GrammarGrammar

Mr. VillanuevaMr. Villanueva

Grammar ReviewGrammar ReviewThe test will not ask you directly about the “parts of The test will not ask you directly about the “parts of

speech”, but they are important in order to understand speech”, but they are important in order to understand • NounNoun: person, place, or thing (dog, New York, OFL) : person, place, or thing (dog, New York, OFL) • VerbVerb: action word (talk, study, run): action word (talk, study, run)• AdjectiveAdjective: word that describes (happy, bright, fast): word that describes (happy, bright, fast)• Adverb: Adverb: a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, a word that modifies a verb, an adjective,

another adverb; usually ends in ‘-ly’ (happily, very, another adverb; usually ends in ‘-ly’ (happily, very, slowly)slowly)

• SubjectSubject: the subject is the part of the sentence : the subject is the part of the sentence (usually a noun) that performs the action. ((usually a noun) that performs the action. (sheshe gave me the book; gave me the book; the dogthe dog slept) slept)

• Predicate:Predicate: the part of the sentence that is the part of the sentence that is notnot the the subject (she subject (she gave me the bookgave me the book; the dog ; the dog sleptslept))

Subject+ Predicate=complete sentenceSubject+ Predicate=complete sentence

ClausesClauses• A A clauseclause is a group of words that has a verb and a subject. is a group of words that has a verb and a subject.

Some are complete sentences, but others need to be linked Some are complete sentences, but others need to be linked to another clause to make senseto another clause to make sense..– Independent (Main) Clause: Independent (Main) Clause: a complete thought, a complete thought,

and can stand alone as a sentence or be linked and can stand alone as a sentence or be linked to another clause. to another clause. •Exp: Exp: People had to keep a fire going all the time. People had to keep a fire going all the time.

– Dependent (Subordinate) Clause: doesDependent (Subordinate) Clause: does not not express a complete idea, so it has to be linked express a complete idea, so it has to be linked to the independent clause. to the independent clause. •Exp: Exp: Before matches made it easy to start a fireBefore matches made it easy to start a fire

Complete sentence using both types of clauses:Complete sentence using both types of clauses:

Before matches made it easy to start a fire, Before matches made it easy to start a fire, people had to keep a fire going all the people had to keep a fire going all the time. time.

Grammar Review: Grammar Review: PunctuationPunctuation• SemicolonSemicolon: used between independent clauses : used between independent clauses

without conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, sowithout conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so—F.A.N.B.O.Y.S.!!!)—F.A.N.B.O.Y.S.!!!)

Exp: Fire is our good friend; fire is our deadly enemy.Exp: Fire is our good friend; fire is our deadly enemy.

• ColonColon: used between independent clauses when : used between independent clauses when the second clause explains the first or provides a the second clause explains the first or provides a list.list.

Exp: Fire is important: it heats our home and our food. Exp: Fire is important: it heats our home and our food.

• EllipsesEllipses: three spaced dots, show that something : three spaced dots, show that something has been omitted (left out)has been omitted (left out)

Exp: The firefighter said, “It’s really dangerous…but we have Exp: The firefighter said, “It’s really dangerous…but we have the blaze under control.”the blaze under control.”

• HyphenHyphen: Used in some compound adjectives, : Used in some compound adjectives, numbers, and prefixes.numbers, and prefixes.

Exp: The Exp: The well-organized well-organized squad of squad of twenty-fourtwenty-four firefighters are firefighters are pro-American.pro-American.

PracticePractice

• Write a sentence using a colonWrite a sentence using a colon

• Write a sentence using ellipseWrite a sentence using ellipse

• Write a sentence using hyphenWrite a sentence using hyphen

• Make sure to use it correctly, we will Make sure to use it correctly, we will share in classshare in class

Grammar Review: Sentence Grammar Review: Sentence construction and usageconstruction and usage

• Parallel structureParallel structure

• SubordinationSubordination

• Proper placement of modifiersProper placement of modifiers

• Consistency of tenses Consistency of tenses

**Reminder: Consistency of **Reminder: Consistency of tenses** tenses**

• This is a common CAHSEE subjectThis is a common CAHSEE subject• For questions about sentence For questions about sentence

construction, they will commonly put construction, they will commonly put something like the example: “he something like the example: “he rushed rushed into the house and into the house and closescloses the the door in my face”door in my face”

• What is wrong with that sentence?What is wrong with that sentence?

**Consistency of tenses **Consistency of tenses (cont.)** (cont.)**

• All verbs in a sentence must be in All verbs in a sentence must be in one one tensetense. It is incorrect to go back and . It is incorrect to go back and forth between past, present, and future.forth between past, present, and future.

• The example could be changed to either:The example could be changed to either:– ““he he rushed rushed into the house and into the house and closeclosedd the the

door in my face” (past) ORdoor in my face” (past) OR– ““he he rusherushess into the house and into the house and closeclosess the the

door in my face” (present) door in my face” (present)

• Don’t forget: the tense needs to be Don’t forget: the tense needs to be consistentconsistent (the same) throughout a (the same) throughout a sentence. sentence.

PracticePractice

• Write a sentence about what you did Write a sentence about what you did last weekend.last weekend.

• It should have at least 2 verbs in the It should have at least 2 verbs in the sentencesentence

• Use the same tense in the entire Use the same tense in the entire sentence.sentence.

Grammar Review: Grammar Review:

ProofreadingProofreading

• UsageUsage

• StructureStructure

• DictionDiction

• GrammarGrammar

• MechanicsMechanics

**Reminder: Noun/Verb **Reminder: Noun/Verb Agreement** Agreement**

• Subjects and verbs must always “agree” Subjects and verbs must always “agree” in a sentence.in a sentence.

• For example, the following sentence has For example, the following sentence has an agreement issue:an agreement issue:– Frank and Sabrina is the two students who Frank and Sabrina is the two students who

have books.have books.

What is wrong with this sentence? What What is wrong with this sentence? What does not “agree”?does not “agree”?

**Noun/Verb Agreement **Noun/Verb Agreement (cont.)** (cont.)**

• There are There are twotwo students (Frank and Sabrina), so students (Frank and Sabrina), so the verb should be the verb should be pluralplural ( (areare instead of instead of isis))

• The correct sentence would be: “Frank and The correct sentence would be: “Frank and Sabrina Sabrina areare the two students who have books.” the two students who have books.”

• When you see this on the CAHSEE, often there When you see this on the CAHSEE, often there will be a trick to figuring out singular vs. plural. will be a trick to figuring out singular vs. plural. For example, the following words are For example, the following words are singularsingular even though they refer to a group:even though they refer to a group:

class, group, team, etc. class, group, team, etc.

PracticePractice

• Write one sentence with a plural Write one sentence with a plural subjectsubject

• Write one sentence with a singular Write one sentence with a singular subjectsubject

• We will be sharing in classWe will be sharing in class