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GPtech Power Plant Controller and Solutions
for the management of Hybrid Generation
Plants
Kovilan Naicker, Sales Manager
CBI-electric Solutions, South Africa
Introduction
Hybrid Generation Plants (HPPs) are complete
solutions for power generation using two or
more primary energy sources, usually being one
or more renewables.
Solar PV Wind Biomass Geotherm Gas Diesel Coil Fuel Cell Batteries
Introduction
Hybrid combination can be made at different generation
levels depending on the conversion processes. Most
important are:
We will refer here to Electricity Level Plant type
Electricity Level PV Plants
Wind Plants
Hydro or Small-hydro
Diesel Generator
…
Heat Conversion in Combined Cycle Gas
Solar thermal
Biomass
Geothermal
…
Introduction
Power range goes from domestic one kilowatt
installations to several megawatts for utility-scale
purposes.
2,4 MW Wind Diesel Plant in Galapagos
<100 KW PV - Diesel Plant in
Tanzania (source: ARE)
HPP Principal Elements
Hybrid Generation
Storage
Batteries
Fuel Cell
Water Pumps
Renewable Source
Wind
Sun PV
Biomass
Conventional
Diesel
Gas
Coil
Importance of Storage
Capabilities
Reaction between offer and demand not balanced quickly enough
(in a few seconds) can result in a blackouts of the system
One single wind facility or PV Installation alone, due to the
intermittence nature of the generation, cannot power to a significant
population without risks
Diesel Generators as energy backup imply fuel energy dependence
and higher generation costs.
Utilization of energy storage technology is the way to get
grid stability and support the growth of intermittent wind
and solar electricity capacity.
Technology Selection
Different technologies have to be integrated to achieve a
unique and robust power system.
A feasibility study must be completed considering
different factors:
Scope and specific objectives for the project
The load, resources and infrastructures available at site
Different renewable energies potential capacity
Preferred technologies to be implemented for economical, social,
political and other factors
Elements can be interconnected both in DC and AC
DC Coupled Configuration
Components are connected to DC bus.
Load to DC
machines and
Direct Battery
Charge.
Diesel can be
connected to AC
side or DC side
through a converter
Best for small plants
without AC Load grid
requirement
SOLAR PV
WIND
HIDRO
DIESEL
GENERATOR
BATTERY
STORAGE
AC
CONNECTION
POWER PLANT CONTROL
Sample DC Load Configuration
DC LOAD
AC Coupled Configuration
Generators are interconnected to the AC-side.
Parallel and
independents
connections
Distributed control
Best for Utility High
Capacity Plants
SOLAR PV
WIND
HIDRO
DIESEL
GENERATOR
BATTERY
STORAGE
AC CONNECTION
POWER PLANT
CONTROL
Sample AC Load Configuration
HPPs Principal Connection
Schemes
Isolated systems Load power by additional generation systems.
Network infrastructure at the point of consumption is insufficient
and expensive to expand.
Rural and remote sited installations, Development Zones,
Natural Reserves and protected environment
Micro-grid combined to traditional grid Backup for the primary energy
Decrease external consumption
Contribution to a Green Energy scheme
Industrial installations, Office and Residential Buildings
HPPs Principal Connection
Schemes
Connected to Weak Grid
Contributes to network regulation (ancillary services).
Contributes to improved quality and quick response
requirements in renewables sources grid connection.
Controlling the entire power systems is problematic.
Island Grids
Initial Conditions of Study
Single diesel generator serves the island, with capacity of 3.5 MW
Load factor is 0.37 and peak demand 2.7 MW
Oversized generation for a robust performance, with high penalty in
fuel consumption
Proposed alternative Solutions with PV and Storage
technologies, with different scenarios:
PV alone or combined with Storage
Diesel Alone or combined with Storage
Total Combination
Case Analysis: Hybrid PV–Diesel
with Storage in Caribe Island
Case Extracted from IRENA study about Hybrid Plants
Case Analysis: Hybrid PV–Diesel
with Storage in Caribe Island
Configuration Diesel Generator
(kW)
PV (kW) Storage (kW)
First cost ($1000)
Diesel use (mill.
liters/yr)
Levelized elec. cost (¢/kWh)
Renewables Fraction
Diesel 3,500 0 0 875 4 53.9 0
Diesel + Storage 3,500 0 1 2,875 3 42.6 0
Diesel + PV 3,500 500 0 3,375 3.9 55 0.10
Diesel + PV + Storage
3,500 2,000 2,000 14,875 2.0 42.4 0.28
PV + Storage 0 7,000 12,000 59,000 0.0 68.4 1.00
Case Extracted from IRENA study about Hybrid Plants
Economic evaluation based on the costs of purchasing,
installing and maintaining the different equipment selected,
and the price of fuel consumed in each option.
Case Analysis: Hybrid PV–Diesel
with Storage in Caribe Island
Diesel + PV + Storage
Very high inititial cost but it cuts diesel consumption by 50%
Lowest levelized electricity cost.
Case Extracted from IRENA study about Hybrid Plants
This is a technologically
complex system
Smart conversion devices
needed to optimize
operations
A sophisticated Power Plant Controller is required
Case Analysis: Management
system for hybrid PV-Diesel
The main goal is to achieve fuel savings
Complete system for the PV-Diesel Hybrid Generation,
with all benefits of managing Active and Reactive power
Advanced System with Power Plant Controller Unit
Made in collaboration with brand leader Caterpillar
Case Analysis: Management
system for hybrid PV-Diesel
Manages the active and reactive power of the PV Plant and storage
systems successfully.
Managing storage systems for optimal transient response.
Active management of loads
Configurable as Master Controller in isolated systems or to
communicate with the network operator for grid connected systems.
Average measure time: <50ms
Mean time for PLC control cycle: <50ms
Average time to close the control loop <350 ms
Flexibility to adapt to many communication protocols
Hybrid Power Plants in Smart
Grids: Puerto Rico MTRs
Future Smart Grids need high distributed control and
stability to balance supply and demand correctly.
In Puerto Rico, Minimum Technical Requirements
(MTRs) established by the Local Authority (PREPA) are
the most advanced requirements to connect Renewable
Plants to the electric grid.
Renewable Plants
should act as
conventional facilities
in unstable situations.
Hybrid Power Plants in Smart
Grids: Puerto Rico MTRs
Voltage Regulation System (VRS):
The facility shall contribute to the grid’s voltage regulation,
following the settings and reference of the utility’s operator
with a continuously variable and acting close loop
Frequency Ride-
Through
The frequency protection
will be set under PREPA
requirements.
Voltage Ride-Through
The generators shall be online
despite of the presence of
‘voltage sags’ (LVRT) and
Overvoltages (OVRT) in the grid
Hybrid Power Plants in Smart
Grids: Puerto Rico MTRs
Frequency
response/regulation
PV facility should respond
like a classical governor
due to primary frequency
regulation
Reactive Power Capability
The total power factor shall be from 0.85 lagging to 0.85
leading at the point of interconnection (POI).
Hybrid Power Plants in Smart
Grids: Proposed Hybrid Solution
Low voltage Ride-Through
Overvoltage Ride-Through
Multiple Sources Hybrid Control
Frequency Ride-Through
Power Quality requirements
SMART PV INVERTER
BPCS Battery Power Converter Solution
Ramp Rate Control
Frequency Power Control
Power Plant Controller PPC g3
Voltage Regulation System (VRS)
Active and Reactive Power Control
Power Quality requirements
Reactive Power Capability/ Minimum Power Factor
STORAGE SYSTEM
POWER PLANT CONTROLLER
POWER ELECTRONICS CONVERTERS
PLANT LEVEL
SOLUTION
Conclusion
Hybrid Power Plants optimize the advantages of
its different resources to provide higher quality
and better performing electricity generation.
Key for the future of energy development CO2 reduction and less fuel dependency
Development of sustainable solutions combining both fossil and
renewable sources.
Integration and retrofit of existing power sources
Access to energy in rural and remote environments
…