que

Expressions of emotion

Used as main clause, it is followed by a subjunctive clause.

Only use subjunctive if there is a change of subject from the main clause to the subjunctive; otherwise, use infinitive.

Alegrarse (de) esperar

Sentir (e:ie) sorprender

temer es triste

ojalá (que) <- always followed by subjunctive

Conjunctions of Time

Used with the subjunctive when it shows a command, something in the future, or something uncertain.

así que cuando

despues de que en cuanto

hasta que luego que

tan pronto como

Demonstrative adjectives + Pronouns Demonstrative adjectives are used to

describe a noun, while demonstrative pronouns are used to replace a noun. Ex. Adjective- This book is mine. Ex. Pronoun-This is mine. Adjectives

PronounsEsteEstosEstaEstas

EseEsosEsaEsas

AquelAquell

osAquell

aAquell

as

Masculine

Femenine

Neuter

EsteEse

Aquel

EstaEsa

Aquella

EstoEso

Aquello