GqozoSebe

Afflicted Ciskei Headman ship and Tribal Authority System, amidst a Democratising

South African Countryside

Luvuyo Wotshela

Late 1980s – Early 1990s Insurrection

Tribal Authorities / Government Formations

Constituencies overlap significantly

Church Bodies Migrant Labourers Stock Farmers Civil Servants

Formations of Residents’ Association/ Civic Associations

(SANCO)

VS

Constituencies overlap significantly

Church Bodies Migrant Labourers Stock Farmers Civil Servants Youth & Women Formation

Ciskei Headman ship & TA System in Historical Context

1927 Act : State appointed Headman 1934 : General Council = Ciskei and Territories (imitate of Transkei's Bunga Headmen Mediators between African areas and the NAD during intro

of rehabilitation schemes 1951 B A Act: Imposition of TAs 1958 : Ciskei paramountcy revived under Velile Sandile (Mngqesha west of

King Williams Town) 1961: Ciskei Territorial Authority established with 31 TAs 1972: Ciskei granted self-governance

Glen Grey

Herschel

Hewu

Keiskammahoek

Mdantsane

Middledrift

Peddie

Victoria

East

Zwelitsha

No. of Tribal

Authorities

Three (3)

Six (6)

Four (4)

Two (2)

Five (5)

Two (2)

Seven (7)

Four (4)

Eight (8)

Names of Tribal

Authorities

HalaGcinaMhlontlo

AmaQwathiAmaVundlaAmaHlubiMyemaneBasothoBaTlokwa

ZulukamaShilohMdadlanaNdlovukazi

Keiskammahoek SouthKeiskammahoek North

KweleraNowawaNxaruniKwenxuraTsholomnqa

AmagqunukwebeGaika-Mbo

AmaHlubiTyefuMareledwanaDabiNjokweniMsutuBhele

ZwelonkeTyumeGagaHealdtown

AmahlekePeeltonImidushaneImiqayiAmaGaselaAmaNtindeAmahlati FingoZibulu

District Population

103,438 76,821 31,312 26,002 102,649 35,133 29,838 26,476 91,895

Overall Total Population 523,564

Ciskei districts and Tribal Authorities by 1972 (Jackson Survey)

Ciskei Pre-1975

Ciskei- after consolidation post-1975 (Wotshela, 2001)

TA System under Challenge

Adherence to TA Benefaction Land & related recourses within

TA controlled villages Access to basic services and

rights “schooling, health & welfare facilities”

Dissidents Non- Benefaction Informal access to Land & related

recourses within TA controlled villages

Informal access to basic services and rights “schooling, health & welfare facilities”

Occasionally terminated or withheld hence advocated for by NGOs and recruited by Civic organisations

TA System Crumbled

TA system crumbled but key challenges are persistent reinterating chieftaincy into the municipal system

Thank You