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1

P. 1

Stainless Steels :How to select appropriate grades

in different business climates.

Jacques CHARLES – U&A-ARCELOR

P. 2

Stainless Crude Steel Production

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Source : INCO - Arcelor

More than 5% / year

Stainless Steel: steady growth

K mt

P. 3

SS market: drivers for developments (1 )

Cost driven factors- raw material costs. …- productivity ( labor costs, electricity, consum. ..) - financial aspects. - standardisation …. Volume markets.- .. Competitivity of alternative solutions

Economical stability … and growth.- SS consumption related to GDP per capita.

Confidence concerning the product.- Reliability / tracability.- Standards, codes, - Technical assistance

P. 4

SS market: drivers for developments ( 2 )

Strength - Ductility(several micro-structures)

LOW LIFE CYCLE COSTS• Reduction in material costs• Reliability / Stainless Steel design

SURFACEPROPERTIES

AESTHETIC& DESIGN

CORROSION RESISTANCE• Wet corrosion• High temperature

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.EASY TO WORK WITH.weldabilityFormability…

Customers needs satisfied with a better cost of ownership

P. 5

The Stainless family

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 4036

32

AUSTENITE

A+M

MARTENSITE A+M+F

FERRITE

Cr equivalent

317 LNM

316L304L 2205+2205

2304

F+M

50α / 50γ

100%

904L

6 Mo0%

5%

20%

2507

Ni equivalent Ni% + 30 C% + 0,87 + 0,33 Cu% + k (N% - 0,045) k = 30 if N% : 0,1 - 0,2k = 22 if N% : 0,21-0,25k = 20 if N% : 0,26-0,35

Cr% + Mo% + 1,5 Si% + 0,5 Nb% + 5 V% + 3 Al%

409 430 434 444

DUPLEX

P. 6

Austenitic x125

Microstructures

Duplex,

Austenite

Ferrite

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P. 7

Cost of raw materials : evolutions.

Nickel LME evolution

0 $/T

2 000 $/T

4 000 $/T

6 000 $/T

8 000 $/T

10 000 $/T

12 000 $/T

14 000 $/T

16 000 $/T

18 000 $/T

01-9

6

01-9

7

01-9

8

01-9

9

01-0

0

01-0

1

01-0

2

01-0

3

01-0

4

01-0

5

Chromium evolution

0.2 $/lb

0.3 $/lb

0.4 $/lb

0.5 $/lb

0.6 $/lb

0.7 $/lb

0.8 $/lb

Molybdenium LME evolution

0 $/T

10 000 $/T

20 000 $/T

30 000 $/T

40 000 $/T

50 000 $/T

60 000 $/T

70 000 $/T

80 000 $/T

90 000 $/T

01-9

6

01-9

7

01-9

8

01-9

9

01-0

0

01-0

1

01-0

2

01-0

3

01-0

4

01-0

5

01-9

6

01-9

7

01-9

8

01-9

9

01-0

0

01-0

1

01-0

2

01-0

3

01-0

4

01-0

5

P. 8

Raw Material Costs for different S.S.

1 2 3 4

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

316

304

2022304434

430

$/TNi 6000 10000 14000 16000Mo 7000 17000 35000 80000Cr 800 1000 1500 1500

P. 9

71,5

5,3

23,2

72,2

5,7

22,1

70,8

7,4

21,8

65,6

9,3

23,1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

%

2001 2002 2003 2004 (p)

CrNiCrMnCrProvided by ISSF

Stainless Crude Steel by Categories

P. 10

Mechanical Properties.

0.6C+N (%)

YS /

0.2%

Pro

of S

tren

gth

(MPa

)

AL201L

P300A

16-7Mn16-4Mn

D10

Posco204MAL219H400

P202A

Nitronic19D

AF2020-7Mn

LDX2101

18-9D

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Austenitics

Duplex

J1409L

430

434

446

436

Tenelon

216

J4

Ferritic

200 series

300 seriesAL201

304N

304316

25072205

2304

AL201LN

P201A301

304N

Ferritics : more strength than austenitics

ferr.

aust.

duplex

P. 11

20

25

30

35

40

304

316

317LN317LNM

904

6Mo

AUSTENITIC

Nominal PREN values for different stainless steels

15

PREN

PREN =%Cr + 3,3 x %Mo + 16 x %N

WATER

SEA WATER ENV.

SEA WATER 20°C

SEA WATER 35°C

2304

2205

2205+

2507+

DUPLEX430

2XX

201-202

200 AUST.

219

216

434

446

409

444

FERRITICP. 12

MechanicalProperties

2mm 4mm 6mm

25%

50%

DUPLEX

FERRITIC

200/ 300 AUSTENITICS

EL%

The uses of ferritics are restricted for heavy gauges due to mechanical properties of base metal and welds ( sensitive to brittle transitions ).

Ti Nb

TextureDesign

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P. 13

Markets and applications

P. 14

Reliability mean stainless!!

Sand wedgePutter

P. 15

Homes & Offices :Appliances including white goods.

Medium corrosion resistanceAesthetic & Design

Improve the design

More ferritics

P. 16

Sinks

Aesthetic& DesignAustenitics and ferritics

EBTEDT

P. 17

Cookware,Holloware, Cuttlery

DrawabilityAestheticHygienic

304 top quality

Optimised ferritics

P. 18

Collective and commercial catering

Hospitals.

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P. 19

The General Industry Market

Food tanksBeer kegsMiscellaneous food processing equipmentWaste water treatments.

HygienicCleanlessSurface qualityAustenitics and ferritics P. 20

Heating / Chemney

From Austenitcs to Ferritics

Boilers and water heatersHeat exchangers

Fume ducts

P. 21

Process Industry

ChemicalChemical , strong acidsOil & Gas, PetrochemicalPulp & PaperEnergyWater treatments.Sugar Industry

20 30 40 50

304316317LNM

9046Mo

23042205

25072205+

Cost, including weight saving factors

PREN Va

Material selection based on :Corrosion resistance

ReliabilityLCC

austenitics

duplex

Higher strength(weight reductions)Lower Ni and Mo!

Pulp and Paper - worldwide Duplex referencesPulp and PaperPulp and Paper -- worldwideworldwide Duplex Duplex referencesreferences

USUTU PULP CoUSUTU PULP Co

NEW ZEALAND FORESTNEW ZEALAND FOREST

CELLULOSE DES ARDENNES (F)CELLULOSE DES ARDENNES (F)

SINAR MASSINAR MAS

CELLULOSE DU MAROCCELLULOSE DU MAROC

EMPRESA DE PONTEVEDRAEMPRESA DE PONTEVEDRA

LUKE #5.6.7LUKE #5.6.7

POTLATCH CORP.POTLATCH CORP.

ESPANOLAESPANOLA

SFJOUTSENO PULPWISA FORESTKAUKASKEMI JARVI

SFJOUTSENO PULPWISA FORESTKAUKASKEMI JARVI

SKEENASKEENA

HARMAC PACIFICHARMAC PACIFIC

BRAZILBRAZIL SAPPI FINE PAPERSSAPPI FINE PAPERS

TUMUT PulpTUMUT Pulp

CELLULOSE D'AQUITAINE (F)CELLULOSE D'AQUITAINE (F)

AGRO ADVANCED (T)AGRO ADVANCED (T)

RIZHAORIZHAO

P. 23

Pollution control : absorbers units

Absorber for Teruel (Absorber for Teruel (SpainSpain))

25Cr duplex

P. 24

Oil and Gas applications

Corrosion Res.Mech.Prop.

juin 05

5

P. 25

20

25

30

35

40

304

316

317LN317LNM

904

6Mo

AUSTENITIC

Nominal PREN values for different stainless steels

15

PREN

PREN =%Cr + 3,3 x %Mo + 16 x %N

WATER

SEA WATER ENV.

SEA WATER 20°C

SEA WATER 35°C

2304

2205

2205+

2507+

DUPLEX

13-2

SUPERMARTENSITIC

12-4.5-1.5

Stress Corrosion Cracking :Example of cracking in pipe girth weld

Test Conditions:

T = 110°C

Formation waterpH2S = 1,6mbarpCO2 = 20 barCl- : 20000ppmHCO3- : 300ppmpH : 4,2

P. 27

Grade 444 / Sugar Industry.

P. 28

WATER …. Desalination plant.

.TARGETS :Guide map for Stainless Steelgrade selection in water systems.

- domestic water.- industrial, waste water.- chlorinated water.- seawater…

P. 29

Stainless Steels and automotive applications.

Motorisation / Engine

management• Injection • Common rail• EGR

ABS

Exhaust Systems.

•High strength stainless steel to reduce weight.

•Air-bags•Security belts

Automotive industryExhaust systemAccessories, decorative appl.,intAccessories, decorative app,extStructural applications

P. 30

XHaust system and material selection guide.

700 – 1050 °C

150 – 250 °C

High temperature Oxydation

Corrosion dueto condensations

« Atmosphéric »Corrosion

Thermal fatigue properties Garantee ( nbr of years )Cosmetic aspects

New ferritic grades are coming

From austenitics to ferritics?

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P. 31

Railway equipment (trains, underground, etc.)

Road tankers

Containers (tanks, refrigeratedcontainers etc.) …. austenitics

Transportation

P. 32

Transportation

structural / bus bodydecorative / motorcycle rims

More ferritcs

High strengthaustenitics

P. 33

ABC / Architecture, Building, Construction.

Indoors 430 (200) Outdoors non coastal 434 304Outdoors Industrial env. 444 2304Outdoors coastal / road salt. 316 2205

Furnishing and decoration

doors, escalators, lifts…

Town furnishing P. 34

Stainless steel in all its forms : long and flat products.

P. 35

The need : well specified materials.

P. 36

Walt Disney Center Hall / Los Angeles -USA

Frank Gehry - 316 -

Opera Bastille

Building shells / Roofing, Façade

AUSTENITICS AND FERRITICS

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P. 37

Roofing: Technology of profiled sheetRoll Profile up to 80 m length

Centre MicroélectroniqueDUISBURG (Allemagne)Maître d ’œuvre : FOSTER & PARTNER

USINE SAPEICTHIERSRéalisation mai 2000

P. 38

Building and Architecture.

Shaft of the liftLa Grande Arche, Paris 2205 - S 31803

Corrosin resistantAesthetic &Design.( strenght )

P. 39

Building and constructionBuilding and construction

Façades:- Immeuble des Bons Enfants, 2304Monuments:- Spire of Dublin, 316L grade- Omaha beach, 316L + 2205

P. 40

Long products : new marketsMeshes, grids, screen for decoration and façadeArchitectural and Structural rigging systemRockfall protection barriers Stainless steel rebars… High Strength steels …. Duplex grades

P. 41

New surfaces ? New colors? … New fonctionalities

Stainless Steel SolutionsP. 42

Conclusion ( 1 )Stainless steels may have different microstructures closelylinked to the chemistry.

The most popular grades are the austenitic 304 and 316…but they are loosing competitiveness due to Ni , Mo surcharges

The most cost competitive economical alternative solutions arethe ferritic grades. In some cases, duplex grades have to be considered as the appropriate solution. ( higher corr. resistance )

With the new ferritics grades, magnetic grades are no more to be considered as poor quality grades ..

In many applications substitution of 304 or 316 grades ispossible. Proper specification and identification of alternativesolutions is needed.

More is to be done for market developments and education.

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P. 43

Conlusion.

John Wayne.