grade 10 academic science study notes

8/10/2019 Grade 10 Academic Science Study Notes

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Gr. 10 Science Academic Cram Notes 1

6.6 Combustion

def. reaction of substance w/ O2 to produce

oxides (burning)

fuel+oxygenoxides+energy

Complete Combustion

Def. produces H20 and CO2

Incomplete Combustion

Def. produces CO, C, CO2 and H2O, occurswhen not enough O2 is available

6.7 Types of Chemical Reactions – Sythesis

and Decomposition

Catergories:

1. Sythesis2. Decomposition

3. Single Displacement

4. Double Displacement

Sythesis Reaction

Def. two for to one

A+BAB

Decomposition Reactions

Def. one seperates to make two

6.10 Types of Chemical Reactions – Single

and Double Displacement

Single Displacement Reactions

Def. element plus a compound equals an elemt plus a compound

Double Displacement ReactionsDef. compound plus a compound equal a

compound plus a compound

CHAPTER 7 – CONTROLLING CHEMICAL

REACTIONS

Rate of reactionspeed at which a reaction

occurs

7.3 Factors that Affect Rates of Reaction

4 Factors:

1. Temperature

2. Concentraion

3. Surface Area

4. Pressence of Catalyst

The Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Collision

Model

Def. Collision Model ststes that the rate ofreaction is affected by the number of collisions

of reactant molecules

Temperature

An increase of 5 degrees celcius to 10 degrees

celcius can double the rate of rxn, increase in

temp puts collision model into effect

Concentration

Molecules in tiny space are more likely to collide

Surface Area

Def. amount of visible area which can react

Catalyst

Def. increases the rate of chemical rxn without

being consumed

Enzymes protiens (keys) that fit into

molecules (locks) which help in reactions

7.11 Endothermic and Exothermic

when a reaction occurs and heat is:

given off Exothermic

absorbed Endothermic

CHAPTER 8 – ACIDS AND BASES

8.2 Properties of Acids and Bases

common acidsformulas begin w/ hydrogen

(ex.sulfuric acid is H2SO4) basesmost contain hydroxide ions (OH-)

(ex. Sodium hydroxide is NaOH)

8.3 The pH Scale

def. numeric scale, ranging from 0 to 14, used to

measure how acid or basic a solution is

(basic) pH 1410-14 0.00000000000010

(acidic) pH 110-1 0.1

8.6 Elements and Oxides

Reactions of Metals:

• React in oxygen to form metal oxides

• Metal oxides are always solids

Reaction of Nonmetals

• React in oxygen to form nonmetal oxides

• Nonmetal oxides are often gases or liquids

Gr. 10 Science Academic Cram Notes 1-886-9-Way To A www.JRGenius.com





8.7 Air Pollution and Acid Precipitation

pollutantschemicals in air that cause harm to

living thingsAcid Precipitaion

Def. precipitaion that has a pH of less than 5.6

8.10 Neutralization Reactions

def. special case of double displacement rxns.

Neutralization rxn:

The hydrogen ion from the acid reacts with the

hydroxide ion from the baseH+OHHOH or H2O

Antacids

Stomach (Gastric juice)

pH 1.5Antacid contais mild base that neutralizes acid






UNIT 2 MOTION

CHAPTER 9 – DISTANCE AND SPEED

Distancethe amount of space between two

objects or points

Time

duration between two events (seconds,minutes, hours)

*distance and time must be measured in order to

determine speed

9.2 Measurement and Calculations

Certainty and Significant Digits

Counted or Defined Values

Certainty Rule for Multiplying and DividingRounding

Precision Rule for Adding and Subtracting

Conventions of CommunicationSolving Equations

Converting Units

9.5 Relating Speed to Distance and Time

Average Speed

Def. (Vav) is the total distance divided by the

total time for a trip

Instantaneous Speed

Def. speed at which an object is travelling at a particular instant, not affected by previous speed

or by how long it has been moving

Constant Speed

Def. when the instantaneous speed remains thesame over a period of time, constant speed is rare

because of friction

9.7 Distance – Time Graphs

time = independent variable – x-axis

distance = dependent variable – y-axis

Slope and Speed

Speed is determined from the slope of

the line best-fit straight line of a distance-time

graph

CHAPTER 10 – DISTANCE, SPEED AND

ACCELERATION

10.3 Defining Acceleration

def. the rate of change in speed (a scalar

quantity) or velocity (a vector quantity)

constant acceleration a rate of change in speedor velocity that does not change during the

acceleration

average acceleration(aav) is the average rate of

change in speed of an object

Refining the Acceleration EquationAav=v2-v1/t2-t1

Acceleration While Slowing Down

• Same procedure as finding acceleration but

the acceleration you obtain or use will havea negative sign

10.4 Speed-Time Graphs for Acceleration

acceleration(change of v/change of t)

• The units of the slope of a speed-time graphare the units of speed divided by the units of

time

Type of Slope vs. Type of Acceleration

• Positive slope positive acceleration

• Negative slopenegative acceleration

• Straight lineconstant speed

Area under the Line on a Speed-Time Graph

*the area under the line in a speed-time graph

equals the distance traveled during the timeinterval

change in distance=Vav(change in time)

10.7 Instantaneous Speed

def. is the spped at a particular moment in time

tangent a line that just touches a curve at one point, used to find the slope of a curve on a

graph

Average Speed

• Same as constant speedClassifying Speed as constant, non-constant

(changing), instantaneous, or average is useful





Gr. 10 Science Academic Cram Notes 1 for organizing and presenting our knowledge

about the motion of an object

10.8 Analyzing Distance-Time Evidence

Analyzing GraphsDistance-time graph:

Slopespeed

Area under Linenone

Speed-time graph

SlopeaccelerationArea under Linedistance traveled

CHAPTER 11 – DISPLACEMENT AND

VELOCITY

11.1 Vectors Position and Displacement

reference pointthe point from which position

is measured, usually the origin or starting pojnt

direction must be indicated:

North [N]

East [E]South [S]

West [W]

Position

Def. separation and direction from a reference

point

Vector quality quality that involves a directionsuch as a position, has both size (w/units) and

direction; eg.73m[N]

Scalar quality quality that involves only size,

but no direction, mass is a scalar quality

Displacement

Def. the change in position

(change in d with above arrow)

positive number forward

negative number backwards

Drawing Vectors

Def. line segment that represents the size anddirection of a vector quantity

11.3 Adding Vectors Along a Straight Line

Vector Diagrams:

Join each vector by connecting the

“head” end of one vector to the “tail” end of the

next vector

Then:Find the resultant by drawing an arrow from the

tail of the first vector to the head of the lastvector

Resultant displacement single displacement

that has same effect as all the individual

displacements combined

11.5 Adding Vectors at an Angle

ex. If direction is not exactly N, E, S or W

11.7 Velocity (vector quality)

def. speed along w/ a direction

constant velocity

rep by quantity symbol, anactual quantity, labeled vector arrow, both the

size (speed) and the direction stay the same.

Average VelocityDef. the overall rate of change of position from

start to finish

Comparing Average Speed and AverageVelocity

Average Velocity is the resultantdisplacement from start to finish, divided by the

total time taken. Average velocity does not

depend on the speeds throughout it’s path.

CHAPTER 12 – DISPLACEMENT,VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

12.1 Position-Time Graphs

def. looks very much like a distance-time graph

straight line=equal distance in equal intervals of

time*the slope of a position-time graph in the rise/run

or the velocity of the motion

instantaneous velocitychange in position over

an extremely short period of time, like ainstantaneous speed plus a direction

12.2 Velocity-Time Graphs

accelerationcalculated as the change in

velocity over time

*now velocity has a direction associated with it,

and so is a vector quantity






12.5 Acceleration and Velocity

acceleration can be calculated as change in speed

in a given time

VECTOR acceleration is change in velocity in agiven time

12.6 Displacement from Velocity-Time

Graphs

To calculate the resultant displacement from

velocity-time graph, first you must calculate the

total area under the line

12.7 Acceleration Due to Gravity

Acceleration due to gravity describes the motionof an object falling towards a large body, such as

a planet

UNIT 3 WEATHER DYNAMICS

CHAPTER 13 – GLOBAL WEATHER

DYNAMICS

13.1 A Closer Look at the Earth

weather is the set of environmental conditions

encountered from day to dayclimateis the set of environmental conditions

averaged over many years

13.2 Earth’s Energy Balance

4 methods of energy transfer:

1. radiation

2. conduction

3. convection4. advection

13.4 The Atmosphere

def. blanket of air and moisture that surrounds

the earth

Atmospheric Layers:

1. troposphere

2. tropopause

3. stratosphere

4. mesosphere5. thermosphere

6. exosphere

temperature gradientchange of temp. over a

distance, temp. gradient of troposphere is about –

6 degrees Celsius per 1000m, above troposphere

temp. gradient uniform

Atmosphere Pressure

Def. the pressure the air exerts as gravity pulls it

towards the center of the earth

Pressure gradientmeasure of the amount the

atmospheric pressure changes across a setdistance, can be vertical or horizontal

13.6 Prevailing Wind Patterns

def. winds that affect large areas

The Coriolis EffectDef. apparent change of direction of a moving

object in a rotating system

Major Prevailing Winds:

At equator air rises

At 30degreesair falls

At 60degrees

aire risesAt the poles air falls

Jet Streamoccurs at about 30degrees latitude, a

high-altitude, east-ward flowing wind

13.8 The Hydrosphere

def. all of earth’s water, both fresh and salt,

liquid and ice, the hydrosphere makes up around70% of Earth’s surface

The Water Cycle:Three types of evaporation:

1. sublimation (ice)

2. evaporation (water)

3. transpiration (land)

13.9 Major Ocean Currents

def. vast volume of water at the equator where

radiation from sun is direct, oceans spreadaround the world by ocean currents and absorb

all this direct energy

13.11 Clouds and Fog

convective cloudsair near surface absorbs

energy (oceans, lakes, asphalt and dirt), becomes

warmer and rises in atmosphere carrying vapour

w/ it, expands, cools and loses energy, vapourcools and condenses, forming clouds

fogcloud that forms close to the ground

Classifying Clouds

2 general types of clouds:

1. Cumulus Clouds (round)2. Status Clouds (flat)






CHAPTER 14 – FORCASTING WEATHER

14.2 North American Weather Systems

weather systemset of temp., wind pressure,

and moisture conditions for a certain region,weather systems (mostly air masses) more fromwest to east

Air Masses

Def. a large body of air which the temp and

moisture content at a specific altitude is fairlyuniform, air takes moisture and temp properties

of the surface

Cold polar air brings dry, cold weather

Warm moist air brings wet, warm weather

Low Pressure System:• Bring cloudy skies and stormy weather

Cyclonelow pressure, counter-clockwise

swirling air

Stationary FrontDef. occurs when a boundary between warm and

cool air masses remain fairly till for some time

High-Pressure System

Anticyclonea high-pressure system that rotates

clockwise and brings clear skies

14.4 Regional Weather

Sea Breezes

Land Breezes

Lake-Effect SniwChinook Winds

14.5 Precipitation

def. wather that reaches the ground either asliquid or solid form, stage which follows

condensation freezing or sublimation

14.6 Humidity

def. measure of amount of water vapour in theatmosphere, afects the weather as well as how

comfortable you feel

Dew and Dew Point

Def. forms when air reaches the saturation temp.

meaning when the humidity is 100%, temp atwhich dew forms is called the dew point

14.8 Weather Heritage and Lore-Indian

Summer

Weather Satellites and Aircraft

Weather satelliteorbiting spacecraft, regularly

gathersweather related data

Ground-Based TechnologyThermometer measures max and min temps.Anemometer measures wind speed and dirction

Rain gaugemeasures rainfall

Hydrometer measures humidity

Aneroid Barometer measure atmospheric

pressure

CHAPTER 15 – EXTREME WEATHER

EVENTS

15.1 Weather Records and Events

• Reported in media

15.3 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes

thunderstormstorm w/lightning, thunder andheavy rain

3 main stages:1. developing stage – updrafts occur

2. Mature stage – updrafts and downdrafts

cause unstable circulation cycle, heavy precipitaion

3. Final Stage – reduced precipitaion

Tornadoessevere storm, rotating funnel of air

extends from base of storm cloud to ground

15.4 Floods and Droughts

floodexcess water from rain, rivers/oceansoverland that can’t soak up any more water

droughtlong period w/much less rainfall than

average

15.6 Hurricanes, Typhoons and Tropical

Cyclones

hurricanesevere cyclone that occurs in west

Atlantic Ocean, Carribean Sea and Gulf of

Mexicotyphoonsevere cyclone that develops in NW

Pacific Oceantropical cyclonesevere cyclone that developsin Indian Ocean and area around Australia

15.7 Blizzards

def. a severe snowstorm w/ strong winds and low

temps.

15.9 Extreme Heat and Cold





Gr. 10 Science Academic Cram Notes 1 heat wave period of more than 3 days at or

above 32 degrees

temp inversionwarm layers of air in a high-

pressure system move over and push downcooler air

Extreme Cold and Wind ChillDef. Measure of the cooling effect of wind on a

body

15.12 El Nino and La Nina

def. extreme weather events around world were aresult

El Nino

• Shift in ocean currents

• Temp gets warmer

La Nina• Opposite of El Nino – shift to colder than

average temps. In eastern pacific

• Hurricanes develop more easily

CHAPTER 16 – FORCASTING THE FUTURE

16.1 Evidence of Change

Temperature is one factor

16.2 Greenhouse Effect and Ozone Depletion

def. Sun’s energy being reflected off the surface

of the Earth and reflecting back through

atmosphere where CO2 and othe gasses (low%)

molecules absorb this energy and re-radiate it back to the earth

16.5 Microclimates

def. set of atmospheric conditions that differ

from those of surronding areas

16.7 Our Disapearing Forests

deforestationthe removal (cutting down) of

trees

effects:

• Increased CO2

• Moderate temps

•

No flood stoppers

16.8 Canada’s Fragile North

The Nothern Habitat

Tundravast treeless region where the ground beneath is frozen with little precip. And windy

conditions

16.10 Weather of the Future

• 2 factors will affect weather: natural events(hurricanes, volcanoes) and human activities

(cars, pollution)






UNIT 4 SUSTAINING ECOSYSTEMS

CHAPTER 1 – DIVERSITY IN ECOSYSTEMS

Ecosystemrelationship between populations of

species and abiotic (non-living) factors in their

environment

Food chainstep by step sequence linking

organisms that feed on each other

Producersstarting food source (ie.grass)

Consumersanimals and other living organisms

that feed on the plants and each other

Decomposersorganisms that break downdetritus to get nutrients for own use

Herbivoresanimals that eat plantsCarnivoresanimals that eat other animals

Omnivoresanimals that eat both plant and

animals

1.2 Canada’s Endangered Species

Classifying

Extincta species no longer found anywhere

Endangeredclose to extinction in all parts

Extripatedno longer exists in one partThreatenedlikely to become endangered

Vulerableat risk

1.3 Extinction in the Modern World

• early years of 21st century, est. one every 30minutes

biodiversity# of species in ecosystem andvariety within those species

“Domino Effect”removal of one part from

ecosystem can cause collapse of entire chain

1.5 Ecology

abioticnot living

bioticliving populationall members of the same species

living in the same ecosystemcommunitycollection of all populations

ecotones both ecosystems interact with

eachother

1.10 Energy in Ecosystem

• source of all energy for all ecosystems is sun

photosynthesis process by which green plantsuse sunlight energy to produce carbohydrates

1.11 Following Energy Movement in

Ecosystems

tropic levelhow animals and plants get and

gain their energy

autotrophsmake own food

primary consumer rely on autotrophssecondary consumersrely on primary

consumers and autotrophs

heterotrophsconnot make own food, rely onautotrophs and other heterotrophs

CHAPTER 2 – CHANGE AND STABILITY IN

ECOSYSTEMS

2.1 Cycling Matter in Ecosystems

• Decay: process invovling cycling

2.2 Pesticides

Def. chemicals used to kill pests






Bioamplification pesticides transfer throughout

the food chain and become more concentrated as

tropic level gets higher

2.5 The Crabon Cyclesee text diagram and explaination

2.6 The Nitrogen Cycle

def. movement of nitrogen throughout the

ecosystem

• Converted through nitrogen fixation

2.7 Agriculture and Nutrient Cycles

Fertilizers and Ecosystems:Def. materials used to restore nutrients, increase

production from land

Accumilation produces environmental problem

2.9 Monitoring Changes in Population

2.10 Limits on Populations

Biotic Potentialthe max number of offspringthat a species could produce, if resources were

unlimited

Limiting Factorsany resources that are shortare limiting factors on a population growth

Carrying Capacitymax number of individuals

of species that can be supported indefinitely by

an ecosystem

Law of Tolerancean organism can survivewithin (tolerant) a certain range of a biotic factor.

Above or below it cannot survive

CHAPTER 3 – SUSTAINING TERRESTRIAL

ECOSYSTEMS

Sustainable ecosystema type of ecosystem that

can survive and function in the present time

3.1 Canadian Biomes

Def. collection of ecosystems that are similar orrelated

Candian Biomes:1. Tundra

2. Boreal Forest

3. Temperate Deciduas Forests4. Grasslands

3.2 Biogeography

Temperature, water, wind and light are major

components of climate

Plant adaptationhow plants adapt to thechange in their climate

3.3 Soil and its Formation

Components of Soil (layers):

1. Litter

2. Topsoil

3. Subsoil4. Bedrock

Formation of soilcaused by weathering(breaking down of particles by snow, wind, frost

or rain)

3.7 Agriculture and Food Productions

3.10 Logging Forests

Clear Cuttingsremoval of all trees in rea foruse in timber and pulp

Selective Cuttingonly a few trees in the area

are cut down

3.11 Acid Deposition and Forest Ecosystems

acid precipitation pollution which has

evaporated and returned to the ground

CHAPTER 4 – SUSTAINING AQUATIC

ECOSYSTEMS

4.1 Abiotic Factors in Lakes

Structure of Lakes (layers):

1. Littorial Zonearea extending out from

lakeshore to point where plant rooted in bottom of lake can no longer be found

2. Limnetic Zonearea of open lake where

there is enough light for photosynthesis

3. Porfoundal Zoneregion beneath, not

enough light for photosythesis

Oligtrophiclakes are typically deep and cold

Eutrophicgenerally shallow and warmer,excellent supply of nutrients

4.2 Source of Water Pollution

4.7 Marine Ecosystem






Costal zoneshallow water from the high tide

mark on land to the edge of continental shelf

Open Seacooler water, contains less mineralsand nutrients

Tidal Marshes periodically flooded by hightides, both plants and animals

Estuarieswhere river and streams flow into the

ocean

*cold water is more dense than warm water

4.8 Crude Oil in Marine Ecosystems

• Oil creates a lot of pollution in out Marine

Ecosystems

Light oiloil that floats, kills many birds and

other creatures that live near surface water

Heavy oil oil that sinks, kills creatures likemussels, crabs, etc.

4.9 Managing Fish Populations

Sustainable yeildsize of catch is balanced by birth rate and survival rate (about 100 million

tons)

=catch must not be greater than the number offish that reach reproductive age

*fish population is rapidly decling


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