Global Responses to the Rise of the West

History of Imperialism

World in 1900

British Empire in 1900

“The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

Dutch Empire

German Empire in 1914

India “The Jewel in the Crown”

1661 1st British trade center at Bombay– 1690 British establish center at Calcutta

1707 Start of Mughal decline

1756-1763 Seven Years’ War– British East India Co. uses sepoys

1857 Sepoy Rebellion

1858 Beginning of the British Raj

Indian Resistance to British RuleReforms– Ram Mohan Roy

Cooperation– Indian National Congress (1885)

Nationalism– Radical movement centered on

Hinduism

– Called for independence and revolts

– Paved path for Gandhi, etc.Ram Mohan Roy

Impact of British rule in India

Positive:– Western education– Social reforms

• Keep the caste system

– Technology• Railroads

• Telegraph lines

– Brought into the global market economy

Negative:– Move towards cash crops

lead to famines– Drain India of resources– Taxes used to pay for

army and generous salaries for administrators

– Increase in chronic poverty

British Railways in India

Left: the Darjeeling ExpressAbove: Queen Victoria station

Famine in India 1877

French Empire

Light Blue: 1st French colonial empire; Dark Blue: 2nd French colonial empire

French in Vietnam1600s Jesuit priests arrive in Vietnam; French trade with Vietnam follows

1802 French help Gia Long unite Vietnam

1820-1841 Minh Mang replaces Gia Long and begins to persecute Christians

Persecutions plus pressures in Europe provided justification for French conquest

By 1890s France controlled Vietnam (later would add Cambodia and Laos)

Vietnamese Resistance

Guerrilla warfare – “Save the King Movement”

Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)– Fail to create mass

movement– Replaced by Communist

Party of Vietnam (Viet Minh)

• Dominated by Ho Chi Minh

Bastille Day in Vietnam

Imperialism in Africa

Left: Africa in 1878

Right: Africa in 1914

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

British Imperialism in South Africa

1652 1st Dutch settlement at Cape Town

1815 British annex Cape Town

1830 Boers begin Great Trek

1867 Diamonds discovered in Orange Free State

1885 Gold discovered in Transvaal

1899-1902 Boer Wars

Images of Britain in Africa

British in Imperialism in Egypt

1798 Invasion of Egypt by Napoleon

1805 Muhammad Ali and his successors modernize Egypt– Borrow heavily from England and France– Build Suez Canal

1882 Nationalist uprisings threaten Egyptian government– Egypt becomes a protectorate of Great Britain

Suez Canal

Egyptian Responses

Reforms– Muhammad Ali

Nationalism– Arabs see British control of

Egypt as double colonization– Dinshawi incident (1906)

Islamic Fundamentalism– Mahdi

Legacy of the Mahdi

Mahdi army of Muqtada al-Sadr in Iraq

Ottoman Empire in the 19th c.

Called the “Sick Man of Europe”

Why? Just a few examples…– Power struggles between government, religious experts,

Janissaries, and other elites– Ayan (landlords) skimmed tax revenue– Import of European manufactures caused a decline in

the artisan class– Empire became economically dependent on Europe– External threats from Egypt, Austria-Hungary, Russia,

and Balkan nationalism• Greece gained its independence in 1830

Ottoman Territorial Losses

Ottoman Reforms

Early reforms of Selim III (1789-1807) resisted by Janissaries

Janissaries slaughtered by Mahmud II in 1826

Tanzimat Reforms– Modernize military and bureaucracy– University education focusing on math & science– Western technology (telegraphs, railroads, etc.)– Constitution of 1876

Few changes for lower class & women

Resistance to Reforms & Revolt

Religious conservatives– Ulama

Individual sultans– Abdul Hamid (1878-1908)– Overthrown in 1908

Ottoman Society for Union Progress– “Young Turks”—Nationalism– Establish a parliamentary system– Led Ottoman Empire into WWI

The Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)

Founded by a Manchu warlord

Traditional Chinese dynasty

Qing Golden Age– Kangxi (1662-1722)– Yongzheng (1722-1735)

– Qianlong (1735-1796)

Dynasty in declines after the death of Qianlong– White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)

China: Decline of a Civilization

Internal Breakdown

Opium War

Taiping Rebellion

Self-Strengthening Movement

Failure of Force– Sino-Japanese War– Boxer Rebellion– Chinese Revolution of 1912

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

Lin Zexu destroying opium. In the summer of 1939, Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium. It took 500 laborers 22 days to destroy all of the opium.

The 1st Opium War (1839-1842)

Legacy of the Opium War

“Unequal Treaties”– Opens 5 ports to trade

with Britain

British gain control of Hong Kong

British gain extraterritoriality

Does NOT address sale of opium

Chinese hero, Lin Zexu

Causes of the Taiping Rebellion

Anti-Manchu sentiment– Strongest among southern

laborers who were mostly Han Chinese

– Caused by a myriad of problems

• Natural disasters, economic collapse, government corruption and the defeat in the Opium War

Leadership of Hong Xiuquan– Brother of Jesus?

Statue of Taiping leader Hong Xiuquan

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

Hong Xiuquan’s army was able to seize 44 Chinese cities including the Southern capital of Nanjing (picture above).

Aftermath of the Taiping Rebellion

Self-Strengthening Movement– Modernize the army

– Improve infrastructure– Relied on foreign investment

Resisted by Neo-Confucian scholars and Dowager Empress Cixi (1861-1908)

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Dowager Empress Cixi, “the

Dragon Lady”

Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895

Western Spheres of Influence

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Fall of the Qing Dynasty

Death of Dowager Cixi

Sun Yat-sen’s 3 Principles of the People– Nationalism, Democracy, and

People’s Welfare

Qing falls in 1912– End of the imperial system

Replaced by the Republic of China– Sun Yat-sen named 1st president

Sun Yat-sen

Decline of Tokugawa Shogunate

By early 19th century, Japanese society was in turmoil– Declining agricultural productivity– Harsh taxes on peasants– Periodic crop failures, famine, and starvation

– Samurai and daimyo are in debt to merchants

Some Positives– Highest literacy rate outside of the West

Challenge of the West

Arrival of Matthew Perry (1853)– Unequal Treaties

• Similar to the treaties signed by the Qing dynasty

– Perry’s “Black Ships” steam into Tokyo Bay

– Force the Japanese to establish trade and diplomatic relations with the U.S.

Japanese depiction of Admiral Matthew Perry

Internal ConflictShogunate’s deals with West viewed as dishonorable– Popular slogan: “Revere the emperor, expel the

barbarians”

Demands for reform include lowering rice prices & expulsion of foreign “barbarians”Revolution?– Two minor wars between supporters of

emperor and supporters of the shogun– January 3, 1868, the last shogun abdicated and

the shogunate was destroyed

Modernization: Meiji Restoration

Abolish feudal order– Daimyo removed from power

– Samurai class is abolished

Constitutional government– Constitution of 1889 establishes constitutional

monarchy with legislature– Emperor commanded armed forces, named

prime minister, and appoint the cabinet– Suffrage limited—only 5% could vote in 1890

New Meiji Government

Left: Structure of Meiji Governement; Above:

Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor

Modernization: Meiji RestorationJapanese industrialization– Modernize the military, transportation,

communication, education, etc.– Creation of zaibatsu

• Combination of state initiative and private investment

• Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful families

• Many companies started by men of samurai origins

Japan’s Economic Growth

Social DevelopmentsNo reforms to ease burdens on rural population

Massive population growth– Strained resources and kept labor costs low

Role of women– Maintain inferiority of women in the home

– High-school education for women (1899)– Silk industry relied upon women working in

factories

Japanese Imperialism

Sino-Japanese War– Japan gains influence

over Korea & Manchuria

Russo-Japanese War– Japan’s navy leads to

victory over Russia

Japan annexes Korea in 1910

Latin American Independence

Factors– Creole leadership

• Simon Bolivar

– The Enlightenment– Napoleon’s conquest

of Spain• Mask of Ferdinand

– Native unrest• Father Miguel de

Hidalgo

– Distance

Problems After Independence

Political rivalries– Centralists vs. federalists– Liberals vs. conservatives– Caudillos

• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna– Victorious at the Alamo!

• Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)

– Role of the Catholic church– Creoles vs. natives– Western interference

Santa Anna

Economic Problems

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Economic Imperialism?– Britain replaced Spain as the dominant

economic force in Latin America– Economy continued to depend upon exports– Britain dominated until 1860

Modernization theory vs. Dependency theory

U.S. Intervention in Latin America

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)– Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Spanish-American War– U.S. gains Puerto Rico, the

Philippines, Guam– “Independence” for Cuba

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

Panama Canal– Completed August 1914

U.S. Imperialism

U.S. Imperialism

“Big Stick” foreign policy

Mexico (1821-1876)1821-1850’s marked by political instability– Defeat in Mexican-

American war began a nationalist movement

Benito Juarez (1858-1872)– La Reforma

• Attempted massive land reform

– Reforms challenged the Catholic church

Benito Juarez

Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910)Industrialized Mexico– Built railroads– Improved banking system– Focused on oil & mining

– Depended on foreign investment

Increasingly autocratic

Oppressed political opposition– Arrested Francisco Madero

in 1910Porfirio Diaz

Argentina

After independence dominated by caudillos

Politically stabilized after 1862

Economic growth based on exports– Primary export is beef– Industrialization dependent on foreign capital

Large numbers of immigrants from Europe– 3.5 million from Italy, Germany, Russia, etc.– Golondrinas

Latin American Society

Few changes for women in Latin America– Remained under the control of their fathers and

husbands• Machismo

– Lower class had more economic freedoms– Gained more access to education

Racial castes were formally abolished– Racial and ethnic tensions continued

• Few major/ethnic reforms