B Y : J A M I L A M I L L E R

3 R D

Grammar Book 2nd Semester

Conditional

Perfect Tenses

Present

Present Perfect Irregulars

Past

Subjunctive Perfect

Nosotros Command Mono Verbs

Impersonal „se‟ Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandadtos

Informal/Formal

• Affirmative • Negative • Irregular • DOP + IOP

Subjunctive + Irregulars Trigger Phrases

Impersonal Expressions

Expressions of Emotion

Conjunctions of Time

Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

Tan y Tanto

Conjugation English Translation

ía

ías

ía

Used in relation to would, should, could, must have, or probably

Used to express:

Wonder

Conjecture

Possibility

Probability

Conditional

íamos

íais

ían

Infinitivo Conjugation at end

Subjunctive

Conditional Irregulars

Irregular form

+ the endings

• ía íamos • ías íais • ía ían

= Conditional irregulares

Present Perfect

Used to express or describe actions that have happened recently and/or actions that still hold true in the present.

In Ingles

The combination of a helping verb as in English. Ex: I have eaten.

He comido.

Auxillary verb (to

have)

Main verb +

ido o ado

Present perfect

verb

He pagado la cuenta. He pagado

Haber is used as auxillary verb before the main verb like a helping

verb in English.

He hemos

Has Habeis

ha han

Plus the main verb with new ending

Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido

Present Perfect Irregulars

Abrir- abierto

Cubrir- cubierto

Decir- dicho

Escribir- escrito

Hacer- hecho

Morir- muerto

Poner- puesto

Resolver- resolto

Ver- visto

Volver- vuelto

Ir- ido

Romper- roto

Past Perfect

• The past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.

• The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.

Había habíamos

Habías Habías

había habían

Plus the main verb with new ending

Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido

Ex: (yo) Había vivido. I had lived.

Ex: Juan había abierto las puertas.

Subjunctive Perfect

We use the present perfect subjunctive when we want to express a reaction to something that has happened (already). We need a conjugation of the verb Haber and a past participle. The only difference is that we conjugate Haber in the present Subjunctive.

Haya hayamos

Hayas Hayáis

haya Hayan

Plus the main verb with new ending

Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido

Impersonal „se‟

1. Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

Se vende fruta en la fruteria.

2. When using se, the verb is always in 3rd person. Aqui se había español.

3. Se can be used in all tenses. Se hizo mucho

Se haría mucho.

Se había hecho.

Saber vs. Conocer

Person, place,

literary work

facts, info, or how to

do something

Mandatos Informales Tu Commands

Affirmitivo

Conjugate in the tu form and drop the

“s”

Add pronoun if necessary

Put in the tu form, stem change, and

drop the “s”

Di, hav, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven

Regular Irregular

Negativo

Put in the yo form, changes to the opposite vowel

and add on the “S”

Place pronoun before the verb

Tv dishes and add the “s”

Or put the yo form, change to

the appropriate ”s”

Regular Irregular

Informal Mandatos

INFORMAL (TU) AR ER/IR

Affirmitive: Conjugate the verb in the 3rd person present (ud./el/ella)

______- A

Hablar: habla

______- e

Comer: come

Negative: Yo form, drop the O and add the opposite tú ending

No- ______- EN

Hablar: No hablen

No- ______- AN

Comer: No coman

Informal Commands Irregulars

Decir: Di Hacer: Haz

Ir: ve Poner: pon

Salir: sal Tener: ten Venir: ven

Formal Mandatos

FORMAL AR ER/IR

Usted/ Ud. Yo form of a verb, drop the O and add the opposite endings:

______- E

Hablar: hable

______- A

Comer: Coma

Ustedes/ Uds. Yo form of a verb, drop the O and add the opposite ending of the third plural form:

______- EN

Hablar: hablen

______- AN

Comer: Coman

Formal Commands Irregulars

1. GO to GA (present tense irregular Yo form verbs)

Vengo- venga Digo- diga

2. CAR, GAR, ZAR verbs require spelling changes to keep the

pronunciation consistent: Pagar- pague

DOP and IOP Placement

DOP IOP

Lo, la, los, las Me, te, se, nos, os

Ir + Infinitive

• Attach to the end of the infinitive

• Place in front of the conjugated verb

Estar + ing verb

• Attach to the end of –ing verb and add an accent to the 3rd to the last syllable vowel

Commands

• Affirmative: it is attached to the end of command with an accent on first syllable vowel

• Negative: it comes after “no”, before the command

Nosotros Commands

Yo form of the verb in present tense, drop the O and add the opposite nosotros form ending:

Ar

____-Emos

Hablar: Hablemos

Er/Ir

____-Amos

Comer: comamos

Mono Verbs

1) if object pronouns are used, they must be attached to the end of affirmative commands, and this will always require a written accent in the nosotros forms

2) the first s of the affirmative reflexive ending is lost

Ex: ¡Comamos afuera esta noche! Irregulars

Are similar to that of other commands including –car, -gar,

-zar… Another irregular: Vámonos- vayamos

Start with the yo form of the

present indicative

Then drop the o- ending

Then add the opposite vowel

ending.

Present Subjunctive

Mood

Uncertain hypothetical

Reflects

Will and influence, motion, doubt, disbelief, and

denial, indefiniteness, and

nonexistense

Impersonal Expressions

Es bueno que… Es mejor que…

Es importante que…

Es malo que… Es necessario que…

Main Clause (impersonal expression)

Que Main clause Subjuntive sentence

T Tener > tenga

V Venir> venga

D Decir> diga

Dar> dé

I Ir > vaya

S Ser > sea

H Hacer > haga

E Estar > esté

S Saber > sepa

Irregulares Stem changing

-stays the same in –ar or –er - Does not change in nosotros form

Ir stem changes in nosotros

car que

gar gue

zar ce

Trigger Phrases

Es bueno que…

Es necesario

que…

Impersonal Expressions

Es mejor que…

Es importante que…

Es malo que…

…cuando …asi que

Conjunctions of Time

…despues de que

…hasta que

…en cuanto

The impersonal phrases come before the subjunctive and the time phrases come after the independent clause to indicate when to use a subjunctive.

I. Verbs/expressions of will or want

aconsejar que to advise

decir que to tell

dejar que to let, allow

desear que to desire that

es hora que it's time that

es importante que it is important that

es necesario que it is necessary that

esperar que to hope that

es preciso que it is necessary that

evitar que to avoid

II. Verbs/expressions of emotion or feeling

alegrarse de que to be happy that

es bueno que it's good that

es conveniente que it's convenient that

es difícil que it's hard

es extraño que it's strange that

es fácil que it's easy

es increíble que it's incredible that

es inútil que it's useless that (there's no point) es justo que it's fair that

Frequently, the sentences that contain a subjunctive verb are used to express doubt, uncertainty, denial, desire, commands or reactions to the clause

containing the subjunctive verb.

III. Verbs/expressions of doubt, possibility, opinion

aparecer que to appear, seem that

buscar ... que* to look for

detestar que to hate

dudar que to doubt

es dudoso que it is doubtful that

es imposible que it is impossible that

es improbable que it is improbable that

es posible que it is possible that

es probable que it is probable that

First Clause: Expressions

• hope • Fear • Joy • Pity • Surprise

Second Clause

• Subordinate clause

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Singular Masculine

Plural Masculine

Singular Feminine

Plural Feminime

Éste (this) Éstos (these) Ésta (this) Éstas (these)

Ése (that) Ésos (those) Ésa (that) Ésas (those)

Aquél (that “over there”)

Aquéllos (those “over there”)

Aquélla (that “over there”)

Aquéllas (those “over there”

Tan y Tanto

Como (as…as)

Used with adjectives and

adverbs

Como (as much as/ as many as…

Used with nouns and verbs