grace hopper celebration a breath of fresh air presented by kim griggs, isha kaur, max, amanda

Grace Hopper Celebration

A Breath of Fresh Air

presented by

kim griggs, isha kaur,max , amanda

Historical Women in Computing

Presented by Kim Griggs

In The Beginning it was Women's Work...

● Statistically the 80's show the greatest numbers of women participating in CS academics.

● First Department of Computer Sciences in the United States was established at Purdue University in October 1962.

● 1980's show an increase in enrollment in CS for both males and females and an increase in enrollment for women in all fields.


● Only Considering Women

since the '80s is like saying

Bill Gates invented computers. Babbage might complain.


Early Mathematicians

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) In 1839, an Englishman Charles Babbage designed and developed the first true mechanical digital computer, which he described as a "difference engine.” He was assisted in his work by a woman mathematician, Ada Countess Lovelace, the daughter of Lord Byron.

They worked out the mathematics of mechanical computation, becoming the first programmers.

In her article, published in 1843, Lady Lovelace's comments included her predictions that such a machine might be used to compose complex music, to produce graphics, and would be used for both practical and scientific use. She was correct.


Early MathematiciansEdith Clark (1883-1959)

In 1918, Edith enrolled in the EE program at MIT, earning her MSc. degree (the first degree ever awarded by that

department to a woman) in June 1919.

She then took a job as a computor for GE, and in 1921 filed a patent for a "graphical calculator" to be employed in solving electric power transmission line problems.

In 1947, she accepted an EE professorship at the University of Texas, Austin, and became the first woman to teach engineering there.


Early MathematiciansRósa Péter (1905-1977)

Rósa researched Gödel's work, and in a series of papers she became a founder of

recursive function theory.

Rósa wrote Recursive Functions in 1951, which was the first book on the topic and became a standard reference.

In 1952 Kleene, the farther of recursion, described Rósa Péter in a paper as ``the leading contributor to the special theory of recursive functions."

From the mid 1950's she applied recursive function theory to computers. In 1976 her last book was on this topic: Recursive Functions in Computer Theory.

It may well be said that she forged, with her bare hands, the theory of primitive recursive functions into existence.


WWII

Rosie the Riveter was joined in non-traditional

labor by Betty the

Programmer-


WWII In 1942 US Army Women’s Corps placed this advertisement

in newspapers across America:

"The need for women engineers and scientists is growing both in industry and government... Women are being offered scientific and engineering jobs where formerly men were preferred. Now is the time to consider your job in science and engineering ... you will find that the slogan there as elsewhere is 'WOMEN WANTED!’ ".

The army wanted women with mathematics degrees for the war effort.


WWII

The first programmers started out as "Computers."

Women were regarded as capable of doing this work more rapidly and accurately than men.

It was thought that women were more capable since the task was too repetitive for men.

Like Teachers and Actuaries at the time, computing was destined to be women's work.


WWII

Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli recalls computing in 1946:

" To hand-compute just one of these trajectories took 30 or 40 hours of sitting at a desk with paper and a calculator. As you can imagine, they were soon running out of young women to do the calculations. Actually, my title working for the ballistics project was `computer.' The idea was that I not only did arithmetic but also made the decision on what to do next. ENIAC made me, one of the first `computers,' obsolete.”


ENIAC


ENIAC

When the designers of ENIAC were looking for programmers, six women were chosen to design and build the trajectory program.

The women, Kathleen McNulty, Frances Bilas, Betty Jean Jennings, Betty Snyder, Ruth Lictermann and Marlyn Wescoff, were all highly skilled in mathematics and most held a college degree.

These "Women of ENIAC" were vital to the ENIAC's success, working in a field that until this time could be described as 'men-only. But, they were not given the same professional rating as their male counterparts with identical education and experience (Moye 1996). Their rating was actually SP meaning "subprofessional".


ENIAC

The famous image on the left has haunted the women who worked on ENIAC and has contributed to the misconception that they were little more than low-level technicians who set up the machine according to the instructions of others.


ENIAC

The Eniac was a gigantic beast of cables and wires, and programs were run by directly setting its dials and switches.

That is what the women are doing in the famous, misleading photograph.

What was required before you could touch those switches was the knowledge to

break down differential equations into difference equations, and a further knowledge of the sequence in which those operations needed to be set on the machine. In addition, the buses were separate, so one had to consider conflicts in the instruction paths and data paths.

"We were down at the system level," said Bartik, "a physicalization of if/then statements."


Early Women Programmers

Frances "Betty" Snyder Holberton One of the six women the Army

chose to program the ENIAC. Mrs. Holberton took responsibility for the central unit that

directed program sequences.

After programming the ENIAC, Betty Holberton joined the company founded by Eckert and Mauchly and worked on the first commercial computers. She influenced the design of portions of the hardware for the UNIVAC and was responsible for much of the software of the first UNIVAC, She wrote the C-10 instruction code for UNIVAC I, forever making programming easier and faster for programmers. She designed the control console for UNIVAC I and its computer keyboards and numeric keypad. In 1952, she designed the first sort merge generator for UNIVAC I which pointed the way for Grace Murray Hopper to develop the earliest compiler. She played an active and influential role in the design and standardization of both COBOL and FORTRAN languages.

Grace Hopper later described Betty Holberton as being the best programmer she had ever known.


Early Women Programmers Admiral Grace Hopper Grace Hopper received her PhD in 1934. She was one

of four women in a doctoral program of ten students, and her doctorate in mathematics was a rare accomplishment in its day. In 1943, she joined the United States Naval Reserve to assist her country in its wartime challenges.

In 1949 she joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation as a Senior Mathematician. On her arrival at Cruft Laboratory she immediately encountered the Mark I computer. Admiral Hopper became the third person to program the Mark I.

A true visionary, Admiral Hopper conceptualized how a much wider audience could use the computer if there were tools that were both programmer-friendly and application-friendly.



Admiral Grace Hopper She began yet another pioneering effort of UNIVAC

I, the first large-scale electronic digital computer. To ease their task, Admiral Hopper encouraged programmers to collect and share common portions of programs. Even though these early shared libraries of code had to be copied by hand, they reduced errors, tedium, and duplication of effort.

Admiral Hopper and her team extended this improvement on binary code with the development of her first compiler, the A-O.

Pursuing her belief that computer programs could be written in English, Admiral hopper moved forward with the development for Univac of the B-O compiler,later known as FLOW-MATIC.



Admiral Grace Hopper "[FLOW-MATIC] was the only business-oriented

programming language in use at the time COBOL development started...( a member of the Short

Range Committee says) Without FLOW-MATIC we probably never would have had a COBOL."

Admiral Hopper led an effort to standardize COBOL and to persuade the entire Navy to use this high-level computer language.

Another major effort in Admiral Hopper's life was the standardization of compilers. This concept of validation has had widespread impact on other programming languages and organizations; it eventually led to national and international standards and validation facilities for most programming languages.


The Decline With the Civil Rights movement more women were getting involved with non-traditional jobs. Computer Science as an academic was increasing. But the establishment of academic computer science gave mixed results.

Unlike Mathematics which had a 30% enrollment for women, Computer Science only had 13%. Some point to the fact that CS took on a more experimental focus from Engineering, a field in which historically women have not been welcomed. Some conjecture that if CS had more associated itself with mathematics we would not be seeing such a low enrollment of women.

Also with the establishment of computer science as an academic the amount of inhouse training programs were declining by the 70's. Employers started to want experience and degrees. The backdoor routes many woman had used to enter the computer science field were closing.


Private and Academic Sect

In the 1950's computer machines moved to corporate offices which were in need of programmers. 13-31% of the programmers at that time were women.

For most men, women were associated with low-skill clerical labor, even though many of the ENIAC 'girls' had actually possessed college degrees in mathematics.

The new generation of female programmers was being recruited from the ranks of keypunch operators or 'coders.' In an era when programmers were anxious to distinguish programming as a creative intellectual activity from coding as manual and narrowly technical labor, these women represented the lowest rungs of the occupational hierarchy ("There's nothing lower than a coder")

But there were many women who were “programming”...


Pioneers in the 50's

Evelyn Boyd Granville Earned her doctorate in Mathematics in 1949 from Yale

University, she was one of the first African American women to earn a PhD in Mathematics.

During her career, she developed computer programs that were used for trajectory analysis in the Mercury Project (the first U.S. manned mission in space) and in the Apollo Project (which sent U.S. astronauts to the moon).


Pioneers in the 50's

Erna Schneider Hoover Erna Schneider earned a PhD in the philosophy

and foundations of mathematics from Yale University.

In 1954, after teaching for a number of years, she began a research career at Bell Laboratories.

While there, she invented a computerized switching system for telephone traffic, to replace existing hard-wired, mechanical switching equipment. For this ground-breaking achievement -- the principles of which are still used today -- she was awarded one of the first software patents ever issued (Patent #3,623,007, Nov. 23, 1971) .

At Bell Labs, she became the first female supervisor of a technical department.


Pioneers in the 50's Fran Allen Ms. Allen is a pioneer in the field of optimizing

compilers. She helped create one of the first automatic debugging systems.

In the early 1980s, she formed the Parallel TRANslation (PTRAN) group to study the issues involved in compiling for parallel machines. The group was considered one of the top research groups in the world working with parallelization issues.

Her work on these projects culminated in algorithms and technologies that form the basis for the theory of program optimization and are widely used in today's commercial compilers throughout the industry.


The Decline The introduction of the personal

computer in 1975, the Altair, was advertised in Popular Electronics, a mainly male read magazine

A shift in popular culture's image of the computer industry, and hence the gender gap, begins.


The Decline The first video game was geared

toward males.

For many children video games are their first experience with computers.

The fact that most games are competitived and often violent turns girls off of further exploration of the tool.

Space Wars


The Decline

By the 80's computer science had become a male-dominate field.

The image of a programmer turned from being

a women to that of predominately white young men.

In 1987 womens enrollment in CS peaks at 30% and has been declining since.

This correlates with the glorification of the geek popular culture.

Some say CS has a marketing problem.

Historical Women in Computing

Many people have made computer science what it is. But let us not forget that many were women.

Where would Computer Science be without these pioneering Women?

Where can Computer Science go with a new generation of Women in computing?

Future of Women in Computing

● The Following slides were prepared from material contained in:

Recruitment and Retention of Women Graduate Students in Computer Science and Engineering.

By Janice Cuny and William Aspray


If we want a different outcome, we’re going to have to do things differently. We’re making too little progress doing more of the same thing. — John White, Dean of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.

● Many departments are interested in improving their ability to compete for the limited number of women applying to graduate school.

● What is needed is an effort by all departments to increase the total number of women in computing-related graduate programs nationally.


● Recommendations for Increasing the Numbers of Enrolling Women in Computer Science– Broaden the recruitment pool beyond students with

undergraduate CSE majors.– Broaden the criteria used in admissions and be

flexible in their application.– Encourage reentry students.– Provide bridging opportunities to entering graduate

students.


● Recommendations for Increasing the Numbers of Enrolling Women in Computer Science– Explicitly include diversity considerations in your

admissions process.– Review all departmental publications for both text

and images containing overt or subtle messages that might discourage women from applying.

– Be proactive in making recruiting contacts.


● Recommendations for Increasing the number of women in CSE Graduate Programs Nationally– Inform your undergraduates about the opportunities

and rewards of a research career, giving them timely information about appropriate preparation for such a career.

– Provide undergraduate women with exposure to computing research.

– Give individual encouragement to your women undergraduates.


● Recommendations for Increasing the number of women in CSE Graduate Programs Nationally– Actively counter negative stereotypes and

misperceptions of computer science and engineering.● All computer scientists are nerd hackers.● Working with people and working with computers

are mutually exclusive.● You cannot be successful in graduate school unless

you are highly competitive.– Provide women role models for your undergraduates.


● Recommendations for Retaining Women through Graduation– Be diligent at mentoring women graduate students.– Help to create a peer community for your women

students.– Broaden the institutional culture of the department to

accept a range of personal choices in balancing work and life.


● Grass Roots Effort in this Department

– Women in Computer Science (WICS)● Planned Activities

–Tutoring–Mentoring–Networking–Peer Advising–Unix Introduction

grace hopper celebration a breath of fresh air presented by kim griggs, isha kaur, max, amanda

Documents

womens work

gdels work

amandahistorical women

computer theory

women engineers

us army womens corps

greatest numbers of

early mathematiciansrsa