grade 8 compilation of assginments

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COMPILATION OF ASSIGNMENTS IN

GRADE 8

(1 Book Review and

48 Assignments)


BOOK REVIEW

• The Little Prince


A READING OF ANTOINE DE SAINT‐EXUPERY’S

THE LITTLE PRINCE


COMPILATION OF ASSIGNMENTS

GRADE 8


MINA NG GINTO(Alamat ng Baguio)

Sa isang nayon sa Baguio na kung tawagin ay Suyuk, naninirahan ang mga Igorot na pinamumunuan ni Kunto. Si Kunto ay bata pa ngunit siya ang pinakama‐lakas at pinakamatapang sa kanilang nayon kaya siya ang ginawang puno ng matatandang pantas. Ang mga naninirahan sa nayong ito ay namumuhay nang tahimik . Maibigin sila sa kapwa at may takot sila sa kanilang bathala. Taun‐taon ay nagdaraos sila ng caᾗao bilang parangal sa kanilang mga anito. Noong panahong iyon, ang mga Igorot ay naniniwala sa iba’t ibang anito. Kung nagdaraos sila ng caᾗao ay lingguhan ang kanilang handa. Nagpapatay sila ng baboy na iniaalay sa kanilang bathala. Nagsasayawan at nagkakantahan sila. Isang araw ay nagtungo si Kunto sa gubat upang mamana. Hindi pa siya lubhang nakalalayo nang nakakita siya ng isang uwak. Nakatayo ito sa isang


ANG KATAMARAN NG MGA PILIPINO Ni Jose Rizal

Nailathalang limang yugto na baha‐bahagi sa La Solidaridad, ng Madrid,mula Hulyo 15 to Setyembre 15, 1890.

Layunin nito ay ang Pagtulig sa paratang ng mga prayle na ang mga Pilipinoay tamad, walang‐silbi, at Iresponsable.

Isa ang “La Indolencia de los Filipinos” sa dalawang sanaysay ni Jose Rizal naunang lumabas sa Madrid, Spain.

Dahilan ng sinasabing pagiging tamad ng mga Pilipino ayon kay Rizal:

1. Ang pagiging tamad ng mgaPilipino ay bunga ng kaguluhan atkawalan ngpagsulong ng lipunan;

2. Ang katamaran ay bunga ng klimaat kalikasan; 3. Ang katamaran ay hindiminamana o namamana; 4. Ang mababang pagtingin ng mga Kastila sa mano‐manong paggawa ay sanhi

ng katamaran ng mga Pilipino; 5. Matinding epekto ng paniniwala sa himala; 6. Diskriminasyon sa kulay; 7. Sapilitang paggawa; 8. Pangaalipin sa at pagbenta bilang alipin.

Buod: Ang sanaysay ni Jose Rizal na "Katamaran ng mga Pilipino" (La indolencia de losFilipinos) ay sinulat niya para magbigay tugon sa pagbabansag sa mga Pilipino natamad. Ang ibig sabihin ng sanaysay na ito sa Ingles, "The Indolence of theFilipinos", ay "little love for work, lack of activities". Ayon kay Rizal, angpagbabansag na ito ay may katotohanan. Sinabi niya na may mga dahilan at sanhikung baket masasabi na ang mga Pilipino ay mga tamad. Ayon sa kanya, ang pangunahing sanhi ay ang mainit na klima ng Pilipinas.Nahihirapan ang mga Pilipino na gumawa dahil sa init ng araw na tumitinag sa


ANG MGA UNANG KABIHASNAN

Sa sinaunang panahon natuklasan ng tao ang gamit ng apoy, paggamit ng kagamitan para sa pangangaso, pagsabasa at pagsulat.

Sa sinaunang panahun din nabuo ang unang pamilya, pamayanan, bayan, lungson, kaharian at imperyo. Dito nalaman ng tao na may isa o maraming puwersa na nakahihigit sa tao at siyang painagmulan o nagkontrol ng mga bagay‐bagay. Dahil ditto, dapat siyang igalang at purihin sapagkat ditto nagsimula ang unang konsepto ng relihiyon.

Katangiang Pisikal ng mga Unang Kabihasnan

Sa kabanatang ito, maglalakbay tayo sa nakaraan. Tatahakin natin ang landas ng mga sinaunang tao sa Fertile Crest at Mesopotamia tulad ng mga:

Semerian, Babylonian, Hittite, Hebreo, Phoenician, Assyrian at Chaldean.

Mamamangha tayo sa mga piramide itinayo ng mga paraon sa Egypt. Matutuklasan din natin ang Kabihasnan sa India, ang Mehenjo‐Dearo at Harappa. Matututunan natin ang paraan ng mga sinaunang Tsino sa China. At matutuklasan natin ang mga lihim ng iba pang sibilisasyong itintag sa Africa.

Sa pagtuklas ng sinaunang kabihasnan, bibigyan‐diin ang halos sabay‐sabay na pagsikat ng sibilisasyon sa kapatagan ng mga Ilog Tigris‐Euphrates, Indus, Yangtze at Nile. Ang mga ilog na ito ang nagsilbing daaan ng mga kalakal at mga tao.

Fertile Crescent at mga Kambal na ilog


LIST OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA BY CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS

BACTERIA TRANSMISSION DISEASES TREATMENT PREVENTION LABORATORY DIAGNOSIBacillus anthracis

Contact with sheep, goats and horses

Inhalation or skin penetration through abrasions of spore-contaminated dust

Cutaneous anthrax Pulmonary anthrax Gastrointestinal

anthrax

In early infection: Penicillin Doxycycline Ciprofloxacin

Anthrax vaccine autoclaving of

instruments

Large, grayish, nonhemolytic colonies with irregular borders oblood sugar

Direct immunofluorescence

Bordetella pertussis

Contact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.

Whooping cough Complications: Secondary bacterial

pneumonia

Macrolide antibiotics Azithromycin Erythromycin Clarithromycin

Pertussis vaccine, DPT vaccine

Direct immunofluorescence

PCR amplification

Borrelia burgdorferi

Ixodes ticks reservoir in deer, mice and other rodents

Lyme disease Early stages: cephalosporins amoxicillin doxycycline

If arthritic symptoms have appeared: Longer courses of

antibiotics

Lyme vaccine wearing clothing

that limits skin exposure to ticks

insect repellent

Microscopy using Giemsaor Wright stain

PCR serology (low precision

rate)

Brucella abortus

Brucella canis Brucella melitensis

Brucella suis

Direct contact with infected animal

Oral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk products

Brucellosis Combination therapy of: doxycycline streptomycin or gentamicin

Culture (difficult and timconsuming)

Agglutination serology

Campylobacter jejuni

Fecal/oral from animals (mammals and fowl)

Contaminated meat (especially poultry)

Contaminated water

Acute enteritis Symptomatically by fluid and electrolyte replacement

Ciprofloxacin in severe cases

No available vaccine Good hygiene Avoiding

contaminated water Pasteurizing milk

and milk products Cooking meat

(especially poultry)

Finding campylobacter infeces

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Respiratory droplets

Community-acquired respiratory infection

Doxycycline Erythromycin

None None for routine use

Chlamydia trachomatis

Sexual (NGU, LGV) Direct or

contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma)

Passage through birth canal (ICN)

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

Trachoma Inclusion conjunctivitis

of the newborn (ICN)

Azithromycin Erythromycin Tetracyclines Doxycycline

No vaccine Erythromycin or

silver nitrate in newborn's eyes

Safe sex

Cellular cytoplasmic inclusions by immunofluorescence

DNA hybridization ELISA for

lipopolysaccharides

Chlamydophila psittaci

Inhalation of dust with secretions or feces from birds (e.g. parrots)

Psittacosis Tetracycline Doxycycline Erythromycin (less

efficient)

Rise in antibody titre Complement fixation indirect

immunofluorescence Clostridium botulinum

Spores from soil and aquatic sediments contaminating vegetables, meat and fish

Botulism Antitoxin (horse antiserum) Proper food preservation techniques

Mouse inoculation detecttoxin from food, intestinacontents or serum

Culture in standard aerobic culture


BACTERIA THAT CAUSE DISEASES Pathogenic Bacteria: Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that cause bacterial infection or disease. Major Pathogenic Bacteria:

Although the vast majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial, quite a fewbacteria are pathogenic. One of the bacterial diseases with highest disease burden istuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which killsabout 2 million people a year, mostly in sub‐Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such aspneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus andPseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such asShigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria,syphilis, and leprosy.


FAMOUS PEOPLE IN BIOLOGY:

Aristotle 384 BC-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher

Aristotle is properly recognized as the originator of the scAristotle believed that creatures were arranged in a gradman, the scala naturae or Great Chain of Being.[25] His sydegree to which they are infected with potentiality", explaid warm and wet creatures alive, the lowest bore theirs

Louis Pasteur 1822–1895) French chemist and microbiology

Whose contributions were among the most varied and valhe who proved that microorganisms cause fermentation afor rabies, anthrax, and chicken cholera; he who saved thHis remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventiotheory of disease, also reducing mortality from puerperalfor rabies. He was best known to the general public for incausing sickness - this process came to be called pasteurifounders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn a

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) British naturalist

Eminent as a collector and geologist, who proposed and phave evolved over time from common ancestors through tthat evolution occurs became accepted by the scientific cwhile his theory of natural selection came to be widely seevolution in the 1930s,[1] and now forms the basis of modscientific discovery remains the foundation of biology, asdiversity of life.[2]

Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) Czech-Austrian monk

Who is often called the "father of genetics" or his study ofshowed that the inheritance of traits follows particular lasignificance of Mendel's work was not recognized until thethe foundation of the discipline of genetics.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829)

Naturalist, French evolutionist, coined many terms like biology and fossils

He was one of the main contributors to the Cell Theory. Ifor a theory of "inheritance of acquired characters", calleof soft inheritance were accepted by most natural historiLamarck's contribution to evolutionary theory consisted owhich an alchemical complexifying force drove organismsenvironmental force adapted them to local environmentsdifferentiating them from other organisms.[5]

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)

Dutch biologist, developer of the microscope

He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", anbest known for his work on the improvement of the microestablishment of microbiology. Using his handcrafted micsingle celled organisms, which he originally referred to asmicroorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopspermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood ve


BIOLOGY ADVANCEMENT

BIOFUEL PRODUCTION – NEW ADVANCES

May 12, 2013 — Advanced biofuels – liquid fuelssynthesized from the sugars in cellulosic biomass –offer a clean, green and renewable alternative togasoline, diesel and jet fuels. Bringing the costs ofproducing these advanced biofuels down tocompetitive levels with petrofuels, however, is amajor challenge. Researchers at the U.S. Departmentof Energy (DOE)'s Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), abioenergy research center led by Berkeley Lab, have

taken another step towards meeting this challenge with the development of a new technique forpretreating cellulosic biomass with ionic liquids ‐ salts that are liquids rather than crystals at roomtemperature. This new technique requires none of the expensive enzymes used in previous ionicliquid pretreatments, and makes it easier to recover fuel sugars and recycle the ionic liquid.

With the burning of fossil fuels continuing to add 9 billion metric tons of excess carbon dioxide tothe atmosphere each year, the need for carbon neutral, cost‐competitive renewable alternativefuels has never been greater. Advanced biofuels, produced from the microbial fermentation ofsugars in lignocellulosic biomass, could displace gasoline, diesel and jet fuel on a gallon‐for‐gallonbasis and be directly dropped into today's engines and infrastructures without impactingperformance. If done correctly, the use of advanced biofuels would not add excess carbon to theatmosphere.

Environmentally benign ionic liquids are used as green chemistry substitutes for volatile organicsolvents. While showing great potential as a biomass pretreatment for dissolving lignocelluloseand helping to hydrolyze the resulting aqueous solution into fuel sugars, the best of these ionicliquids so far have required the use of expensive enzymes. Recent studies have shown that acidcatalysts, such as hydrochloric or Brønsted, can effectively replace enzyme‐based hydrolysis, butthe subsequent separation of sugars and ionic liquids becomes a difficult and expensive problemcan require the use of significant amounts of water.

Guided by molecular dynamics simulations carried out at DOE's National Energy ResearchScientific Computing Center (NERSC), Simmons and his colleagues at JBEI solved this problem bydeploying the ionic liquid imidazolium chloride in tandem with an acid catalyst.

"Imidazolium is the most effective known ionic liquid for breaking down lignocellulose and thechloride anion is amenable with the acid catalyst," Simmons says. "The combination makes it easyto extract fermentable sugars that have been liberated from biomass and also easy to recover theionic liquid for recycling. By eliminating the need for enzymes and decreasing the waterconsumption requirements of more traditional ionic liquid pretreatments we should be able toreduce the costs of sugar production from lignocellulose."


BIOLOGY

Fields of Biology Biology is a science which is concerned with the study of living organisms. It includes study oftheir origin, structure, function, evolution, growth, distribution in nature, and taxonomy. Different Fields of Biology are as Follows

1. Anatomy is the field of biology which involves the study of form and function of

multicellular organism.

2. Aerobiology is the field of biology which involves the study of airborne organic particles

3. Astrobiology is the field of biology which involves the study of evolution, distribution, andfuture of life in the universe.

4. Biogeography is the field of biology which involves the study of spatial distribution oforganisms on the earth

5. Biochemistry is the field of biology which involves the study of chemical reactions required

for life

6. Botany is the field of biology which involves the study of plants


Matthias Jakob Schleiden (5 April 1804 – 23 June 1881) – a German Botanist. A co‐founder of the “cell theory”, along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow. Schleiden was the son of a well‐to‐do municipal physician of Hamburg. He first studied law at the University of Hamburg from 1824 to 1827 and obtained a doctorate. He subsequently practiced law in Hamburg, but was unhappy with his career choice and choose to develop his hobby of botany into a full‐time pursuit. In 1833 he began to study natural science at Göttingen and then transferred to Berlin. In choosing botany he was encouraged by his botanist uncle, Johann Horkel (1769‐1849). During these years the famous naturalist Alexander von Humboldt (1769‐1859) and the Scottish botanist Robert Brown (1773‐1858) lived in Berlin. Schleiden worked in the laboratory of Johannes Peter Müller (1801‐1858), where he met Theodor Schwann. In this inspiring milieu, Schleiden worked intensively and produced noteworthy publications. He obtained his doctorate in 1839 at Jena and was then able to give free reign to his pedagocical fervor. He lectured and wrote both technical and popular scientific works on the widest range of topics. Schleiden’s lectures drew anthusiastic, overflow audiences and his numerous articles appeared in highly respected journals. He declined an offer from the University of Giessen in 1846, but in 1850 he accepted nomination as titular professor of botany at Jena. He also received many honors from learned societies. In spite of his success, Schleiden decided to leave Jena. His combative personality probably contributed to this decision; he was often involved in polemics with leading figures of the day. He soon became a highly regarded popular lecturer and writer, and he was one of the most popular popularizers of the age.


Branches of Biology

Biology, the scientific study of life, includes several relevant branches. Below is a list of major branches ofbiology with a brief description for each.

Agriculture - science and practice of producing crops and livestock from the natural resources of the earth

Anatomy - study of the animal form, particularly human body

Astrobiology - branch of biology concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and thesearch for extraterrestrial life.

Biochemistry - the study of the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins,carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules, and of their functions and transformationsduring life processes

Bioclimatology - a science concerned with the influence of climates on organisms, for instance the effectsof climate on the development and distribution of plants, animals, and humans

Bioengineering - or biological engineering, is a broad-based engineering discipline that deals with bio-molecular and molecular processes, product design, sustainability and analysis of biological systems.

Biogeography - a science that attempts to describe the changing distributions and geographic patterns ofliving and fossil species of plants and animals

Bioinformatics - information technology as applied to the life sciences, especially the technology used forthe collection, storage, and retrieval of genomic data

Biomathematics - mathematical biology or biomathematics is an interdisciplinary field of academic studywhich aims at modelling natural, biological processes using mathematical techniques and tools. It has bothpractical and theoretical applications in biological research.

Biophysics - or biological physics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods ofphysical sciences to questions of biology

Biotechnology - applied science that is concerned with biological systems, living organisms, or derivativesthereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use

Botany - the scientific study of plants

Cell biology - the study of cells at the microscopic or at the molecular level. It includes studying the cells’physiological properties, structures, organelles, interactions with their environment, life cycle, division andapoptosis

Chronobiology - a science that studies time-related phenomena in living organisms

Conservation Biology - concerned with the studies and schemes of habitat preservation and speciesprotection for the purpose of alleviating extinction crisis and conserving biodiversity

Cryobiology - the study of the effects of low temperatures on living organisms

Developmental Biology - the study of the processes by which an organism develops from a zygote to its fullstructure

Ecology - the scientific study of the relationships between plants, animals, and their environment

Ethnobiology - a study of the past and present human interactions with the environment, for instance theuse of diverse flora and fauna by indigenous societies


BRIEF HISTORY OF ISRAEL

The people of Israel (also called the "Jewish People") trace their origin to Abraham,

who established the belief that there is only one God, the creator of the universe

(see Torah). Abraham, his son Yitshak (Isaac), and grandson Jacob (Israel), are referred to as

the patriarchs of the Israelites. All three patriarchs lived in the Land of Canaan, that later

came to be known as the Land of Israel. They and their wives are buried in the Ma'arat

HaMachpela, the Tomb of the Patriarchs, in Hebron (Genesis Chapter 23).

"Your name is Jacob, but you will not be called Jacob any longer. From now on your name will be Israel.”

The name Israel derives from the name given to Jacob by God when he struggled

with Him (Genesis 32:29). His 12 sons were the kernels of 12 tribes that later developed into

the Jewish nation. The name Jew derives from Yehuda (Judah) one of the 12 sons of Jacob

(Reuben, Shimon, Levi, Yehuda, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Yisachar, Zevulun, Yosef,

Binyamin)(Exodus 1:1). So, the names Israel, Israeli or Jewish refer to people of the same

origin.

The descendants of Abraham crystallized into a nation at about 1300 BCE after their

Exodus from Egypt under the leadership of Moses (Moshe in Hebrew). Soon after the

Exodus, Moses transmitted to the people of this new emerging nation, the Torah, and the

Ten Commandments (Exodus Chapter 20). After 40 years in the Sinai desert, Moses led


CELL CYCLE(FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS)

CONTROL OF CELL DIVISION

• Most cells have two major phases: mitosis and interphase often together referred to asthe cell cycle

• For most tissues at any given time, only a few cells are in mitosis while the rest remainin interphase which is the period between divisions of the cytoplasm and is where atypical eukaryotic cell spends most of its life

• Some cells lose the capacity to divide altogether and stay in interphase indefinitely (forexample in humans: nerve cells and muscle cells), while some divide regularlyand others only occasionally


CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN LITERATURE

The characteristics of Indian Literature are naturally an aspect of Indianconsciousness, tradition and culture. It is distinguished from the westernconsciousness, upon which an Indian is nurtured from birth to their adulthood ina closed nit family with high background of religion and tradition practices by thecommunity and society

According to Rudyard Kipling’s oft‐quoted line, ‘East is East, and West is

West, and never the twain shall meet,’ particularly the approach of literature. It ispossible for them to meet on a common ground; eastern literature might be ofappeal and perennial source of charm for the writers and readers in the West, asit really has been, and the same, without any fear of carping, might be said ofwestern literature.

To strike a balance and a compromise, as the circumstances permitted,

without losing their native character had been a constant feature of Indian life.What then are these characteristics of the Indian consciousness, which the IndianLiteratures retain even up to this day, in spite of so many inroads from an aliensource upon it? Wherein lies the “Indian‐ness of the Indians?” THE CORE OF INDIA LITERATURE: INDIAN CONSCIOUSNESS These consciousnesses are at the back‐bone of Indian Literature:

REINCARNATION: It is the widespread belief in Mukti, and in

REINCARNATION. It is a powerful obsession with the Indians. There is nothing likeit in western consciousness. A westerner would turn away from it as somethingstrange and unknown. But it happens to be the basic belief of the Indian. It is hislife breath. Indians are prepared to sacrifice if he can only attain to this state ofhighest being, to which all his visible efforts and invisible aspirations are directed.A perpetual obsession with the Indian, this belief colours his whole life.

KARMA: A belief that is very closely attendant upon the Indian’s belief inMukti, is his belief in the doctrine of KARMA. It is second to the first only in thedetermination of his attitude towards life. We are such and such because we didsuch and such in the past. Our actions in a previous birth determine our state inthe present. Charitable deeds are commonly done in the hope of getting a


FAMOUS PEOPLE IN BIOLOGY

Aristotle (384 BC‐322 BC) ‐ Greek Philosopher Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics,mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He wasa student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. He was more empirically‐minded than Plato orSocrates and is famous for rejecting Plato’s theory of forms. Aristotle sees the universe as a scale lying between the two extremes: form without matter is on oneend, and matter without form is on the other end. The passage of matter into form must be shown in itsvarious stages in the world of nature. To do this is the object of Aristotle’s physics, or philosophy ofnature. It is important to keep in mind that the passage from form to matter within nature is amovement towards ends or purposes. Everything in nature has its end and function, and nothing iswithout its purpose. Everywhere we find evidences of design and rational plan. No doctrine of physicscan ignore the fundamental notions of motion, space, and time. Motion is the passage of matter intoform, and it is of four kinds: (1) motion which affects the substance of a thing, particularly its beginningand its ending; (2) motion which brings about changes in quality; (3) motion which brings about changesin quantity, by increasing it and decreasing it; and (4) motion which brings about locomotion, or changeof place. Of these the last is the most fundamental and important. Aristotle is properly recognized as the originator of the scientific study of life. Aristotle believed that creatures were arranged in a graded scale of perfection rising from plants on upto man, the scala naturae or Great Chain of Being. His system had eleven grades, arranged according "tothe degree to which they are infected with potentiality", expressed in their form at birth. The highestanimals laid warm and wet creatures alive, the lowest bore theirs cold, dry, and in thick eggs.


GENE MUTATION A gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up agene. Mutations range in size from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to alarge segment of a chromosome. Gene mutations occur in two ways: they can be inherited from a parent oracquired during a person’s lifetime. Mutations that are passed from parent tochild are called hereditary mutations or germline mutations (because they arepresent in the egg and sperm cells, which are also called germ cells). This typeof mutation is present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in thebody. Mutations that occur only in an egg or sperm cell, or those that occur just afterfertilization, are called new (de novo) mutations. De novo mutations mayexplain genetic disorders in which an affected child has a mutation in everycell, but has no family history of the disorder. Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur in the DNA of individual cells at sometime during a person’s life. These changes can be caused by environmentalfactors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake ismade as DNA copies itself during cell division. Acquired mutations in somaticcells (cells other than sperm and egg cells) cannot be passed on to the nextgeneration. Mutations may also occur in a single cell within an early embryo. As all the cellsdivide during growth and development, the individual will have some cells withthe mutation and some cells without the genetic change. This situation is called mosaicism. Some genetic changes are very rare; others are common in the population.Genetic changes that occur in more than 1 percent of the population are calledpolymorphisms. They are common enough to be considered a normal variation in the DNA. Polymorphisms are responsible for many of the normal differencesbetween people such as eye color, hair color, and blood type. Although manypolymorphisms have no negative effects on a person’s health, some of thesevariations may influence the risk of developing certain disorders.


HUMAN SEXUALITY (WHAT CHILDREN NEED TO KNOW AND WHEN)

Human Sexuality — What Children Need to Know and When — At a Glance

• It’s best to start talking with children about sexuality in early childhood — but it’s never too late to start.

• Giving our children age‐appropriate information will help them feel more in control of their bodies and make responsible decisions.

• All kids — including those with disabilities — need to learn about sexuality.

We want our children to grow up to have healthy and happy lives. For most of us, this includes having rewarding relationships and sex lives.

To help them reach this goal, we need to

• give them the information they need to make responsible choices • encourage them to take good care of their bodies • help them build the confidence they need to respect themselves and other

people • earn their respect — if we can do that, they are more likely to look to us

and other trusted adults for information when they need it

Teaching our children about sexuality is an ongoing process. They need a lot of information. They need to know about everything from anatomy to puberty to masturbation to healthy relationships.

Our children don’t all learn at the same rate. But here are some general guidelines that apply to most kids. They’re about what children need to know and what communication skills they need to have when it comes to sex and sexuality. We have grouped them according to what is appropriate for different age groups. We hope they are helpful.


HUMAN SEXUALITY CARE

SEXUAL HEALTH DEFINITIONS Sexuality:

The sexual knowledge, beliefs,

attitudes, values, and behaviours of individuals. Its dimensions include the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the sexual response system; identity, orientation, roles and personality; and thoughts, feelings, and relationships. The expression of sexuality is influenced by ethical, spiritual, cultural, and moral concerns.


SCIENCE I. INVENTORS AND DISCOVERERS MP3 History and Development

For LP MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a popular audioencoding format. It uses a lossy compression algorithm that is designed to greatly reduce theamount of data required to represent the audio recording, yet still sound like a faithfulreproduction of the original uncompressed audio to most listeners. It was invented by a teamof European engineers of Philips, CCETT (Centre commun d'études de télévision ettélécommunications), IRT and Fraunhofer Society, who worked in the framework of theEUREKA 147 DAB digital radio research program, and it became an ISO/IEC standard in 1991.

MP3 is an audio-specific format. The compression takes off certain sounds that cannotbe heard by the listener, i.e. outside the normal human hearing range. It provides arepresentation of pulse-code modulation–encoded audio in much less space thanstraightforward methods, by using psychoacoustic models to discard components less audibleto human hearing, and recording the remaining information in an efficient manner. Similarprinciples are used by JPEG, an image compression format. I-POD History and design

iPod came from Apple's digital hub strategy,[3] when the company began creatingsoftware for the growing market of digital devices being purchased by consumers. Digitalcameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but thecompany found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with userinterfaces that were "unbelievably awful",[3] so Apple decided to develop its own. Apple'shardware engineering chief, Jon Rubinstein, assembled a team of engineers to design it,including Tony Fadell, hardware engineer Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Jonathan Ive,with Stan Ng as the marketing manager. The product was developed in less than a year andunveiled on 23 October 2001. CEO Steve Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product witha 5 GB hard drive that put "1000 songs in your pocket."

The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (withothers) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. AfterChieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Openthe pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship.Apple had previously registered the name "iPod" for Internet kiosks, but never put it to use.[3]


JAPANESE TRADITIONS

JAPANESE TRADITIONAL DRESS

The kimono is a Japanese traditional garment worn by men, women and children. The word"kimono", which literally means a "thing to wear" (ki "wear" and mono "thing"), has come to denote these full‐length robes. The standard plural of the word kimono in English iskimonos, but the unmarked Japanese plural kimono is also sometimes used. Kimono are T‐shaped, straight‐lined robes worn so that the hem falls to the ankle, with attached collars and long, wide sleeves. Kimono are wrapped around the body, always withthe left side over the right (except when dressing the dead for burial.), and secured by a sash called an obi, which is tied at the back. Kimono are generally worn with traditional footwear (especially zōri or geta) and split‐toe socks (tabi). Today, kimono are most often worn by women, and on special occasions. Traditionally,unmarried women wore a style of kimono called furisode, with almost floor‐length sleeves, on special occasions. A few older women and even fewer men still wear the kimono on adaily basis. Men wear the kimono most often at weddings, tea ceremonies, and other very special or very formal occasions. Professional sumo wrestlers are often seen in the kimono because they are required to wear traditional Japanese dress whenever appearing in public.


KATAMARAN NG MGA PILIPINO(INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS)

ni Jose Rizal

Indolence sa Tagalog ang ibig sabihin ay katamaran; walang silbi; ayaw gumawa. sa Ingles naman ay dislike of work; laziness, idleness or disposition to be idle, the lack of

inclination to work. Ang nilalaman ng sanaysay na sinulat ni Rizal:

Ito ay isang sanaysay na sinulat ni Rizal bilang depensa para sa mga Indio na kung saantinawag na tamad ang mga Pilipino ng mga kolonyal na Espanyol.

Ipinakita dito ni Rizal ang madaming katwiran at halimbawa upang ihayag ang sinasabingindolence ay isang epekto lamang ng dehumanizing conditions na kung saan ang mgaIndio ay sapilitang mabuhay.

Dinagdagan ni Rizal ang kahulugan ng indolence. Ito ay “the inclination to live off thelabor of others”.

Inamin ni Rizal na tamad ang mga Pilipino. Pero ito ay dahil sa init ng klima sa atingbansa.

Lubhang nakapagpapapawis at nakapanghihina ang init at madalas silang “sumilong salilim”.

Ang init ay nakapagpapalusog sa lupa, kaya ang mga pananim ay hindi kailanganglagging alagaan.

Sinabi ni Rizal na hindi mana o likas ang katamaran sa mga Pilipino noong panahon ngKastila. Ang totoo, bago dumating ang mga Kastila, ang mga Pilipino ay may masiglangpakikipagkalakalan sa mga Instik, Hapon, Arabe at Malay.

Naging laganap lamang ang katamaran ng mga Pilipino noong panahon ng mga Kastila.

Dahil sa masasamang palakad ng pamahalaan, tiwaling pagtuturo ng relihiyon at dahil saugali na rin ng mga Kastila.

Bago pa man dumating sa Pilipinas ang mga Kastila ay nakikipagkalakalan na tayo saibang bansang Asyano at Gitnang Silangan. Ngunit ito ay naputol ng monopolya ngGalleon Trade. Sa Espanya lamang via Mehiko maaaring makipagkalakalan ang mga


MGA KAHULUGAN NG TRADISYONG PILIPINO Cañao:

Sa Benguet, ang etniko Igorots ng Baguio ay taun‐taon dumarating na magkakasama para sa pagsaulog o pagdidiwang sa Grand Cañao, isang sosyo‐relihiyoso seremonya na tumatapat sa pangingilin ng araw ng Benguet (Anniversary of foundation day of Benguit). Ang pagdiriwang nagsisimula sa isang aktibidad na tinawag nila ang “avang”. Ang bawat delegado ng munisipyo ng Benguet ay pumipila at nakikilahok sa pagkuha ng isang taong matakaw na kumakatawan sa kanilang bayan. Ang mataas na saserdote sa lipi, na tinatawag na ang mambunong, ay magsasagawa ng panalangin upang pagpalain ang mga baboy na luto na siyang isang pagkain para sa lahat. Bawat isa sa mga munisipyo ng Benguet: Atok, Bakun, Bokod, Buguias, Itogon, Kabayan, Kapangan, Kibungan, La Trinidad, Mankayan, Sablan, Tuba, at Tublay ay magsagawa ng kanilang sariling mga katutubong sayaw na tinatawag na ang “tayaw” sa kani‐kanilang mga yugto. Ang sayaw, na binubuo ng dalawang tao, isang lalake at isang babae, kung saan ang lalaki ay nakasuot ng kumot na kanilang tinatawag na ang “gating” na may katutubong disenyo sa bawat balikat at may alpombra sagisag ng kapisanan, at


MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia comes in many different formats. It can be almost anything you can hear or see.

Examples: Pictures, music, sound, videos, records, films, animations, and more.

Modern Web pages have often embedded multimedia elements, and modern browsershave support for various multimedia formats.

Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. This contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text‐only or traditional forms of printed or hand‐produced material. Multimedia includes a combinationof text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content forms.

Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed, or accessed by information contentprocessing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of alive performance. Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" issynonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application.

Major Characteristics of Multimedia:

Multimedia presentations may be viewed by person on stage, projected, transmitted, or played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming multimedia may be live or on‐demand.


MUSIC AND YOUR WORKOUT

How your workout playlist can give you an edge when you exercise. By Robyn Abree WebMD Feature Reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD

Music could make your workout better. You could last longer, be less bored, and actually enjoy it, for once!

But the music you pick matters. And you might want to think twice before you strap on thoseheadphones.

Here's how to make music your secret weapon for exercise.

Working Out to Music

Music can motivate you to work longer and harder, says David‐Lee Priest, PhD, a health psychologist and researcher at London's Brunel University.

"Fast music, especially, provides us more information to process, which may distractsomeone from the physical sensations of fatigue and block signals to stop exercising," Priest says.

But not all fast songs do that. If the music is too fast, it isn't likely to boost your performanceor endurance, says Brunel University sports psychology expert Costas Karageorghis, PhD. Hehas studied the effects of music on exercise for more than 20 years.

"Findings show there is a sweet spot, in terms of tempo, between 120 and 140 beats perminute," says Karageorghis, who has studied the effects of music on exercise for more than20 years. "Beyond that, it doesn't improve enjoyment or any other psychological variablewhile exercising."

It also depends on who you are.

If you're an elite athlete, or if you work out a very intense level (about 70%‐80% of your aerobic capacity), you're already so into it that music may not give you as much of an edge.

But for most people ‐‐ who work out at a moderate level a couple of times a week, music isdefinitely a plus. It's a pleasant distraction, which can help if you find exercise boring,Karageorghis says.

For them, music is like the "cheese sauce on top of the broccoli," Priest agrees. That is, musichelps them tolerate exercise, and may motivate them to work out more often.


MUSIC OF THAILAND

The music of Thailand reflects its geographic position at the intersection of China and India, and reflects trade routes that have historically included Persia, Africa, Greece and Rome. Thai musical instruments are varied and reflect ancient influence from far afield ‐ including the klong thap and khim (Persian origin), the jakhe (Indian origin), the klong jin (Chinese origin), and the klong kaek (Indonesian origin). Though Thailand was never colonized by colonial powers, pop music and other forms of modern Asian, European and American music have become extremely influential. The two most popular styles of traditional Thai music are luk thung and mor lam; the latter in particular has close affinities with the Music of Laos.

Aside from the Thai, ethnic minorities such as the Lao, Lawa, Hmong, Akha, Khmer, Lisu, Karenand Lahu peoples have retained traditional musical forms.

CLASSICAL MUSIC

Siamese theater group which performed in Berlin, Germany in 1900.

Thai classical music is synonymous with those stylized court ensembles and repertoires that emerged in its present form within the royal centers of Central Thailand some 800 years ago. These ensembles, while being deeply influenced by Khmer and even older practices and repertoires from India, are today uniquely Thai expressions. While the three primary classical


MUSICIANS OF ISRAEL

EARLY MUSICIANS:

First Aliyah (First Jewish Immigrants) and Zionist:

The first efforts to create a corpus of music suitable for a new Jewish entity that wouldeventually become Israel were in 1882. This was the year of the First Aliyah, the first wave of Jewish immigrants seeking to create a national homeland in Palestine. As there were no songs yet written for this national movement, Zionist youth movements in Germany and elsewhere published songbooks, using traditional German and other folk melodies with new wordswritten in Hebrew. An example of this is the song that became Israel's national anthem,"Hatikvah".

Naftali Herz Imber (Hebrew Poet):

He expressed the longing of the Jewish people to return to the land of Zion. The melody is apopular eastern European folk melody.

In 1895 settlers established the first Jewish orchestra in Palestine. The orchestra was a wind band, located in the town of Rishon LeZion, and played light classics and marches.

Avraham Zvi Idelsohn:

He was a trained cantor from Russia and a musicologist, settled in Jerusalem in 1906, with theobjective of studying and documenting the musics of the various Jewish communities there.At the time, there were a number of Jewish enclaves in Jerusalem, for Yemenites, Hassids, Syrians and other Jewish ethnic groups.

Idelsohn:

Meticulously documented the songs and musical idioms of these groups. He also made the first efforts to bring these songs to the attention of all Jewish settlers, with the aim of creating a new Jewish musical genre.

Idelsohn was joined in Palestine by a few more classically trained musicians andethnomusicologists, including Gershon Ephros in 1909 and, later, Joel Engel in 1924. Like


NEW SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS OF 2012

This year witnessed the inception of many new scientific breakthroughs by way of inventionsand discoveries! Let's check out some such new scientific inventions of 2012 to see whatscience offered us this year in terms of technology and progress.

Science does not know its debt to imagination.

~ Ralph Waldo Emerson Science is all about having an open imagination, not being afraid of making mistakes and askingthe right questions. Almost all old and new scientific inventions and discoveries owe theirorigins and existence to these three essential human attitudes! Although most inventions havebeen results of deliberate conceptualization and research, time has also stood testimony to anumber of accidental inventions that changed the world! Right from the invention of the wheelby prehistoric humans to more advanced inventions that changed the world (like gunpowder,antibiotics, aircraft, telephone, etc.), science has experienced only progress and advancementin the hands of humankind. In line with such scientific progress, let us look at some newscientific inventions of 2012 that have given actual form to various imaginary concepts whichwere previously ridiculed as the ravings of a madman! Some Smart Inventions of this Year Check out the following new inventions to get an idea of the infinite expanse of scientific scope.Looking at these new inventions and discoveries make us bold enough to hope to see fictitious‐as‐of‐now scientific technologies and concepts, which we have only read about in sciencefictions novels and seen in sci‐fi movies, take material shape! Indeed, the following items give anew definition to the phrase greatest inventions of all time.


NUTRITION DEFICIENCIES I. Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM)

There are three (3) forms of serious Protein-energy Malnutrition (PEM): marasmus, kwashiorkor, and marasmic kwashiorkor.

1. Marasmus -. These forms of serious PEM represent a group of pathologic conditions associated with a nutritional and energy deficit occurring mainly in young children from developing countries at the time of weaning. Marasmus is a condition primarily caused by a deficiency in calories and energy.

2. Kwashiorkor - A severe malnutrition, seen primarily in

children of tropical and subtropical regions, caused by deficiency in the quality and quantity of dietary protein. Kwahiorkor is characterized by failure to grow, anemia, liver damage, edema, discoloration of the skin or hair, and bulky stools containing undigested food.

3. Marasmic Kwashiorkor - Condition that has features of

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor. A malnutrition disease, primarily of children, resulting from the deficiency of both calories and protein. The condition is characterized by severe tissue wasting, dehydration, loss of subcutaneous fat, lethargy, and growth retardation.


NUTRITION DISORDERS

Hypoalimentation/ Malnutrition

Protein-energy Malnutrition

(PEM)

Marasmus ~ Deficiency in calories and energy) Kwashiorkor ~ Deficiency in protein Marasmic Kwashiorkor ~ Condition that has features of

Kwashiorkor Catabolysis ~ Severe case of PEM because there is no so

carbohydrates and vitamins due to starvation

Avitaminosis

B Vitamins

B1: Beriberi/Wernicke's encephalopathy ( B2: Ariboflavinosis B3: Pellagra (Niacin deficiency) B6: Pyridoxine deficiency B7: Biotin deficiency B9: Folate deficiency B12: Vitamin B12 deficiency

Other Vitamins

A: Vitamin A deficiency/Bitot's spots C: Scurvy D: Rickets/Osteomalacia E: Vitamin E deficiency K: Vitamin K deficiency

Mineral Deficiency

Zinc · Iron · Magnesium · Chromium · Selenium (Keshan disMolybdenum · Copper · Calcium · Potassium

Hyperalimentation

Overweight and Obesity

Childhood obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Abdominal obesity

Vitamin Poisoning

Hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosis E

Mineral Overload

Inborn errors of metal metabolism Toxicity


Pag‐ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa ni Andres Bonifacio Aling pag‐ibig pa ang hihigit kaya sa pagka‐dalisay at pagka‐dakila gaya ng pag‐ibig sa tinubuang lupa? Alin pag‐ibig pa? Wala na nga, wala. Ulit‐ulitin mang basahin ng isip at isa‐isahing talastasing pilit ang salita’t buhay na limbag at titik ng isang katauhan ito’y namamasid. Banal na pag‐ibig pag ikaw ang nukal sa tapat na puso ng sino’t alinman, imbit taong gubat, maralita’t mangmang nagiging dakila at iginagalang. Pagpuring lubos ang nagiging hangad sa bayan ng taong may dangal na ingat, umawit, tumula, kumatha’t sumulat, kalakhan din nila’y isinisiwalat. Walang mahalagang hindi inihandog ng pusong mahal sa Bayang nagkupkop, dugo, yaman, dunong, tiisa’t pagod, buhay ma’y abuting magkalagot‐lagot. Bakit? Ano itong sakdal nang laki na hinahandugan ng buong pag kasi na sa lalong mahal kapangyayari at ginugugulan ng buhay na iwi. Ay! Ito’y ang Inang Bayang tinubuan, siya’y ina’t tangi na kinamulatan ng kawili‐wiling liwanag ng araw na nagbibigay init sa lunong katawan. Sa kanya’y utang ang unang pagtanggol ng simoy ng hanging nagbigay lunas, sa inis na puso na sisinghap‐singhap, sa balong malalim ng siphayo’t hirap. Kalakip din nito’y pag‐ibig sa Bayan ang lahat ng lalong sa gunita’y mahal mula sa masaya’t gasong kasanggulan. hanggang sa katawan ay mapasa‐libingan.


PASTRY AND BREAD

PASTRY Pastry is the name given to various kinds of baked products made from ingredients such asflour, sugar, milk, butter, shortening, baking powder, and/or eggs. Small tarts and other sweetbaked products are called "pastries." Pastry may also refer to the dough from which such baked products are made. Pastry dough isrolled out thinly and used as a base for baked products. Common pastry dishes include pies,tarts, quiches and pasties.

BREAD Bread is a staple food prepared by cooking a dough of flour and water and often additionalingredients, such as butter or salt to improve the taste. Bread is the staple food in Europe, European‐derived cultures such as the Americas, and theMiddle East and North Africa, as opposed to East Asia whose staple is rice.

DIFFERENCE OF PASTRY AND BREAD Pastry is differentiated from bread by having a higher fat content, which contributes to a flakyor crumbly texture. A good pastry is light and airy and fatty, but firm enough to support theweight of the filling. When making a shortcrust pastry, care must be taken to blend the fat andflour thoroughly before adding any liquid. This ensures that the flour granules are adequatelycoated with fat and less likely to develop gluten. On the other hand, overmixing results in longgluten strands that toughen the pastry. In other types of pastry, such as Danish pastry andcroissants, the characteristic flaky texture is achieved by repeatedly rolling out a dough similarto that for yeast bread, spreading it with butter, and folding it to produce many thin layers offolds. Another difference is the raising agent. A pastry (patisserie) is a small cake or tart, usually madewith baking powder. Bread (viennoiserie) such as croissants or pains au chocolat is raised withyeast.


SA AKING MGA KABATATula ni Jose P. Rizal

Kapagka ang baya’y sadyang umiibig

Sa langit salitang kaloob ng langit Sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapi

Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid Pagka’t ang salita’y isang kahatulan

Sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian

At ang isang tao’y katulad, kabagay Ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan.

Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda

Kaya ang marapat pagyamanin kusa Na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala

Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin,

Sa Ingles, Kastila, at salitang anghel, Sapagkat ang Poong maalam tumingin

Ang siyang naggagawad, nagbibigay sa atin. Ang salita nati’y tulad din sa iba

Na may alfabeto at sariling letra, Na kaya nawala’y dinatnan ng sigwa

Ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una. Sa edad na walo (8), isunulat ni Rizal ang una niyang tula sa katutubong wika at pinamagatang "SA AKING MGA KABATA".


SANAYSAY

Ayon kay Alejandro G. Abadilla, "nakasulat na karanasan ng isang sanay sapagsasalaysay. ang sanaysay ay nagmula sa 2 salita, ang sanay at pagsasalaysay. Itoay panitikang tuluyan na nagalalahad ng kuru‐kuro, damdamin, kaisipan, saloobin,reaksyon at iba pa ng manunulat hinggil sa isang makabuluhan, mahalaga atnapapanahong paksa o isyu.

Mahalaga ang pagsusulat at pagbabasa ng sanaysay sapagkat natututo ang

mambabasa mula sa inilalahad na kaalaman at kaisipang taglay ng isang manunulat.nakikilala rin ng mga mambabasa ang manunulat dahil sa paraan ng pagkasulat nito,sapaggamit ng salita at sa lawak ng kaalaman sa paksa. URI NG SANAYSAY:

• Pormal o Maanyo ‐ sanaysay na tumatalakay sa mga seryosong paksa atnangangailangan ng masusing pag‐aaral at malalim na pagkaunawa sa paksa.Inaakay ng manunulat ang mga manbabasa sa malalim na pag‐iisip upangmakabuo ng sariling pagpapasya at kumilos pagkatapos.

• Di‐pormal, Pamilyar o Palagayan‐ sanaysay na tumatalakay sa mga paksangmagaan, karaniwan, pang‐araw‐arawat personal. binibigyang diin ngmanunulat ang mga bagay‐bagay, mga karanasan o isyung maaaringmagpakilala ng personalidad ng manunulat o pakikisangkot niya sa mgamambabasa.

SANGKAP NG SANAYSAY:

• Tema at Nilalaman ‐ anuman ang nilalaman ng isang sanaysay ay itinuturing

na paksa dahil sa layunin sapagkakasulat nitoat kaisipang ibinahagi.

• Anyo at Istruktura ‐ ang anayo sat istruktura ng sanaysay ay isangmahalagang sangkap sapagkat nakaaapekto ito sa pagkaunawa ng mgamambabasa, ang maayos na pagkakasunud‐sunod ng edeya o pangyayari aymakatututlong sa mambabasa sa pagkaunawa sa sanaysay.


FAMOUS SCIENTIST I. LIST OF FOREIGN SCIENTIST: Niels Bohr

Life: October 7, 1885 - November 18, 1962 Born in Copenhagen, Denmark Niels Bohr was a Danish scientist who won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1922 for his work inregards to understanding the structure of atoms. Bohr introduced the theory that electronstravel in an orbital path around the atom's nucleus. He also theorized that light could haveproperties of both a wave and a particle at the same time. Nicolaus Copernicus

Life: February 19, 1473 - May 24, 1543 Born in Toru, Royal Prussia

Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to publish a full-fledged theory that the earth wasnot the center of the universe (as was the current thought in the 1500's) and that the earthactually revolved around the sun. Copernicus also theorized that the earth rotated on its axis,which accounted for the daily movement of the stars.

Since 150 AD to the 1500's, the Ptolemy's theory prevailed that the earth was the flatcenter of the universe that did not rotate or revolve. This theory was well accepted by bothscientific and religious communities. Nicolaus Copernicus did not publish his theory right awaybut chose to publish De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the CelestialSpheres) near his death in 1543.


FAMOUS FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

Gregorio Y. Zara, D.Sc. Physics

His important achievements include:

The invention of the two‐way television telephone; The discovery of electrical kinetic resistance known as the Zara effect; The invention of an airplane engine that runs on alcohol instead of aviation fuel and

methods by which solar energy can be harnessed; and Zara’s airplane engine was successfully tested in a test flight conducted at the Manila

International Airport (now the Ninoy Aquino International Airport) on Sept. 30, 1954. For having completed over 40 research papers and making 20 outstanding contributions toscience, Zara received many awards, including:

The Presidential Diploma of Merit; He was conferred the Distinguished Service Medal in 1959 for his pioneering works and

achievements in solar energy research, aeronautics and television; The Presidential Gold Medal and Diploma of Honor for Science and research in 1966; The Cultural Heritage Award for Science Education and Aero Engineering in 1966; and Proclaimed as National Scientist and Academician in 1978 by the National Academy of

Science and Technology created in 1976.


SEIZURES

A seizure is the physical findings or changes in behavior that occur after anepisode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

The term "seizure" is often used interchangeably with "convulsion." Convulsionsare when a person's body shakes rapidly and uncontrollably. During convulsions,the person's muscles contract and relax repeatedly. There are many differenttypes of seizures. Some have mild symptoms and no body shaking.

Considerations

It may be hard to tell if someone is having a seizure. Some seizures only cause aperson to have staring spells. These may go unnoticed.

Specific symptoms depend on what part of the brain is involved. They occursuddenly and may include:

Brief blackout followed by period of confusion (the person cannotremember a period of time)

Changes in behavior such as picking at one's clothing

Drooling or frothing at the mouth

Eye movements

Grunting and snorting

Loss of bladder or bowel control

Mood changes such as sudden anger, unexplainable fear, panic, joy, orlaughter

Shaking of the entire body

Sudden falling

Tasting a bitter or metallic flavor

Teeth clenching


SENATORS OF THE PHILIPPINES 16th CONGRESS

Franklin M. DrilonSenate President

Majority (2010‐2016)

Ralph G. Recto

Senate President Pro‐Tempore Majority (2010‐2016)

Alan Peter Compañero S. CayetanoMajority Leader (2013‐2019)

Juan Ponce Enrile


SINAUNANG KABIHASNAN NG MESOPOTAMIA

Mesopotamia: Lupain sa Pagitan ng Dalawang Ilog (Tigris at Euphrates) pinangalanan ng mga Griyego na Mesopotamia dahil sa dalawang ilog na

nasa paligid nito, ang Ilog Tigris at Euphrates

mayroong mataba at mainam na lupa upang tirhan ng tao MGA KABIHASNANG UMUSBONG SA MESOPOTAMIA

1. Sumeria 2. Babylonia 3. Hittite 4. Assyria 5. Hebreo

5.1. Israel at Judah 6. Phoenecia 7. Persia 8. Chaldea


STRABISMUS

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Strabismus is a disorder in which the two eyes do not line up in the samedirection, and therefore do not look at the same object at the same time. Thecondition is more commonly known as "crossed eyes."


SYNOPHRYS

Medical term for hypertrichosis in between the eyebrows, thus giving anappearance of a single long eyebrow (or unibrow)

Synophrys is one of the prominent features of individuals with Cornelia de Langesyndrome. Conversely, synophrys is also seen in individuals without such disorder.

__________________________________________________________________________________

Reference:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001004.htm


THE CELL


TREMOR OR TREMULOUSNESS

A tremor is an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction andrelaxation involving to and fro movements (oscillations or twitching) of one ormore body parts. It is the most common of all involuntary movements and canaffect the hands, arms, eyes, face, head, vocal folds, trunk, and legs. Most tremorsoccur in the hands. In some people, tremor is a symptom ofanother neurological disorder. A very common kind of tremor is the chattering ofteeth, usually induced by cold temperatures or by fear.

Causes:

Tremor can be a symptom associated with disorders in those parts of the brainthat control muscles throughout the body or in particular areas, such as thehands. Neurological disorders or conditions that can produce tremorincluding multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, chronic kidneydisease and a number of neurodegenerative diseases that damage or destroyparts of the brainstem or thecerebellum, Parkinson's disease being the one mostoften associated with tremor.


Tuwaang (Epic of Bagobo)

Nakatanggap si Tuwaang ng mensahe buhat sa hangin na nagsasabi na kailangan niyang dumalong kasal ng Dalaga ng Monawon. Huwag kang pumunta, Tuwaang, babala ng kanyang tiyahin.Nararamdaman ko na mayroong masamang mangyayari sa iyo doon. Huwag kang mag‐alala,tiyang. Kaya kong alagaan ang sarili ko sinabi niyang matatag at determinadong pumunta. Hindimo naiintindihan, Tuwaang.

Hindi ako natatakot sa kahit ano, tiyang. Ngayon ang tanging nalalaman ko ay gusto ko makitaang kagandahan ng Dalaga ng Monawon. Hindi pinakinggan ni Tuwaang ang kanyang tiyahin.Naghanda siya sa pagdalo sa kasal. Isinuot niya ang damit na ginawa ng mga diyos para sakanya. Mayroon siyang hugis pusong basket na maaaring makagawa ng kidlat. Dala rin niya angkanyang espada at panangga at isang mahabang kutsilyo. Sumakay siya sa kidlat at nakaratingsa kapatagan ng Kawkawangan. Doon ay natagpuan niya ang Gungutan, isangnakapagsasalitang ibon. Gusto ng ibon na sumama sa kanya sa kasalan kaya dinala na niya ito.Nang makarating sa Monawon, siya ay magalang na pinapasok sa loob ng bulwagan kung saanginaganap ang kasalan.

Nagsimulang magdatingan ang mga bisita. Unang dumating ay ang Binata ng Panayangan,pagkatapos ay ang Binatang Liwanon at ang Binata ng Sumisikat na Araw. Huling dumating anglalaking ikakasal, ang Binata ng Sakadna na kasama ang isang daang lalaki. Nang dumating ayiniutos ng lalaki na paalisin ang mga bisitang hindi nararapat na naroon. Nainsulto si Tuwaangsa sinabi ng lalaking ikakasal na silang lahat ay pulang dahon, na ang ibig sabihin ay mga bayani.Nagsimula ang seremonya sa pag‐aalay ng mga bisita ng mga mamahaling regalo. Dalawa angnatira para sa lalaking ikakasal ngunit inamin ng Binata ng Sakadna na wala silang gintongplauta at gintong gitara na maitutumbas sa mga natira. Tumulong si Tuwaang. Sa kanyangmisteryosong hininga siya ay nakagawa ng gintong plauta, gitara at gong.

Lumabas na ang babaing ikakasal sa kanyang silid at nagsimulang magbigay ng nganga sa bawa'tisang bisita. Pagkatapos ay tumabi ito kay Tuwaang na naglagay sa lalaking ikakasal sa kahiya‐


Types of Graphs Graphs are very effective visual treat because they have the capacity to present information quickly as well as easily. That is the main reason why graphs are commonly used by different media and also in business. Data can be understood better when it is presented as a graph rather than as a table because the graphs have the ability to reveal a trend or comparison. In the world of statistics, graphs give us the relationship between different variables or show the value spread of a given variable or phenomenon. In this section, we will concentrate only on the 2 dimensional figures and graphs.

Types of Graphs and Charts

The graphical demonstration of statistical data in a chart is normally specified as statistical graph chart. There are many kinds of graphs and charts which are used to indicate a set of data. The data is either unremitting or separate. These graphs are very helpful to recognize the statistical data.

Types of Graphs and their Uses

There are different kinds of graphical charts based on statistics as follows:

1. Line graphs 2. Pie charts 3. Bar graph 4. Scatter plot 5. Stem and plot 6. Histogram 7. Frequency polygon 8. Frequency curve 9. Cumulative frequency or ogives

Let us study the graphs and their uses in detail.


UHAW ANG TIGANG NA LUPA Liwayway A. Arceo

1

Ilang gabi nang ako ang kapiling niya sa higaan. Tila musmos akong dumarama sa init ng

kanyang dibdib at nikikinig sa pintig ng kanyang puso. Ngunit, patuloy akong nagtataka sa

malalim na paghinga niya, sa kanyang malungkot na pagtitig sa lahat ng bagay, paghikbi...

2

Ilang araw ko nang hindi nadadalaw ang aklatan: ilang araw ko nang hindi nasasalamin ang

isang larawang mahal sa akin: bilugang mukha, malapad na noo, hati‐sa‐kaliawang buhok,

singkit na mga mata, hindi katangusang ilong, mga labing duyan ng isang ngiting puspos‐

kasiyahan...Sa kanya ang aking noo at mga mata. Ang aking hawas na mukha, ilong na kawangki

ng tuka ng isang loro, at maninipis na labi, ay kay Ina...

3

Sa Ina ay hindi palakibo: siya ay babaing abilang at sukat ang pangungusap. Hindi niya ako

inuutusan. Bihira siyang magalit sa akin at kung nagkakagayon ay maikli ang kanyang

pananalita: Lumigkit ka!...At kailangang ‘di ako makita. Kailangang ‘do ko masaksihan ang

kikislap na poot sa kanyang mga mata. Kailangang ‘di ko namamalas ang pagkagat niya sa

kanyang labi. Kailangang ‘do ko na makita ang panginginig ng kanyang mga daliri. Ito rin ang

katumbas ng kanyang mariing huwang kung mayroon siyang ipinagbabawal.

Ang ngiti ni Ina ay patak ng ulan kung tag‐araw: ang bata kong puso ay tigang na lupang uhaw

na uhaw...

Minsan man ay hindi ko narinig na may pinagkagalitan sila ni Ama bagama’t hindi ko

mapaniwalaang may magkabiyak ng pusong hindi nagkakahinampuhan. Marahil ay sapagkat

kapwa sila may hawak na kainawaan: ang pagbibigayan sa isa’t isa ay hindi nalilimot kailanman.

4

Kung gabi ay hinahanap ko ang kaaliwang idinudulat ng isang amang nagsasalaysay tungkol sa

mga kapre at nuno at tungkol sa magagandang ada at prinsesa; ng isang nagmamasid at

nakangiting ina; ng isang pulutong ng nakikinig na magaganda at masasayang bata.


VEGETATION Vegetation is a very general term for the plant life; it refers to the ground cover provided by plants. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular taxa, life forms, structure, spatial extent, or any other specific botanical or geographiccharacteristics. It is broader than the term flora which refers exclusively to species composition. Perhaps the closest synonym is plant community, but vegetation can, and often does, refer to a wider range of spatial scales thanthat term does, including scales as large as the global. Primeval redwoodforests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadsideweed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are encompassedby the term vegetation. Natural Vegetation

Meaning of Natural Vegetation: Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been leftundisturbed by humans for a long time. This is termed as virgin vegetation.Thus, cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part of vegetation but not natural vegetation.

Virgin vegetation ‐The virgin vegetation, which are purely Indian are known asendemic or indigenous species but those which have come from outside Indiaare termed as exotic plants.

Flora‐ The term flora is used to denote plants of a particular region or period.

Fauna‐ the species of animals are referred to as fauna.


VEGETATION MAP (See Vegetation Map)

The types of natural vegetation shown on this Natural vegetation Map are Tundra and Mountain Vegetation, Needleleaf Evergreen Forest, Mixed Needleleaf Evergreen and Broadleaf Deciduous Woodland, Broadleaf Deciduous Woodland, Mid‐latitude Grassland, Evergreen Broadleaf and Deciduous Trees and Shrubs, Semi‐desert Scrub, Desert, Tropical Grassland, Tropical Broadleaf Rainforest and Monsoon Forest and Subtropical Broadleaf and Needleleaf Forest. The Natural Vegetation Map shows that the vegetation distribution is so varied throughout the world. Tundra Vegetation is found in the high northern latitudes of the world. Vegetation in the Tundra region comprises of lichen, which grows on rocks and is made of fungus and algae living and growing together. Tundra vegetation comprises of Polar Tundra and Alpine Tundra. Tundra Vegetation basically comprises of grasses, mosses and lichens. Needleleaf Evergreen Forests extend into lower altitudes. Such forests are found on plateaus as well. Sierra Nevada and Rockies are examples of Needleleaf Evergreen Forests. The natural vegetation is under threat due to expanding agriculture, logging and fuelwood consumption. Around 49% of the forest cover is Tropical Forests, 15% are Tropical Rainforests, 5% are plantations, 24% are Boreal Forests, 13% are Temperate Forests and 8% are Subtropical Forests. Reference:

• http://www.mapsofworld.com/thematic‐maps/world‐natural‐vegetation.htm#

Natural Vegetation Map shows a world map, where the regions of the world have been shown with different colors according to the natural vegetation in that particular region of the world.


WRITING A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ESSAY

The purpose for writing a critique is to evaluate somebody’s work (a book, an essay, a movie, a painting…) in order to increase the reader’s understanding of it. A critical analysis is subjective writing because it expresses the writer’s opinion or evaluation of a text. Analysis means to break down and study the parts.

Writing a critical paper requires two steps: critical reading and critical writing.

Critical reading

1. Identify the author’s thesis and purpose 2. Analyze the structure of the passage by identifying all main ideas 3. Consult a dictionary or encyclopedia to understand material that is unfamiliar to you 4. Make an outline of the work or write a description of it 5. Write a summary of the work 6. Determine the purpose which could be

To inform with factual material To persuade with appeal to reason or emotions To entertain (to affect people’s emotions)

7. Evaluate the means by which the author has accomplished his purpose If the purpose is to inform, has the material been presented clearly, accurately, with

order and coherence? If the purpose is to persuade, look for evidence, logical reasoning, contrary evidence If the purpose was to entertain, determine how emotions are affected: does it make

you laugh, cry, angry? Why did it affect you?

grade 8 compilation of assginments

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