Grammar and usage

Introduction to the attributive clauses

1. An attributive clause modifies a noun

in the same way that an adjective or

prepositional phrase does. The noun it

modifies is called an antecedent.

Adjective: the green team

Prepositional phrase: the team in green

Attributive clause: the team who were

wearing green

2. The attributive clauses are usually in

troduced by relatives like which, that,

who, whom ， as and whose, or relative

adverbs like where, why and when. In t

he clause. These relative words usually

function as the:

subject, object, predicative, attribute, a

dverbial

As subject The boy is Tom. The boy is smiling. The boy who is smiling is Tom. The boy is Tom. The boy has a round face. The boy who has a round face is Tom.The boy is Tom. He sits in front of me. The man who sits in front of me is Tom.

The woman got the job. The woman

can speak Russian.

The woman who can speak Russian

got the job.

The teacher will give us a talk. The

teacher is famous.

The teacher who is famous will give

us a talk.

As object

The man is kind. Everyone likes him.

The man (who) everyone likes is

kind.

The woman got the job. We saw her in

the street.

The woman (whom) we saw in the

street got the job.

The teacher will give us a talk. We met

the teacher yesterday.

The teacher (whom) we met

yesterday will give us a talk.

We saw the student just now. He is the

best runner in our school.

The student whom we saw just now

is the best runner in our school.

As predicativeJack used to be a lazy boy. He is no longer a lazy boy. Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be. As attribute She has a brother. I can’t remember his name. She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.

As adverbial

The school is in Shenzhen. He studied in

the school.

The school where he studied is in

Shenzhen.

关系代词 that, which, who,

whom 和 whose 的用法

关系代词 who 指人，作主语或宾语（作宾语常可省略）； whom 指人，作宾语； whose 指人，作定语； that

指人或物， 作主语、宾语、表语； as

指人或物，指代整个主句的内容， 作主语，表语， as 的作用接近 who 和which; which 指物或指整个主句的内容，作主语，宾语，表语。

关系代词的用法

I. that 和 which

以下情况，引导词用 that ，不用 which 。1. 先行词为不定代词 everything ， som

ething, nothing, anything 或由 few, littl

e ， much ， all ， only, the very 等修饰时，常用关系代词 that 来引导定语从句。如：

They go to the newspaper’s own librar

y to look up any information that they

need.

他们到报社的图书馆去查找他们所需要的资料。This is the very book that I have been l

ooking for.

这正是我在寻找的书。

The only thing that matters is to find o

ur way home.

惟一要紧的事是找到回家的路。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词 who 。 如：I was the only person in my office who

was invited.

我是我们办公室唯一被邀请的人。

2. 先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时，用关系代词 that 引导定语从句。如：The first thing that we should do is to wo

rk out a plan.

我们应该做的第一件事是订个计划。 Newton was one of the greatest men that

ever lived.

牛顿是世界上最伟大的人物之一。

3. 先行词同时指人和物时，用 that 。如：We talked about the things and persons t

hat we saw then.

我们谈论了我们当时所见的人和事物。 Look at the man and his donkey that are

walking up the street.

瞧瞧那个沿街走过来的男人和他的驴子。

4. 当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时用 that 。如：Which is the dictionary that you want?

哪本是你要的字典？ Who is the man that is standing by th

e door?

站在门旁边的那个男人是谁？

II. which 和 as

which 和 as 都可以引导非限制性定语从句，只是 as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，此时， as 常常有“正如， 正像”的含义。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。可以指句中的某一个词，也可以指代前面的整个句子。如：

He was very rude to the Customs officer,

which of course made things even worse.

他对海关官员非常无礼，这当然使事情更糟糕了。Carol said the work would be done by O

ctober, which personally I doubt very m

uch.

卡罗说这项工作到十月底就能做完，我个人对此非常满意。

He married her, which/as was natural.

他跟她结了婚，这是很自然的事。 As was natural, he married her.

As is known to all, he is the best studen

t in our class.

众所周知，他是我们班最好的学生。

此句中不可用 which

此句中不可用 which

as 作为关系代词还可用于 the same…

as 和 such…as 等结构中。如：I’ve never heard such stories as he tell

s.

我从未听过他讲的故事。 This is the same dictionary as I l

ost. 这本字典跟我丢失的一样。

as 在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如 be known ， be said ，be reported 等；如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用 which 作主语。如：She has been late again, as was expecte

d. Tom

has made great progress, which made u

s happy.

III. 介词 + 关系代词引导的定语从句这种结构的定语从句多用于正式文体中。指人时常用关系代词 whom, 指物时用 w

hich 。有时也用 whose 。如：He went to hear this famous singer, abou

t whom we had heard many stories.

我们去听了这们著名歌唱家的演唱，以前我们听到过关于他的好多事情。

The boss in whose department Mr Kin

g worked called at the hospital after w

ork. 金先生工作的那个部门的老板下班后到医院去看望他。在上述的用法中，介词的选择与前面名词词组的搭配有关，或与后面动词词组的搭配有关。请看：

1. 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。Is that the newspaper for which you often

write articles?

2. 根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配。Can you explain to me how to use these idi

oms about which I’m not sure ？

3. 根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯。如：1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. wa

s founded.

注意： 定语从句中谓语动词如果是“动词 + 介词”构成的短语动词，一般不把这样的介词提到关系代词前面。如：

He has a little son whom he has to look a

fter.

他有个需要照看的小儿子。不能说成：He has a little son after whom he has to l

ook.

Two friends are talking about where

to go after school. Complete their co

nversation with who, whom, which, t

hat or whose. There might be more t

han one answer for some blanks.

Kangxin: Are you going home, C

onghui?

Exercise

Conghui: No. I forgot to bring my key. I can’t go home until my mum gets home from work. I have to do my homework in a place _________ has desks and chairs. Would you like to come with me?

that/which

Kangxin: Sure. How about the school

library? We can do our

homework in the reading

room.

Conghui: It’s a good idea, but I don’t

want to study in a room

______ desks are too small

for all my books.

whose

Kangxin: All right then. What about

my flat? We have a really

big desk in my father’s

study.

Conghui: But I’m not one of those

students ________ can

do homework well in a new

place. Besides, I might be

who/that

reading the books in your

father’s bookcase instead.

Kangxin: You’re one of those people

_____________ everybody

will find hard to please,

aren’t you?

Conghui: I’m sorry. Let’s go to the

library then.

who/whom/that

Conghui: Hi, Aihua, how are you?

Aihua: I’m fine, thanks. Are you

returning books, Kangxin?

Kangxin: No, we are going to do our

homework in the reading

room.

Aihua: There are several reading rooms

in the library. Which one are

you going to study in?

Conghui: I’m not sure. I prefer one

_________ has big desks.

Aihua: Then you can go to the reading

room on the first floor.

Kangxin: Is that the reading room

_________ has newspapers

and magazines?

Aihua: Yes.

that/which

that/which

Kangxin: Conghui wouldn’t like it. She

will be reading newspapers

and magazines instead of

doing her homework. She

seems to be a person

________ can’t pay attention

to one thing for long.

Conghui: No, I’m not. What makes you

think that?

who/that

Kangxin: I’m sorry. I was only joking.

Conghui: That’s OK.

Aihua: Why don’t you do your

homework in our classroom?

It’s a place _________ has big

desks but no newspapers or

magazines.

that/which

Conghui: Yes! Let’s go! You see,

Kangxin, I’m not a person

________ is hard to please.

Kangxin: No, you are not. Thanks,

Aihua.

Aihua: You are welcome.

who/that

1. There are 54 students in our class,

______ 18 are girls.

A. more than B. less than

C. in those D. of whom

2. We’ll remember those days _________

we spent together.

A. when B. in which

C. in that D. which

Exercise

3. The doctor _________ is leaving for

Africa next month.

A. the nurse is talking to him

B. whom the nurse is talking

C. the nurse is talking to

D. who the nurse is talking

4. Next month, _________ you’ll spend

in your hometown, is coming.

A. which B. that C. when D. where

5. He had a bad cold, _____he didn’t

attend the meeting.

A. because B. because of which

C. to which D. because of that

6. There is no dictionary ______ you can

find everything.

A. in it B. in which

C. where D. in that

7. Do you want to buy the same radio

_______ was shown on TV?

A. what B. which

C. as D. that

8. She was wearing the same dress

__________ she had on the day

before.

A. that B. which

C. where D. what

9. A new building will be built, _______

is reported in today’s newspaper.

A. it B. as

C. which D. that

10. All ________ is needed is a supply

of oil.

A. / B. that

C. what D. which

Homework

Talk about the picture on P10, using

attributive clauses (free talk).

Do workbook exercise C1 and C2.Do workbook exercise C1 and C2.

Preview Task.