gram insects a lecture by mr allah dad khan

Gram Crop Insects

A Presentation To IPM Course/FFS Participants

ByMr. Allah Dad

Khan Provincial

Coordinator IPM KPK For MINFAL

Pakistan

Crop: Bengal GramScientific name: Cicer arietinum

L.Family: Fabaceae

Symptoms of damage

Skeletinization of leaves – feeding chlorophyll only leaving veins by young larvae Defoliation

Feeds flower and green pods

In green pods – make circular holes and feed the grains and make empty.

Gram Pod Borer : Helicoverpa armigera

Circular bore hole

Larva feeding the pod


Damaged pod

Identification of Pest

Eggs – are spherical in shape and creamy white in colour, laid singly

Larva - shows colour variation from greenish to brown. Green with dark brown grey lines laterally on the body with lateral white lines and also has dark and pale bands.

Pupa – brown in colour, occurs in soil, leaf, pod and crop debris

Adult - light pale brownish yellow stout moth. Fore wing grey to pale brown with V shaped speck.Hind wings are pale smoky white with a broad blackish outer margin.


Egg

Larva


Pupa

Adult


Symptomsof damage

Buds, flowers and young pods with boreholes

Presence of slug like caterpillar.

Honey dew secretion with black ant movements

2. Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus

Larva Damaging

Identification of pestLarva – It is flat and

slightly rounded; Pale green with a rough skin.

Adult - moth is greyish blue with prominent black spots in the hind wings and a long tail; Ventral side of wings with numerous stripes and brown spots

2. Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus

Symptoms f damage

oBuds, flowers and young pods with boreholes and presence of slug like caterpillar.

Larval entry hole on the pod is plugged with excreta.

Grass blue butterfly: Euchrysops cnejus

Identification of the pest

Larva - pale green or yellow with a red line and short black hairs on the body.

Adult - butterfly is blue, medium sized with 5 black spots in the hind wings and two black spots in the inner margin.

Grass blue butterfly: Euchrysops cnejus

Adult

Symptoms of damage

Pin head size holes on pods

Small spiny caterpillars and pupae seen on the pods

Plume moth: Exelastis atomosa


Larva - is greenish brown, fringed with radiating hairs and spines

Adult - is delicate, brown coloured small moth with plumed wings

Plume moth: Exelastis atomosaSymptoms

Adult Identification of

the pest

Symptoms of damage

Bore holes on the buds, flower or pods

Infested pods and flowers are webbed together.

Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis

Identification of the pestLarva - Greenish white

with brown head. It has two pairs of dark spots on the back of each segment

Adult - Forewings - light brown colour with white markings; Hindwings – white colour with brown markings at the lateral edge



Larva


Pupa

Symptoms of damage

Dropping of flowers and young pods

Older pods marked with a brown spot where a larvae has entered

The larva feeds inside green pods and then on pod surface, webbing together 2-4 pods.

Spiny pod borer: Etiella zinckenella


Eggs: Eggs are laid singly (or) in groups preferably at the junction of the calyx and pod or on the pod surface. A female lays 47-178 eggs, which hatch in 5-6 days.

Larva: The larva bores within the green pods and feeds on seeds. When fully grown the larva drops to ground and forms a cocoon about 2.5 cm below ground or under dry leaves greenish initially, turns pink before pupation. It has 5 black spots on the prothorax.

Pupa: Pupal duration lasts for 9-20 days depending on the climate. The moths pair 24-30 hour after emergence.

Adult: Brownish grey moth. Prothorax are orange in colour. Fore wing has a white stripe along the anterior margin.


Symptoms of damage

The larva bores inside the pod and feeds on the seeds within

Field bean pod borer: Adisura atkinsoni


Eggs: are laid singly on flowers, buds and pods. The eggs are minute in size. The egg period lasts for 3 days.

Larvae: Full grown larva is 28-35 mm long, brownish green in colour. The larval periods lasts for 14-15 days.

Adult: Moths are yellowish brown in colour.


Symptoms of damage

Dark brown encrustation on the pod wall

Dry pods showing pin head size hole Seeds shriveled, striped and

partially eaten Maggots cause damage by boring

into the soft seeds and feed on grains.

The damaged seeds are unfit for consumption as well as for germination.

The extent of damage may be even upto 60-70% during severe infestation.

Pod fly: Melanagromyza obtusa


Eggs: Eggs are laid by them singly or in cluster inside the pod wall by piercing through the ovipositor. The fly lays about 60-80 eggs. Incubation period is 2-4 days.

Larva: Larval period is about 5-18 days

Pupa: Pupal period varies from 7-10 days. A number of overlapping generations are found in a year.

Pod fly: Melanagromyza obtusa

Symptoms of damage

Drooping of the tender leaves and yellowing

Serious damage of young plants.

The stem where maggot and pupae are present become swollen and start ribbing.

Older plants show stunting but are not usually killed.

Stem fly: Ophiomyia phaseoli


Eggs: The egg period lasts about 3 days.

Larva: Larval period lasts for 5-6 days. The larva pupates in the larval groove for 8-9 days.

Adult: The adult is a small black fly. A female lays 38-79 eggs singly on pods or on flower buds

Stem fly: Ophiomyia phaseoli

Symptoms of damage Infected plants

develop light green or chlorotic leaves which have mosaic patterns .

Most infected plants do not bear flowers

Red gram sterility mite: Aceria cajani


Eggs: Milky white eggs are found on vegetative terminals.

Adult: The mites are difficult to see with the naked eye.They are 0.2 mm long, light pink, spindle shaped, and are normally found feeding on the underside of leaf lets. Many nymphs are found on young folded leaflets. Plant - to-plant infestation occurs by the wind dispersal of infective mites.

Red gram sterility mite: Aceria cajani

Symptoms of damage

Skeletinization of leaves and the plant becomes whitish

The larvae feed on leaf buds, flowers, tender pods and developing seeds.

Ragged and irregular pod. (This is in contrast with the neat, and round hole, characteristic of pod borer damage.)

Semilooper : Autographa nigrisigna


Moths have typically patterned forewings.

The larva 25 mm long is green semiloopers

Semilooper : Autographa nigrisigna

Symptomsof damage

The caterpillar remains the soil at a depth of 2-4 inches.

The caterpillars cut the tender plants at the base, and branches or stems of growing plants.

The caterpillars drag the cut parts into soil for feeding.

The buried stem or branches is almost the sure index of the place where the caterpillar is hiding

Cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon


Eggs - are laid on earth clods, chickpea stem bases and on both sides of leaves.

Larva - is dark brown with red head.

Pupa -Pupation takes place in earthen cocoon.

Adult- moth are brownish with numerous wavy lines and spots, measuring 3 to 5 cm across wings

Cut worm: Agrotis ipsilon

Symptoms of damage

Termite bores into the roots and stem. Due to the bore the plants soon dries.

Attack may continue to the standing crop also especially during the period of drought.

Termites: Odontotermes obesus

Symptoms of damage Termite bores into the

roots and stem. Due to the bore the plants soon dries.

Attack may continue to the standing crop also especially during the period of drought.

Termites: Odontotermes obesus

gram insects a lecture by mr allah dad khan

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