grading the evidence developing the typhoid … the evidence developing the typhoid statement ......
TRANSCRIPT
Grading the Evidence Developing the Typhoid Statement
Manitoba 10th
Annual Travel Conference
April 26, 2012
Disclosure of Potential Conflict of Interest
Alexandra Henteleff MEd, BN, RN
Certificate in Travel Health
Grading the Evidence Developing the Typhoid Statement
Financial DisclosureConsulting Fees: Innovative Solutions Health Plus
Other: Employee Winnipeg Regional Health Authority
Presentation Overview
Brief Overview of Evidence Based Medicine(EBM)
The Evidence Cycle
Typhoid statement development
using a systematic EBM process
where we are now
Final note
What is evidence‐based medicine?
Best Research Evidence
Clinical
Expertise
Evidence
Based
Medicine
“Evidence-based medicine is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values”
- Dave Sackett
Why Evidence Based Practice?
How many articles are published per month in the area of family practice?
a.
2000
b.
4000
c.
8000
d.
10000
Why Evidence Based Practice?
Explosion of literature
Literature is published at a a rate of nearly 8000* articles per month in family practice
There are many evidence –
based review resources that synthesize and critically appraise literature.
By using these resources, clinicians can make evidence based decisions in a focused and time‐ efficient manner
*Alper
et al (2004). How much effort is needed to keep up with literature relevant for
primary care?
Why Evidence Based Practice?
In an average practice, how many questions arise for every patient seen?
a.For every 3 patients seen 2 questions ariseb.For every 2 patients seen 3 questions arisec.For every patient seen 1 question arises
Why Evidence Based Practice?
Unmet Information NeedsPractitioner information needs are not
being metFor every 3 patients seen 2 questions are
generated*Synthesized evidence based practice
resources can be easy to use and quickly connect practitioners to evidence based answers to their clinical questions
*Covell
et al (1985). Information needs in office practice: are they being met?
Why Evidence Based Practice?
On average, how many years does it take to integrate research into everyday practice?
a.
5
b.
10
c.
14
d.
17
Why Evidence Based Practice?Implementation DelaysIt takes an average of 17 years for clinical
research to be fully integrated into everyday practice
Prior to the the early 90s it was recommended that infants sleep on their stomachs despite
evidence available in the 1970s that this contributed to SIDs
Evidence based resources take into account evidence from a wide variety of fields thus
offering clinicians opportunity for greater exposure to evidence
Evidence Based Approach• Emphasizes the use of a systematic approach
to aid clinical decision making
• De‐emphasizes intuition and unsystematic clinical experiences
• Stresses the examination of evidence from clinical research.
• Requires efficient, systematic literature searching
• Relies on formal rules and processes to evaluate the evidence evaluating the clinical
literature
Evidence Based Clinical Guidelines
Clinical Guidelines are only as good as the evidence and judgments they are based on
Evidence Based Medicine and CATMAT
CATMAT has a long history of producing evidence based statements.
CATMAT produced it’s own statement on evidence based medicine in 1994.
13
Evidence Based Medicine
EBM continues to evolve and now there is greater emphasis on:
Quality of evidence
Transparency
Balance
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The Evidence Cycle ‐
The 5 As
Assess
the problem
Ask
a clear answerable question
Acquire
evidence from appropriate sources
Appraise (grade) the evidence
Apply
the evidence in practice
Assess the Problem
EBM always begins with identifying the clinical problem/question that arises from the care of the patient or population
ASK the question
Construct a question that is relevant to the clinical problem/situation and helps to guide the process for
finding an answer
A well phrased question considers the…Patient or Problem
Intervention
Comparison (if applicable – not always present)
Outcomes
(PICO)
Patient
Intervention
Comparison Intervention
Outcome
Applying PICO is a systematic way to identify important concepts in a case, and formulate a
question for searching
Searching: finding good answers
AQUIRE the evidence
Using the well structured question leads into a well‐built search strategy which includes:
General Information
Filtered Resources
Unfiltered Resources
APPRAISE the evidence
Appraise the evidence for its validity (closeness to
the truth) and applicability (usefulness in practice)
Three basic questions that need to be answered for
every type of studyWhat are the results?Are the results valid?Will the results help in caring for my patient
or addressing the problem?
Why is it important to grade evidence?
People draw conclusions about the– quality of evidence– strength of recommendations
Systematic and explicit approaches can help– protect against errors– resolve disagreements– facilitate critical appraisal– communicate information
Approaches to Grading the Evidence
There is wide variation in the approaches used to
grade evidence
•US Preventive Services Task Force Grading System•National Advisory Committee on
Immunization(NACI)•GRADE Approach (Grading of Recommendations
Assessment, Development and Evaluation)
Levels of Recommendation
Categor
y
Definition
A Strongly recommends routinely
provide services to eligible patients.
B Recommends routinely provide
service to eligible patients.
C Makes no recommendation to
routinely provide services.
D Recommends against routinely
providing services.
I Insufficient
evidence (in quality or
quantity) to make a recommendation
Levels of Evidence
Good
Fair
Poor
US Preventive Services Task Force Grading System
Annals of Int Med 2007;147 (2)
Magnitude of Net BenefitSubstantial
Moderate
Small
Zero/Negative
Levels of RecommendationCategory Definition
A …there is good evidence to recommend
immunization
B …there is fair evidence to recommend
immunization
C …existing evidence is conflicting and does not
allow making a recommendation for or against
immunization…
D …there is fair evidence to recommend against
immunization.
E …there is good evidence to recommend
against immunization.
I …there is insufficient
evidence (in quality or
quantity) to make a recommendation…
Levels of
Evidence
Good
Fair
Poor
Evidence‐based recommendations for Immunization
Methods of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI)
CCDR 2009; 35 (ACS-1)
GRADE* Approach
Quality of Evidence
High Quality Based on:
•Methodological quality of evidence
•Likelihood of biasModerate
Low
Very Low
Recommendation
StrongBased on:
•Trade‐off between benefits and downsides•Patient values and preferences
Weak
Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
Judgments about the quality of evidence
The quality of the evidence (i.e. our confidence) depends on:
Study design (e.g. RCT, case‐control study)Study quality/limitations (protection against bias)Consistency of results across studiesDirectness of the evidence as it applies to the:
Patient (Population) or Problem
Intervention
Comparison (if any)
Outcomes
Levels of Evidence
Some research designs provide
stronger levels of evidence.
The hierarchy can be graphically
shown as a pyramid
Judgments about the Quality of the Evidence
Quality of Evidence (i.e. our confidence)…
…may be REDUCED
when there is: – Sparse or imprecise data– Evidence of reporting bias
…may be INCREASED when there is:– A strong association– A dose response relationship
Strength of RecommendationThe degree of confidence that the desirable effects
of adherence to a recommendation outweigh the undesirable effects.
Desirable Effects Undesirable Effects
Health BenefitsLess BurdenSavings
HarmsMore burden
Costs
EBM Recommendations
Recommendations should clearly:
•Evaluate the quality of evidence
•Provide a summary of the evidence (and gaps)– Quality
– Quantity
– Consistency
•Describe the balance of potential benefits and harms
•Identify patient/practitioner values and preferences
The Updated Typhoid Statement
A journey through the process of developing an evidence based
medicine CATMAT statement
Background
• The CATMAT statement on Typhoid was published in 1994
• The CATMAT evidence based medicine working group decided this statement was appropriate for
piloting the proposed process for statement development
• A CATMAT working group was created
Goals
An evidence based statement
A systematic review of the evidence
Synthesis of the evidence
Recommendations that guide practitioners regarding:
Vaccine effectiveness
Guidance for vaccine recommendation based on:
Destination
Duration of Travel
Sub Populations
Typhoid Statement Brainstorming the Research Questions
Is the typhoid vaccine effective in preventing typhoid among Canadian Travellers?
What are the harms associated with typhoid vaccine?
What is the incidence of typhoid in Canadian travellers?
Typhoid Statement Brainstorming the Research Questions
What factors are associated with the incidence of typhoid in Canadian travellers?
What other preventative measures reduce the risk of acquiring typhoid?
Are treatments available to reduce typhoid mortality and morbidity?
Literature Reviews1.
General literature review on typhoid and travel
General search on typhoid and travel
Searched databases Ovid MEDLINE & Embase
Restricted to 2000‐2010 (conducted in July 2010)
Resulted in 227 citations
2.
Systematic reviews
Effectiveness of the typhoid vaccine
Effectiveness of treatments used to treat typhoid
General literature review
General literature review on typhoid and travel
– General search on typhoid and travel– Searched databases Ovid MEDLINE &
Embase– Restricted to 2000‐2010 (conducted in
July 2010)– Resulted in 227 citations
General literature review (cont.)
We narrowed the search to articles:• in English and French • related to the following topic areas
• Epidemiology and disease characteristics
• Risk for travellers (destination, duration, sub‐population)
• Preventative measures• Treatment
2. Systematic Reviews
The Cochrane Collaboration Systematic Reviews
“Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever”
in 2009“Azithromycin for treating uncomplicated typhoid
and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever)”
in 2008“Fluoroquinolones
for treating typhoid and
paratyphoid fever (enteric fever)”
in 2008
Additionally:The WHO Background document: The diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of typhoid fever, 2003
Where we are now?
Through an iterative process with members of the working group with the support from the
CATMAT Secretariat a draft version of the Typhoid statement is underway
Information from the literature has been synthesized
The evidence is being evaluated
Next Steps
Based on the results of the evidence evaluation:
Develop recommendations
Finalize the statement
Final review by the full Committee
Make ready for publicatione
frames)
Grading CATMAT Statements
Statements should be based on good systematic reviews of the literature
All current grading systems have limitations
Using any EBM or grading system is time intensive but supports evidence informed clinical decision
making
Final NoteQuality of evidence must be based on the entire
body of evidence
There must be transparency on how recommendations are made
There is a balance between:– quality of data– balance of harms & benefits – value & preferences
What is evidence‐based medicine?
Best Research Evidence
Clinical
Expertise
Evidence
Based
Medicine
“Evidence-based medicine is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values”
- Dave Sackett
Thank you