grade band: holiday unit unit target: history unit topic · grade band: high school holiday unit...

Grade Band: High School Holiday Unit Unit Target: History Unit Topic: Holiday Celebrations

© 2013 n2y ULS, Holiday 2013

Lesson 19 Instructional Targets

Math Standards for Algebra • Building Blocks to Algebra: Understand and use +, - and = in problems. Solve addition and subtraction problems. Model and solve problems involving

multiplication or division. • Seeing Structure in Expressions–Interpret the structure of expressions: Represent a real-world situation with a numeric expression. • Seeing Structure in Expressions–Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems: Solve multi-step problems that include a sequence of operations to

reach a solution. Which of your state standards are aligned to these instructional targets?

Classroom Activities/Lesson Plan Math Story Problems: Getting Ready for the Holidays The early grades build the foundational skills needed for learning more complex mathematical concepts. These skills include number recognition and use of numbers in operations to solve problems. Many students continue to require practice in adding and subtracting to build an understanding of multiplication and division concepts. The math story problems present real-world scenarios in which early skills are put to use. The scenarios in this lesson involve items people use during the holidays. The items may be traditional decorations, food or activities.

• These scenarios may also provide early number recognition and counting. • Although certain math concepts may appear complex to some students, the involvement in this math topic is important for all students. Teaching and Learning

Guides are provided to build foundational skills, including how to add with carrying and how to subtract with borrowing. • Appropriate activities should be based on student needs. Level 3 differentiated task activities are intended for students who can write numbers and solve problems

with little or no support. Level 2 differentiated task activities are intended for those students who may require some manipulative or teacher support. Although tracing lines are available, hand-over-hand assistance may be appropriate. Numbers and manipulatives are available for all Level 1 differentiated task activities. Voice output devices may be programmed to help students count pictures and manipulatives. Students may be given multiple choices or one errorless number choice.

Addition Math Story 1 and 2: Adding to 10 Math Story 3 and 4: Adding to 20 Math Story 5 and 6: Adding 3 Numbers to 50 Math Story 7: Adding 2-Digit Numbers to 100 - No Carrying Math Story 8: Adding 2-Digit Numbers - Teaching & Learning How to Carry Math Story 9: Adding 2-Digit Numbers to 100 - Carrying Math Story 10: Adding 2-Digit Numbers - With or Without Carrying Math Story 11: Adding 3-Digit Numbers - Teaching & Learning How to Carry Math Story 12: Adding 3-Digit Numbers - With or Without Carrying

Multiplication Math Story 25: Single-Digit Multiplication Math Story 26: Double-Digit Multiplication

Subtraction Math Story 13 and 14: Subtracting to 10 Math Story 15 and 16: Subtracting to 20 Math Story 17: Subtracting 2-Digit Numbers to 50 - No Borrowing Math Story 18: Subtracting 2-Digit Numbers - Teaching & Learning How to Borrow Math Story 19: Subtracting 2-Digit Numbers to 50 - Borrowing Math Story 20: Subtracting 2-Digit Numbers - With or Without Borrowing Math Story 21: Subtracting 3-Digit Numbers - Teaching & Learning How to Borrow Math Story 22: Subtracting 3-Digit Numbers - With or Without Borrowing Math Story 23 and 24: Multi-Step Addition and Subtraction

Division Math Story 27 and 28: Simple Division

Use of a calculator simplifies the process for some students. • Create additional scenarios for further practice. • Use Unique’s math scenarios with other math methods, for example, Touch Math.

Standards Connection • Teaching guides are provided to build foundational skills: How to use a calculator. • Number comparisons may be drawn from this lesson’s problem scenarios to determine greater than (>), less than (<) and equal to (=).

Pre- and post-assessments are NOT available for this unit.

Differentiated Tasks Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 • Students will calculate addition and subtraction

problems in the context of a real-world scenario.

• Students will read, write and solve a math sentence.

• Students will use a combination of operations to solve multi-step problems in the context of a real-world scenario.

• Students will model multiplication and division with objects and numbers showing equal groups in the context of a real-world scenario.

• Students will model addition and subtraction of two sets of objects in the context of a real-world scenario.

• Students will select pictures and numbers to model a math sentence.

• Students will use operations and models to solve a two-step problem in the context of a real-world scenario.

• Students will count equal number of objects in selected groups or an array.

• Students will count a set of objects in an addition or subtraction problem through an active participation response (e.g., voice output device, eye gaze choice board).

• Students will select a number (errorless choice) within a math problem.

• Students will select numbers and count within a two-step problem in the context of a

real-world scenario. • Students will count a set of objects in a group

through an active participation response (e.g., voice output device, eye gaze choice board).

Resources and Materials Notes Math story problem scenarios Standards Connection Lesson 19

Number cards and symbol cards (+, – and =) are provided in the ULS Instructional Tools: Math Pack/Numbers.

Additional ideas for math instruction are provided in the ULS Instructional Guides: Mathematics.



Standards Connection Lesson 19 Instructional Targets

Math Standards for Algebra • Building Blocks to Algebra: Recognize and compare numbers showing the symbols >, < or =.

Differentiated Tasks Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 • Students will compare two numbers and use

symbols to indicate >, < or =. • Students will compare two groups of objects

and determine which group is bigger, smaller or equal in amount.

• Students will count objects in a group through an active participation response (e.g., voice output device, eye gaze choice board).

Comparing numbers is a skill with many applications in daily life. We compare a number of objects to determine whether we have enough for a required activity. We determine sets of objects that have more, less or equal amounts. However, this skill is often difficult for students. Using the scenario problems from the lesson, compare numbers and objects. Some students may use both the mathematical terminology and the symbols: greater than (>), less than (<) and equal to (=). Other students may use only the terminology of more, less and the same.

> greater than

more

< less than

less

= equal to same



Standards Connection Lesson 19 Instructional Targets

Math Standards for Algebra/Seeing Structure in Expressions • Building Blocks to Algebra: Understand and use +, - and = in problems. Solve addition and subtraction problems.

Differentiated Tasks Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 • Students will calculate addition and subtraction

problems in the context of a real-world scenario.

• Students will model addition and subtraction of two sets of objects in the context of a real-world scenario.

• Students will count a set of objects in an addition or subtraction problem through an active participation response (e.g., voice output device, eye gaze choice board).

Teaching How to Use a Calculator – Addition Teaching How to Use a Calculator – Subtraction



Standards Connection Lesson 19

© 2013 n2yULS, Holiday 2013

HS, Holiday Unit, History, Holiday CelebrationsLesson 19, Math Story Problems, Getting Ready for the Holidays

Name: _______________________

+

+

How many candles does Ryan light?

How many candles does Randy light?

How many candles altogether?

63

Mary Beth is hanging ornaments.She hangs 2 green ornaments and 4 red ornaments.

How many green ornaments does she hang?

How many red ornaments does she hang?

How many ornaments altogether?

24

Ryan and Randy are lighting candles.Ryan lights 6 candles. Randy lights 3 candles.

Math Story 1Adding to 10 Vertical

altogether

+ =

Name: _______________________

+ =altogether



How many small snowballs does he make?

How many big snowballs does he make?

snowballs

Randy is making snowballs.He makes 2 small snowballs and 4 big snowballs.

2 4snowballs

How many red candles does she need?

How many green candles does she need?

candles

Danielle is putting candles on the kinara.She needs 3 red candles and 3 green candles.

3 3candles

Math Story 2Count and Write Addition to 10

Name: _______________________

+

+



Mary Beth is hanging strands of lights.She hangs 13 strands of green lights and 6 strands of red lights.

How many strands of lights altogether?

Ryan is counting gingerbread cookies. He counts 9 gingerbread boys and 5 gingerbread girls.

How many gingerbread boys does he count?

How many gingerbread girls does he count?

How many gingerbread cookies altogether?

How many strands of green lights does she hang?

How many strands of red lights does she hang?

9 5

1 3 6

Math Story 3Adding to 20 Vertical

altogether

+ =

altogether

+ =

Name: _______________________



Math Story 4Count and Write Addition to 20

candles

Mary Beth and Randy are lighting candles.Mary Beth lights 8 candles. Randy lights 8 candles.

8 8candles

dreidels

Brent and Danielle are buying dreidels.Brent buys 10 dreidels. Danielle buys 5 dreidels.

10 5dreidels

How many dreidels does Brent buy?

How many dreidels does Danielle buy?

How many candles does Mary Beth light?

How many candles does Randy light?

Name: _______________________

+

+



How many red piñatas does she make?

How many pink piñatas does she make?

How many green piñatas does she make?

Danielle is making piñatas for Las Posadas. She makes 13 red piñatas, 6 pink piñatas and 20 green piñatas.

How many piñatas altogether?

How many blue ornaments does she hang?

How many silver ornaments does she hang?

How many white ornaments does she hang?

Mary Beth is hanging ornaments. She hangs 20 blue ornaments, 14 silver ornaments and 12 white ornaments.


2 01 41 2

1 3 62 0

Math Story 5Adding 3 Numbers to 50 Vertical

Name: _______________________

+ =+

+ =+© 2013 n2yULS, Holiday 2013


How many red candles does he light?

How many green candles does he light?

How many white candles does he light?

Ryan is lighting candles.He lights 21 red candles, 8 green candles and 10 white candles.

How many red fi reworks does he see?

How many gold fi reworks does he see?

How many purple fi reworks does he see?

Randy is watching fi reworks after church. He sees 30 red fi reworks, 11 gold fi reworks and 5 purple fi reworks.

=30 11 + 5

21 8 10

Math Story 6Write 3 Numbers Addition to 50

Name: _______________________

+

+



How many blue ornaments do the students make?

How many purple ornaments do the students make?

48 blue ornaments 21 purple ornaments


Mrs. B’s class is making ornaments for a holiday fundraiser. The students make 48 blue ornaments and 21 purple ornaments.

How many gingerbread cookies does he make?

How many Christmas cookies does he make?

31 gingerbread cookies 36 Christmas cookies

How many cookies altogether?

Randy is making cookies for a holiday party. He makes 31 gingerbread cookies and 36 Christmas cookies.

3 13 6

4 82 1

Math Story 7Adding 2-Digit Numbers to 100 - No Carrying



Math Story 8Adding 2-Digit Numbers - Teaching How to Carry

Cut down the middle and attach two columns together to create a vertical guide for students.

Name: _______________________

Step 1: Set up your addition problem.

Danielle has26 ornaments.

Brent has18 ornaments.

Add this side fi rst.

Step 2: Add.

Step 4: Carry the number.

2 6+ 1 8

Step 3: Write down the number.

Step 5: Add the other side.

You have your answer!

The answeris 44 !

Write the number1 in the box.

Write the number4 on this side.

Write the 4 down.

2 6+ 1 8

2 6+ 1 8

2 6+ 1 8

2 6+ 1 8

6+ 814

6+ 814

12

+ 14



Name: _______________________


Math Story 8Adding 2-Digit Numbers - Learning How to Carry


Step 2: Add.

Step 4: Carry the number.

+

Step 3: Write down the number.



Here is theanswer!


Write the numberon this side.

Write the number down.

+ +

+

+


+

Name: _______________________

+

+



How many sweet potato pies does she sell?

How many cherry pies does she sell?

44 sweet potato pies 28 cherry pies

How many desserts altogether?

Danielle is selling desserts for holiday parties. She sells 44 sweet potato pies and 28 cherry pies.

How many strands of orange lights?

How many strands of green lights?

37 strands of orange lights

29 strands of green lights

How many strands of lights altogether?

Students in Danielle’s class are hanging strands of lights. They hang 37 strands of orange lights and 29 strands of green lights.

3 72 9

4 42 8

Math Story 9Adding 2-Digit Numbers to 100 - Carrying

Name: _______________________

+

+



Math Story 10Adding 2-Digit Numbers - With or Without Carrying

How many sweet potato pies does she make?

How many bowls of applesauce does she make?

18 sweet potato pies 64 bowls of applesauce

How many items altogether?

Mary Beth is making food for a holiday bake sale. She makes 18 sweet potato pies and 64 bowls of applesauce.

How many latkes does she make?

How many Christmas cookies does she make?

35 latkes 52 Christmas cookies

How many treats altogether?

Danielle is making holiday treats for a bake sale.She makes 35 latkes and 52 Christmas cookies.

3 55 2

1 86 4




Math Story 11Adding 3-Digit Numbers - Teaching How to Carry

Daniellehas 265 ornaments.

Brenthas 187ornaments.


Step 2: Add.

Step 4: Add the middle column.

Step 3: Write down and carry the number.



The answeris 452 !

Write the number2 on this side.

Write the4 down.

2 6 5+ 1 8 7

2 6 5+ 1 8 7Write the

number1 in the box.

Write the number5 in the middle.

2 6 5+ 1 8 7


2 6 5+ 1 8 7

2 6 51 8 7

Name: _______________________


5+ 712

5+ 712

1

+

6

158

1

+

2

41



Math Story 11Adding 3-Digit Numbers - Learning How to Carry



Step 2: Add.

Step 4: Add the middle column.

Step 3: Write down and carry the number.



The is theanswer !

Write the numberon this side.

Write thenumber down.

+

+Write thenumber1 in the box.

Write the numberin the middle.

+Write the number1 in the box.

+

Name: _______________________


+

Name: _______________________

+

+



How many trees the fi rst week?

How many trees the second week?

115 Christmas trees the fi rst week

147 Christmas trees the second week

How many trees altogether?

Brent is selling Christmas trees. He sold 115 Christmas trees thefi rst week and 147 Christmas trees the second week.

How many blue fi reworks?

How many gold fi reworks?

107 blue fi reworks 120 gold fi reworks

How many fi reworks altogether?

During Las Posadas, there are fi reworks after church. There were 107 blue fi reworks and 120 gold fi reworks.

1 0 71 2 0

1 1 51 4 7

Math Story 12Adding 3-Digit Numbers - With or Without Carrying



Name: _______________________

-

-

Math Story 13Subtracting to 10 Vertical

Ryan and Randy are making snowballs. Ryan makes 5 snowballs. Randy makes 4 snowballs.

How many snowballs does Ryan make?

How many snowballs does Randy make?

How many more snowballs does Ryan make?

Mary Beth is lighting candles.She has 8 candles to light. She has lit 2 candles so far.

How many candles did Mary Beth have to light?

How many candles has she lit so far?

How many candles are left to light?

82

54

more

- =

Name: _______________________

- =left



How many dreidels does Danielle have?

How many dreidels does Mary Beth have?

dreidels

Danielle and Mary Beth are collecting dreidels. Danielle has 6 dreidels. Mary Beth has 3 dreidels.

6 3dreidels

How many Christmas trees did Ryan have?

How many Christmas trees did Ryan sell?

Christmas trees

Ryan is selling Christmas trees. He had 6 Christmas trees. He sold 1 Christmas tree so far.

6 1Christmas trees

Math Story 14Count and Write Subtraction to 10

Name: _______________________

-

-



Ryan and Danielle are making latkes.Ryan makes 16 latkes. Danielle makes 12 latkes.

How many more latkes does Ryan make?

Brent is making gingerbread cookies. He made 18 gingerbread cookies. He ate 7 gingerbread cookies.

How many gingerbread cookies did he make?

How many gingerbread cookies did he eat?

How many gingerbread cookies are left?

How many latkes does Ryan make?

How many latkes does Danielle make?

1 8 7

1 61 2

Math Story 15Subtracting to 20 Vertical

more

- =

Name: _______________________

- =left



strands of lights

Randy and Ryan are hanging strands of lights.Randy hangs 19 strands of lights. Ryan hangs 13 strands of lights.

19 13strands of lights

snowballs

Mary Beth is making snowballs. She had 16 snowballs. She threw 11 snowballs.

16 11snowballs

How many snowballs did she have?

How many snowballs did she throw?

How many strands of lights does Randy hang?

How many strands of lights does Ryan hang?

Math Story 16Count and Write Subtraction to 20

Name: _______________________

-

-



How many Kwanzaa mats does Ryan make?

How many Kwanzaa mats does Randy make?

37 Kwanzaa mats 31 Kwanzaa mats

How many more Kwanzaa mats does Ryan make?

Ryan and Randy are making Kwanzaa mats.Ryan makes 37 Kwanzaa mats. Randy makes 31 Kwanzaa mats.

How many ornaments did she have?

How many ornaments did she break?

had 43 broke 21

How many ornaments are left?

Mary Beth is collecting ornaments.She had 43 ornaments. She broke 21 ornaments.

4 32 1

3 73 1

Math Story 17Subtracting 2-Digits Numbers to 50 - No Borrowing



Math Story 18Subtracting 2-Digits Numbers - Teaching How to Borrow

Step 1: Set up your subtraction problem.

Danielle had 42 ornaments.

She gave away26 ornaments.

Subtract this side fi rst.

Step 2: Look at the subtraction problem.

Can you subtract 6 from 2?

No! You need to borrow!

Step 4: Borrow 1.

Write a 1 besidethe 2.

The 2 is now 12!

Step 5: Subtract.

Write the 6 down.

Step 6: Subtract the other side.

You haveyour answer!The answeris 16 !

Write the1 down.

Step 3: Borrow 1 from your neighbor.

Cross off the 4.

Write the number 3in the box.

4 2- 2 6

4 2- 2 6

4 2- 2 6

4 22 6

4 22 6

-

-

Name: _______________________


2- 6

?

4- 1

3

12- 6

6

3- 2

1

6



Math Story 18Subtracting 2-Digit Numbers - Learning How to Borrow




Step 4: Borrow 1.

Write a 1 besidethe number.

Step 5: Subtract.


Step 6: Subtract the other side.

You haveyour answer!


Cross offthe number.

Write thenumberin the box.

-

-

-

-

-

Name: _______________________


Can you subtract?

No! You need to borrow! ?-


Name: _______________________

-

-



How many latkes does Brent pass out?

How many latkes does Mary Beth pass out?

41 latkes 17 latkes

How many more latkes does Brent pass out?

Brent and Mary Beth are passing out latkes at a Hanukkah dinner. Brent passes out 41 latkes. Mary Beth passes out 17 latkes.

How many snowballs did he make?

How many snowballs did he throw?

made 36 threw 28

How many snowballs are left?

Ryan is making snowballs.He made 36 snowballs. He threw 28 snowballs.

3 6- 2 8

4 1- 1 7

Math Story 19Subtracting 2-Digit Numbers to 50 - Borrowing

Name: _______________________

-

-



How many strands of lights does Ryan hang?

How many strands of lights does Randy hang?

74 strands of lights 35 strands of lights

How many more strands of lights does Ryan hang?

Ryan and Randy are hanging strands of lights.Ryan hangs 74 strands of lights. Randy hangs 35 strands of lights.

How many ornaments does she collect?

How many ornaments does she break?

collects 68 breaks 12

How many ornaments are left?

Mary Beth is collecting ornaments for a Christmas tree. She collects 68 ornaments. She drops and breaks 12 ornaments.

6 81 2

7 43 5

Math Story 20Subtracting 2-Digit Numbers - With or Without Borrowing




Math Story 21Subtracting 3-Digits Numbers - Teaching How to Borrow

Daniellehad 315 ornaments.

She gaveaway 127ornaments.



Step 4: Subtract.


Step 5: Borrow 1.

Step 6: Subtract.


3 1 5- 1 2 7

3 1 5- 1 2 7

Write the 8 down.

Write a 1beside the 5.

Cross off the 1.

Write a 0in the box.

3 1 5- 1 2 7

Write 8 inthe box. 3 1 5

- 1 2 7

3 1 5- 1 2 7

Write a 2in the box.Write a 1 beside 0.

cross offthe 3.

Write 2 in the box.

Can you subtract 7 from 5?


5- 7

?

1- 1

0

0- 2

?

15- 7

8

3- 1

2

10- 2

8 2- 1

1




Math Story 21Subtracting 3-Digit Numbers - Learning How to Borrow



Step 4: Subtract.


Step 5: Borrow 1.

Step 6: Subtract.


-

-


Cross offthe number.

-

-

-Write the numberin the box.


cross off the number.

Name: _______________________

Write thenumberin the box.


Can you subtract?


-

?

-

-

Name: _______________________


MIDDLE, Holiday Unit, History, Holiday CelebrationsLesson 19, Math Story Problems, Getting Ready for the Holidays

How many gingerbread cookies did Ryan make?

How many gingerbread cookies did Randy make?

128 gingerbread cookies

114 gingerbread cookies

How many more gingerbread cookies did Ryan make?

Ryan and Randy are making gingerbread cookies. Ryan made 128 gingerbread cookies. Randy made 114 gingerbread cookies.

How many green fi reworks does she see?

How many blue fi reworks does she see?

126 green fi reworks 105 blue fi reworks

How many more green fi reworks did Mary Beth see?

Mary Beth sees fi reworks after church. She sees 126 green fi reworks and 105 blue fi reworks.

1 2 61 0 5

1 2 81 1 4

Math Story 22Subtracting 3-Digit Numbers - With or Without Borrowing

Name: _______________________

=

=



Did Brent add or subtract when he made more gingerbread cookies? Add or subtract to solve.

How many gingerbread cookies did he make?

How many more gingerbread cookies did he make?

How many gingerbread cookies did he pass out?

How many gingerbread cookies did he have left?

How many cookies does Brent have altogether?

Did Brent add or subtract when he passed out gingerbread cookies? Add or subtract to solve.

Brent made 84 gingerbread cookies for a holiday party. He passed out 31 cookies. Then Brent made 57 more cookies. How many gingerbread cookies does Brent have altogether?

84 31

Math Story 23Multi-Step Addition and Subtraction

Name: _______________________

=

=



Did Mary Beth add or subtract when she passed out latkes? Add or subtract and solve.

How many latkes did she have?

How many latkes did she pass out?

How many more latkes did she make?

How many latkes did she have altogether?

How many latkes does Mary Beth have left?

Did Mary Beth add or subtract when she made more latkes? Add or subtract and solve.

Mary Beth is passing out latkes at a Hanukkah dinner. She had 36 latkes. She made 25 more latkes. Then Mary Beth passed out 47 latkes to her family. How many latkes does Mary Beth have left?

36 25

Math Story 24Multi-Step Addition and Subtraction



Name: _______________________

x

x

How many candles are on each menorah?

How many menorahs are there?

9 candles 3 menorahs

How many candles are there altogether?

Danielle is lighting candles on menorahs.There are 9 candles on each menorah. There are 3 menorahs.

How many ornaments on each Christmas tree?

How many Christmas trees does he have?

8 ornaments 4 Christmas trees

How many ornaments are there altogether?

Brent is putting ornaments on Christmas trees. He is going to put 8 ornaments on each tree. He has 4 Christmas trees.

84

93

Math Story 25Single-Digit Multiplication

x =

Name: _______________________



ornaments

8 4Christmas trees


Brent is putting ornaments on Christmas trees. He is going to put 8 ornaments on each Christmas tree. He has 4 Christmas trees. The squares represent the Christmas trees.Make Xs or Os to represent the ornaments.How many ornaments are there altogether?

altogether

x =

Name: _______________________



Danielle is lighting candles on menorahs.There are 9 candles on each menorah. There are 3 menorahs.The squares represent the menorahs.Make Xs or Os to represent the candles.How many candles are there altogether?


candles

9 3menorahs altogether

Name: _______________________

x

x



How many Christmas trees are there?

How many ornaments are on each tree?

22 Christmas trees 15 ornaments

How many ornaments are there altogether?

Mary Beth is hanging ornaments on Christmas trees. There are 22 Christmas trees. There are 15 ornaments on each Chrstimas tree.

How many piñatas is each classroom making?

How many classrooms are there?

11 piñatas 15 classrooms

How many piñatas are there altogether?

Ryan’s school is making piñatas. Each classroom is making 11 piñatas. There are 15 classrooms.

1115

2215

Math Story 26Double-Digit Multiplication

÷ =

Name: _______________________

#

#



sweet potato pies in each

32 8boxes

How many pies are there?

How many boxes are there?

Danielle is putting sweet potato pies into boxes. There are32 pies altogether. She needs to put the pies into 8 boxes.

How many pies are there?

How many boxes are there?

32 sweet potato pies 8 boxes

How many sweet potato pies are in each box?


8 32

Math Story 27Simple Division

÷ =

Name: _______________________



sweet potato pies in each

32 8boxes


The squares represent the boxes.Make Xs or Os to represent the pies.How many pies are in each box?


÷ =

Name: _______________________

#

#



candles on each

35 5kinara

How many candles are there?

How many kinaras are there?

Brent needs to divide candles among the kinaras. There are 35 candles altogether. He needs to put the candles onto 5 kinaras.

How many candles are there?

How many kinaras are there?

35 candles 5 kinaras

How many candles are on each kinara?


5 35


÷ =

Name: _______________________



candles on each

35 5kinaras


The squares represent the kinaras.Make Xs or Os to represent the candles. How many candles are on each kinara?


grade band: holiday unit unit target: history unit topic · grade band: high school holiday unit...

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