grammar book 2013 spring
TRANSCRIPT
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Grammar Book
Spring 2013Raquel Hynes
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Table of contents reflexive verbs
por + para
to become- hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a
Future
conditional
present perfect
relative pronouns
qué vs cuál
the neuter lo
subjunctive in adverbial clauses
past subjunctive
comparisons + superlatives
Adverbs
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Table of contents diminutives + augmentatives
present perfect subjunctive
uses of se
past participles as adjectives
time expressions with hacer
Future perfect
conditional perfect
si clauses
transitional expressions
pero vs. sino
passive voice
negative and indefinite expressions
Past perfect
past perfect subjunctive se
uses of the infinitive
prepositions: a, hacia, con de, desde, en, entre, hasta, sin
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Reflexives
Reflexive pronouns are often followed by
a verb :
Example: I brush my teeth.
This goes for Spanish language as well:
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
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Por vs Para
Por
•Movement
•Duration
•Meaning
•Unit
•Exchange
Para
•Destination
•Deadline
•Recipient
•Purpose
•Employment
•Comparison
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To Become• hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser all
mean to become.
• Followed by a noun or adjective
• Indicate a change brought about by effort
Hacerse
• Followed by an adjective
• Indicates an involuntary physical or emotional change
Ponerse
• Followed by an adjective
• Indicates a sudden, profound changeVolverse
• Followed by a noun or adjective
• Indicate a change brought about by effort
Llegar a ser
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Future
• Drop the ar/er/ir and ad ending• Endings: É, ás, á, emos, éis, án
• Irregulars: ; caber (cabr-), haber (habr-), poder (podr-), querer (querr-), saber (sabr-), poner (pondr-), salir (saldr-), tener (tendr-), valer (valdr-), venir(vendr-), decir (dir-), hacer (har-)
• To express future you can also use Ir+a+infinitivie
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• Expresses what would could or should happen or
what could happen as result of another action
• Endings: Ía, ías, ía, íamos, ías, ían
• Irregulars: caber (cabr-), haber (habr-), poder
(podr-), querer (querr-), saber (sabr-), poner
(pondr-), salir (saldr-), tener (tendr-), valer (valdr-),
venir (vendr-), decir (dir-), hacer (har-)
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Present Perfect
• Expresses things that have just recently
happened
• The present perfect is conjugated haber +
conjugated verb
• The verb endings are: -ado for –ar and –
ido for er and ir
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Relative Pronouns• Relative pronouns are practically conjunctions.
They connect sentences to make more interesting
and complex sentences.
• que, el/la que, el/la cual, quien/quienes, cuyo
• Que refers to people or things
• El cual and la que are used in more formal
sentences, but are basically the same thing
• Quien and quienes are used for people only.
• Cuyo refers to whose
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Que vs CualQué is used when asking for
definitions or general
information.
Cuál usually is used
before es and other forms
ofser when not seeking a
definition or more specific
things.
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Neuter Lo
• Use lo and a masculine singular
adjective to relay ideas.
• The adjective cant describe
anything tangible, just an idea or
characteristic.
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Subjunctive in Adverbial
Clauses antes (de) que: before
para que & a fin de que: in order that
sin que: without
con tal (de) que: provided that
en caso de que: in case
a no ser que & a menos que: unless
cuando: when
hasta que: until
en cuanto: as soon as
luego que: as soon as
después (de) que: after
mientras (que): while
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Past Subjunctive
take third person plural in the preterit and add the
endings
ending “-se” may be seen replacing “-ra”
-ra -ramos
-ras -rais
-ra -ran
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comparisons + superlatives
comparisons indicate that something has
more or less of a quality like –er.
superlatives indicate that something has
the most of a quality like –est.
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Adverbs
formed by adding –mente to the feminine
singular form of the adjective.
Probablemente
Rápidamente
felizmente
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diminutives + augmentatives diminutives indicate smallness or show affection
augmentatives indicate that something is large or undesirable
diminutives: if the noun ends in o or a, drop the vowel and add ita or ito. If the noun doesn‟t end in a vowel, add cita or cito to the ending.
Augmentatives: -azo/-aza
-ón/-ona
-ote/-ota
-ucho/-ucha
-acho/-acha
-udo/-uda
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Present Perfect Subjunctive
formed by the present subjunctive
conjugation of haber + the past participle
Conjugation
haya + past participle
hayas + past participle
haya + past participle
hayamos + past participle
hayáis + past participle
hayan + past participle
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Se
„Se‟ becomes impersonal when the
subject of the verb is unidentified, but
obviously third person.
This is most commonly used when making
a general statement.
se + 3rd person singular verb
Examples:
Se habla español aquí.
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past participles as adjectives
as adjectives, they agree with the nouns
they describe in both gender and number
(plurals have an s added)
add –ado to –ar verbs; add –ido to –er/-ir
verbs
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time expressions with hacer This format is used to explain the amount
of time that the action took.
Hace+Time+Que+Present Tense
Hace
Tresańos
Que
bailo
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Future Perfect
refers to an event “will have” or “shall have”
happened
formed by the future indicative form of
haber followed by the past participle
habré + past participle habremos + past participle
habrás + past participle habréis + past participle
habrá + past participle habrán +past participle
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Conditional Perfect
conjugated form of haber + the past
participle
expresses something that would have
happened
habría habríamos
habrías habríais
habría habrían
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Si Clauses
They can come before or after the main
clause and often contradict the main
clause.
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transitional expressions
cause and effect: por, porque, como, yaque
clarification and explanation: además (de), en otras palabras
contrast and similarity: sin embargo, aunque, igualmente
general and specific: en general, específicamente
Introduction and conclusion: en primer lugar, para concluir
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pero vs. sino
Pero indicates contrast, but sino indicates
direct negation of the other cause.
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Passive Voice
A common use of the passive voice is to
indicate what happened to the subject of
the sentence without saying who or what
carried out the action.
Las computadoras fueron vendidas. It is
not specified who carried out the action.
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Negative Expressions
Used when referring to nobody or nothing.
nada
nadie
ningún
ninguno/a
ni
nunca
tampoco
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Indefinite Expressions
Used when the subject is unknown or
unspecific
Algo
alguien
alguna vez
alguno/a
cualquier/a
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Past Perfect
participles are formed by adding –ado to
“-ar” verbs and –ido to “-er/-ir” verbs
Conjugation
he + past participle
has + past participle
ha + past participle
hemos + past participle
habéis + past participle
han + past participle
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Past Perfect Subjunctive Se
completed actions that had happened
before another past action
conditional constructions
hypothetical situations that could‟ve
happened, but did not happen
imperfect subjunctive of haber + past
participle
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Uses of the infinitive
translated as “to + verb”
Use when the verb is being used as a
subject, object of the verb or the
preposition, or the predicate noun.
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Prepositionsa to, at
Antes de Before
Con with
contra against
de Of, from
desde since
durante during
en In, on
entre between
hasta until
Par/por for
sin without
sobre about