GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA

A REPORT ON EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT SITUATION BASED ON DATA COLLECTED IN STATE SAMPLE OF

61ST ROUND OF NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY (JULY, 2004 JUNE, 2005)

VOLUME I

Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department, Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PREFACE

The Directorate of Economics and Statistics has prepared a report on Employment and Unemployment situation based on the data of state sample collected in the 61st round (July, 2004 June, 2005) of National Sample Survey.

2. Volume I of the report contains important findings of the survey in Executive Summary while important results are given in Survey Findings. Estimation procedure, concepts and definitions and some statistical tables are given in Volume II, which is available on the website http://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in along with detailed tables.

3. I hope results of this survey will be useful to senior officers of the Government involved in policy framing, researchers, economists and academicians. Suggestions and comments on the report are welcome and may be sent at the e-mail address nss.des@hotmail.com. Mumbai Director of Economics and Statistics, March, 2010 Planning Department,

Government of Maharashtra

CONTENTS

Sr. No. Chapter Description Page No. 1 Chapter 1 Executive Summary 1

2 Chapter 2 Survey Findings 3

(i) General observations 3

(ii) Employment 10

(iii) Unemployment 14

Chapter 1

Executive Summary

The results of the survey on Employment and Unemployment conducted in the 61st round of N.S.S.(July, 2004-June, 2005) show that the worker population ratio is 41.0 percent as per the usual principal status of activity, which is 55.3 percent for males and 25.5 percent for females respectively. Important Findings of the Survey

1) The average household size was 4.6 persons in rural and 4.2 persons in urban areas; as against 4.7 and 4.4 percent in 1999-2000.

2) The sex ratio shows steady decline from 959 in 1977-78 to 945 in rural and from 904 to 891 in urban areas, though some improvement has been observed during the last five years indicating the successfully implementation of ban on sex determination tests during pregnancy.

3) The households depending an agricultural activities for livelihood (i.e. agriculture labour and self employment in agricultural) in rural areas have reduced in last five years, while those depending on self employment in non-agriculture and on other activities which include wage/salaried jobs have increased. In urban area proportion of households depending on regular wage/salaried jobs has decreased while those in self-employment has increased.

4) About 60.6 percent rural and 66.6 percent urban population belonged to the working population age group of 15-59 years.

5) About 10.7 percent rural and 8.8 per cent urban households were female headed, in

which 22.7 percent and 28.9 percent rural and urban households respectively had no usually employed member, as against 4.9 per cent (rural) and 8.1 per cent (urban) households in totality.

6) According to the usual principal status of activity, the worker population ratio (also

called the workforce participation rate) was 45.2 percent in rural and 34.2 percent in urban areas. The gender gap in WPR was wider in urban than rural areas.

7) For the age group 15-29 years, in both rural and urban areas, a decreasing trend in WPR is observed from Not Literate to Higher Secondary level of education.

8) Study of sectorwise distribution of usual employment indicates that more females are

engaged in primary sector. In urban areas, significant shift from primary sector to tertiary sector is observed for both males and females, which is more pronounced in case of females.

9) The unemployment rate in rural areas has increased from 1.4 to 1.8 for males but has remained at 0.6 for females during last five years. However it has reduced from 4.4 to 4.1 for males and has increased from 7.0 to 7.7 for females in urban areas.

2

Other findings

About 11 per cent rural and four per cent urban households were benefitted from at least one of the four schemes viz. Annapurna, ICDS, Mid-day meal and food for work schemes. Nearly 68 per cent land owner households were marginal land owners owning land less than or equal to 1.00 hector.

Survey Recommendations In view of the high population of female headed households with no usually employed

member: they may be provided with policy support targeted towards their employment/welfare.

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Chapter 2

Survey Findings

Introduction 2.1 To assess the volume and structure of employment and unemployment, starting with the 9th round (May-September, 1955), NSSO has conducted a number of surveys on the subject . Based on concepts and definitions recommended by the Dantwala Committee, quinquennial surveys on employment and unemployment have been conducted since the 27th round (July, 1972 June, 1973) of NSS. The 61st round (July 2004-June 2005) of NSS was the 7th quinquennial survey in the series. About the Survey 2.2 The survey was conducted from 1st July, 2004 to 30th June, 2005. The survey period was divided into four sub-rounds, each of three months duration and was conducted in 504 villages in rural areas and 756 blocks in urban areas of Maharashtra in which 12,578 households with 57,845 persons were covered. 2.3 The concepts and definitions followed for the survey are discussed in the volume II of this report. The same may be referred for better understanding of the results of the survey. In order to study the changes in the population characteristics the results of the present survey are compared with earlier quinquennial survey results. For that the 32nd, 38th, 43rd, 50th and 55th round surveys conducted during 1977-78, 1983, 1987-88, 1993-94 and 1999-2000 respectively have been considered. Findings of the survey (i) General Observations 2.4 A steady decline in the household size from 1977-78 to 2004-05 is observed in both rural and urban areas. During 2004-05 the average household size was 4.6 persons for rural areas while it was 4.2 persons for urban areas. The survey results show a sharp decline in sex ratio from 959 in 1977-78 to 945 in 2004-05 in rural areas and from 904 to 891 in urban areas during the same period, though during 1999-2000 to 2004-05 some improvement can be observed. The reducing household size over a period of more than quarter of a century indicates the successful implementation of family planning programme but at the same time, the declining sex ratio should be a matter of concern.

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2.5 In order to study the extent of change in the composition of households in terms of adult males, adult females, boys and girls the present results are compared with the 1999-2000 survey results. Here persons of age greater than 14 years are treated as adults. The results show decline during 2004-05 in the average number of boys and girls per household in both the rural and urban areas. Over the period of 5 years the composition of households in urban areas is changing more rapidly as compared to those in rural areas.

Table 2 Composition of household

2004-05 1999-2000 Category Rural Urban Rural Urban

Adult males 1.64 1.63 1.63 1.65 Adult females 1.57 1.46 1.53 1.45 Boys 0.73 0.58 0.80 0.71 Girls 0.67 0.51 0.74 0.60 All 4.61 4.18 4.70 4.41 2.6 The household type is decided on the basis of earnings from different sources for all the members of the household. The sources of earnings are broadly divided into self-employment in agriculture/non-agriculture, labour and others for the rural areas and into self employed regular wage/salaried, casual labour and others in urban areas. Considerable reduction in the proportion of households depending on agricultural labour activities for their livelihood in the rural areas is seen over the period of 5 years from 1999-2000. Also the proportion of households depending on self-employment in agriculture in the rural areas is observed to have reduced. This reduction got compensated by increase in proportion of households in rural areas depending on self-employment in non-agriculture and other labour activities as well as other activity which included wage/salary earner. In urban areas, the proportion of households depending on regular wage/salaried jobs shows reduction over the period of 5 years. Considerable increase in the proportion of persons as well as households depending on self-employment in the urban areas is seen.

Table 1 Average household size and sex ratio

Average household size Sex ratio Survey period Rural Urban Rural Urban

1977-78 5.1 4.8 959 904 1983 5.0 4.6 963 905 1987-88 4.9 4.5 974 883 1993-94 4.7 4.5 951 883 1999-2000 4.7 4.4 931 871 2004-05 4.6 4.2 945 891

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Table 3

Percentage distribution of households and persons by household type Households Persons Household type

2004-05 1999-2000 2004-05 1999-2000Rural

Self-employed in: Agriculture 32.1 34.2 35.8 38.1Non-agriculture 10.4 7.8 11.9 8.3

All self-employed 42.5 42.0 47.7 46.4Agricultural labour 36.7 40.9 35.5 38.5Other labour 5.5 4.5 5.2 4.2All Rural labour 42.2 45.4 40.7 42.7Others 15.3 12.6 11.6 10.9All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Urban Self-employed 33.1 26.6 38.3 29.9Regular wage/salaried 49.4 52.2 48.2 50.6Casual labour 8.6 14.5 8.9 15.5Others 8.9 6.2 4.6 4.0All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

self employed in agriculture

32%

Non agricultural

10%

Agriculturallabour

37%

Other labour

6%

Others15%

2004-05

self employed in agriculture

34%

Non agricultural

8%

Agriculturallabour

41%

Other labour

4%

Others13%

1999-2000Rural

Percentage distribution of households

6

Self-employed

33%

Regular wage/salaried

49%

Casual labour

9%

Others9%

2004-05

Self-employed

27%

Regular wage/salaried

52%

Casual labour15%

Others6%

1999-2000

Urban

Percentage distribution of households

2.7 The percentage distribution of households and persons according to monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE) classes for rural and urban areas are given in Table 4. From the basic data it is observed that 25 per cent of the rural households had their MPCE less than Rs.397 while 25 per cent of the households had their MPCE more than Rs.684. In urban areas, similar values of MPCE were Rs.730 and Rs.1,722 respectively.

Table 4 Percentage distribution of households and population by MPCE class

Rural Urban MPCE class

(Rs.) Households Population MPCE class

(Rs.) Households Population

less than 235 3.2 2.0 less than 335 1.4 2.2 235-270 1.9 2.5 335-395 2.3 3.0 270-320 5.2 6.6 395-485 5.1 6.7 320-365 7.9 9.2 485-580 6.0 7.6 365-410 9.6 10.9 580-675 6.4 8.2 410-455 10.5 12.1 675-790 7.9 9.4 455-510 11.0 11.0 790-930 9.2 10.6 510-580 13.2 13.9 930-1100 11.3 11.4 580-690 13.2 12.6 1100-1380 13.1 13.1 690-890 13.0 11.0 1380-1880 18.0 13.6 890-1155 6.4 4.9 1880-2540 11.0 8.7 1155& above 5.0 3.5 2540 & above 8.3 5.5 All 100.0 100.0 All 100.0 100.0 2.8 Table 5 shows that 60.6 per cent of the rural and 66.6 per cent of the urban population belonged to the working population age group of 15-59 years. The old population in the age group 60 and more years was 8.9 per cent in rural and 7.5 per cent in the urban areas. The proportion of population in the school going age group of 5 to 14 years was 30.4 per cent and 26.0 per cent in rural and urban areas respectively.

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Table 5 Percentage distribution of population by five-year age-groups

Rural Urban age-group Male Female Person Male Female Person

0-4 9.4 7.6 8.5 7.4 7.2 7.35-9 10.0 10.1 10.0 8.6 8.8 8.7

10-14 11.6 12.2 11.9 10.1 9.9 10.015-19 11.7 9.6 10.7 10.3 10.0 10.220-24 9.3 8.1 8.7 10.9 9.6 10.225-29 6.9 7.8 7.3 8.8 9.4 9.130-34 6.8 8.0 7.4 8.9 9.4 9.135-39 7.0 7.9 7.4 8.3 8.3 8.340-44 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.6 6.8 6.745-49 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.750-54 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.8 3.6 4.355-59 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.0

60 & above 8.2 9.7 8.9 6.6 8.4 7.5All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.9 A remarkable difference in the proportion of illiterate population in the rural and urban areas can be seen from Table 6. The rural-urban disparity in age specific literacy (age 15 years and above) is more prominent. Also, the gap between male and female illiterates is more prominent in rural areas than in urban areas.

Table 6 Percentage distribution of persons by general educational level

General educational level Literate

Category Not literate

All up to primary

Middle school

Secondary & above

male 26.1 (18.5) 73.9 (81.5) 33.0 (36.4) 20.7 (22.9) 20.1 (22.2) Rural female 43.3 (38.6) 56.7 (61.4) 30.8 (33.4) 16.1 (17.5) 9.7 (10.5) male 14.8 ( 8.0) 85.2 (91.5) 24.6 (26.7) 19.9 (21.5) 40.6 (43.9) Urban female 24.1 (18.3) 75.9 (81.7) 26.0 (28.0) 19.0 (20.4) 31.0 (33.4)

Note: Figures in parentheses relate to persons of age 15 years & above 2.10 In this survey sex of the head of household was also collected. It is seen that during 2004-05, about 11 per cent of households of rural and 9 per cent of urban were headed by females. Compared to all households, they had on an average, a relatively smaller household size and a much higher sex ratio.

Table 7 Number of female headed households, household size and sex-ratio for female headed

households during 2004-05 Characteristics of the female headed household

Rural Urban

No. of female headed household per 100 household

10.7 8.8

Household size (0.0) 2.7 3.1 Sex ratio 2161 1743

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2.11 Information on size of land owned as on the date of survey was collected in this survey. During 2004-05, nearly 68 per cent of the households owned land less than or equal to 1.00 hectares. The situation was worst for agricultural and other labour households with about 90 per cent of them owning land less than or equal to 1.00 hectares. On the other hand, 76 per cent of households depending on self-employment in agriculture owned land more than 1.00 hectares

Table 8 Percentage distribution of rural households by size class of land owned for each household type

Household type Households Self-employed in

Size of land owned (hectares) Agriculture Non-

Agriculture

Sub-total

(col.2+ col.3)

Agricultural labour

Other labour

Sub-total

(col.5+ col.6)

Others Total

Estd. (00)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 0 0.4 4.7 1.5 5.6 13.3 6.6 27.6 7.6 9339 0.001-.004 0.2 18.0 4.6 26.2 21.7 25.6 15.4 15.1 18522 0.005-.040 2.3 36.1 10.6 32.9 37.6 33.5 25.1 22.5 27548 0.041-1.00 21.0 22.5 21.4 25.3 20.7 24.7 18.4 22.3 27368 1.01-2.00 30.2 7.6 24.7 7.8 5.0 7.4 5.7 14.5 17717 2.01-4.00 29.2 7.1 23.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 4.3 11.5 14041 >=4.01 16.7 4.2 13.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 3.7 6.5 8008 All 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 122543

2.12 Income of a household obviously depends on the number of employed persons in the households. Although income also depends on the type of work carried out by the members, the number of employed persons in a household can be taken as a broad indicator of the economic condition of the household. It is seen from table that during 2004-05, about 5 per cent of the rural household and 8 per cent of the urban households had no usually employed member, while about 68 and 36 per cent of rural and urban households respectively had two or more usually employed members. On the other hand, among the female headed households, the proportion of households with no usually employed member was considerably higher at about 23 per cent in the rural areas and 29 per cent in the urban areas of the state. It may be interesting to note that while among all the households only 4 to 5 per cent had only one female worker,

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among households headed by females, the proportion with only one woman worker was much higher at 43 per cent in rural and 29 per cent in urban areas.

Table 9

Percentage distribution of households having at least one member of age 15 years & above by number of usually employed (ps+ss)* persons of age 15 years & above in those households.

Rural Urban number of usually employed(ps+ss)

persons All households Female headed

households All households Female headed

households None 4.9 22.7 8.1 28.9 Only 1 male 21.9 4.6 52.4 14.3 Only 1 female 5.4 43.2 3.5 28.8 Only 1 male & Only 1 female

30.6 8.7 11.0 8.2

Others 37.2 20.7 25.0 19.8 all 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 * ps+ss - Principal status + Subsidiary status Beneficiaries of government schemes 2.13 Information on whether the members of the households have been benefited from certain government schemes viz., Annapurna, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme, Mid-day Meal and Food for Work was collected in the survey. It may be noted that the Food for Work is a scheme operated in the rural areas. Moreover, the ICDS scheme is meant for the children below 6 years of age and for the expectant and nursing mothers. Information on proportion (per 1000) of persons who had been benefited from each of these schemes, is presented in table 10. About 11 per cent of the population in rural areas and about four per cent of the population in urban areas had been benefited from at least one of these schemes. There is hardly any gender difference among the beneficiaries. Among the specified schemes, the impact of midday meal scheme had been quite significant, particularly in the rural areas. About 8 per cent of the population in rural areas and about 3 per cent in urban areas got benefited from this scheme. The impact of other schemes is found to be comparatively less. About two percent of the population in rural and one per cent in urban area were benefited from ICDS Scheme. Food for work scheme, a rural programme, created wage employment to nearly 1 per cent of rural population.

Table 10 Beneficiaries of different government schemes per 1000 population

Rural Urban Name of scheme Male Female population Male Female population

Annapurna 1 1 1 0 0 0 ICDS 23 21 22 6 7 7 Midday meal

81 88 84 30 29 30

Food for work

8 6 7 - - -

Any one of these scheme

113 116 114 36 37 36

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(ii) Employment 2.14 Labour force, or in others words, the economically active population, refers to the population which supplies or seeks to supply labour for production and therefore, includes both employed and unemployed persons. The labour-force participation rate (LFPR) is defined as the proportion of persons in the labour-force to total population. Similarly, the ratio of number of persons/person-days employed to total population is referred to as work-force participation rate (WFPR) or worker-population ratio (WPR). For measuring LFPR or WPR, all the three approaches, viz. usual status, current weekly status and current daily status, were adopted for collection of data in the survey. The Worker Population Ratio (WPR), Proportion of Unemployed population (PU) and Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) are given in Table 7. The WPR and LFPR both are observed to be higher in rural than urban areas. The contribution of females is significantly higher in the worker population in rural areas which may be due to the life-style in rural areas wherein the women have active participation in the work face. The unemployed population is more in urban areas.

ups usual principal status, ups+ss usual principal + subsidiary status, cws current weekly status, cds current daily status 2.15 The worker population ratio according to different approaches for various rounds are presented in Table 8. It is observed that the overall proportion of workers according to the usual principal status for both the rural and urban as well as males and females show decreasing trend over the period from 1983 to 2004-05. Similar trend is observed for the WPR according to usual principal + subsidiary status, current weekly status and current daily status. Though the employment may be increasing in absolute terms the rate of increase in employment opportunities is lower than the rate of increase in the population which in turn resulted in declining trend of WPR. The difference between WPR according to usual principal status and usual principal + subsidiary status is an indicator of under-employment, which is higher in case of females than males and in rural areas than in urban areas.

Table 11 WPR, PU and LFPR according to different statuses

(Percentage)WPR PU LFPR status

Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Rural

ups 56.0 33.8 45.2 1.0 0.2 0.6 57.0 34.0 45.8 ups+ss 56.3 36.4 46.6 1.0 0.2 0.6 57.3 36.6 47.2 cws 55.0 35.2 45.4 1.8 0.5 1.2 56.8 35.7 46.6 cds 52.5 31.4 42.2 3.0 1.3 2.2 55.5 32.7 44.4

Urban Ups 54.3 11.8 34.2 2.4 1.0 1.7 56.6 12.8 36.0 ups+ss 54.5 13.0 34.9 2.2 0.9 1.6 56.7 13.8 36.5 cws 54.1 12.6 34.5 2.6 0.9 1.8 56.7 13.5 36.4 cds 53.6 12.0 34.0 2.8 1.0 2.0 56.5 13.0 36.0

Rural + Urban ups 55.3 25.5 41.0 1.6 0.5 1.0 56.8 26.0 42.0 ups+ss 55.6 27.6 42.1 1.5 0.5 1.0 57.0 28.0 43.1 cws 54.6 26.7 41.2 2.1 0.7 1.4 56.8 27.3 42.6 cds 53.0 24.0 39.1 2.9 1.2 2.1 55.9 25.2 41.2

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Table 12

WPR according to different approaches (Percentage)

Male Female survey period ups ups+ss cws cds ups ups+ss cws Cds

Rural 2004-05 56.0 56.3 55.0 52.5 33.8 36.4 35.2 31.4 1999-2000 58.9 59.1 58.8 57.2 32.0 35.0 33.2 30.7 1993-94 61.0 61.6 60.3 57.7 40.2 44.7 38.0 34.2 1987-88 60.9 61.5 59.6 56.6 44.1 47.9 41.4 34.9 1983 60.6 61.5 59.3 55.8 44.9 47.8 39.6 34.9

Urban 2004-05 54.3 54.5 54.1 53.6 11.8 13.0 12.6 12.0 1999-2000 56.1 56.2 56.0 55.2 11.5 12.1 11.9 11.3 1993-94 56.8 57.1 56.6 55.5 13.2 14.3 13.3 12.6 1987-88 56.4 56.0 55.8 54.7 12.9 16.6 12.4 11.6 1983 56.1 56.9 56.4 54.4 14.5 15.8 13.9 12.5 ups usual principal status, ups+ss usual principal + subsidiary status, cws current weekly status, cds current daily status

2.16 Table 9R and Table 9U give WPR for broad age groups according to different approaches for rural and urban areas respectively. The gender gap between the WPR for new entrants age group i.e. 15-29 years, retention age group i.e. 30-59 years and even old age group i.e. 60 years and above is wider in urban areas compared to the rural areas. For the old age group, the WPR is observed to be higher for both males and females in rural area compared to their urban counterparts. The incidence of work force participation for the school going age

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group i.e. 5-14 years is significantly high for females in the rural areas. The WPR for the school going age group may not be directly viewed as an incidence of child labour since many times children have to help in their household enterprises especially those engaged in the agricultural activities. However, it does indicate that in rural areas, education gets lower priority over work as far as girls are concerned.

Table 13R WPR for broad age-groups according to different approaches

Rural (Percentage) Male Female Age-group (years)

ups ups+ss cws cds ups ups+ss cws Cds 5-14 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.8 15-29 63.8 64.6 62.9 59.6 37.4 41.1 39.0 34.5 30-59 98.1 98.1 96.4 92.5 60.4 64.8 63.1 56.1 60 & above 66.1 66.6 64.5 61.9 27.5 28.7 28.0 26.2 15-59 82.4 82.8 81.1 77.4 50.8 54.8 53.0 47.0 15 & above 80.5 80.9 79.1 75.5 47.6 51.2 49.5 44.1 5 & above 61.7 62.0 60.6 57.9 36.5 39.4 38.1 34.0 ups usual principal status, ups+ss usual principal + subsidiary status, cws current weekly status, cds current daily status

Table 13U

WPR for broad age-groups according to different approaches Urban (Percentage)

Male Female Age-group (years) ups ups+ss cws cds ups ups+ss cws Cds

5-14 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 15-29 56.0 58.7 56.1 55.5 12.3 13.5 13.5 12.9 30-59 95.3 95.3 94.7 94.1 20.6 22.7 21.9 20.7 60 & above 26.7 26.7 26.2 26.0 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.1 15-59 77.8 79.3 77.5 76.9 17.0 18.7 18.1 17.2 15 & above 73.2 73.4 73.0 72.4 15.8 17.2 16.9 16.0 5 & above 58.6 59.5 58.4 57.8 12.7 13.8 13.5 12.9

ups usual principal status, ups+ss usual principal + subsidiary status, cws current weekly status, cds current daily status 2.17 The WPR according to usual principal + subsidiary status for different education levels show some interesting facts (Table 10). It can be observed that, for the age group of 15-29 years, in rural as well as urban areas, a decreasing trend is observed, for both male and female, from not literate to higher secondary level of education, indicating pressures to grab the employment opportunities in manual works. There is a wide disparity in the gender specific WPR for urban area than rural area

Table 14 Education level specific WPR according to usual principal + subsidiary status

(Percentage) 15-29 15 & above All ages Education level

Male Female Male Female Male Female Rural

Not literate 96.2 61.7 87.8 58.1 46.2 43.1 Literate & upto primary 87.2 51.9 90.6 55.4 49.5 29.3 Middle school 64.0 36.9 79.2 46.0 67.5 36.9 Secondary 46.7 24.0 65.8 27.4 65.0 27.3 Higher secondary 55.9 25.1 67.4 26.1 67.4 26.1 Diploma/certificate 60.3 35.8 74.7 49.1 74.7 47.0 Graduate & above 71.1 25.7 82.4 33.8 82.4 33.8 Secondary & above 52.7 24.9 69.2 28.5 68.7 28.3 All 64.7 41.2 80.9 51.3 56.3 36.4

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Urban Not literate 89.7 24.6 81.0 23.7 26.1 13.9 Literate & upto primary 83.6 16.9 81.1 16.6 39.3 9.0 Middle school 62.3 10.4 74.1 11.7 62.9 9.7 Secondary 39.1 6.0 64.1 10.5 63.6 10.5 Higher secondary 39.5 9.4 61.6 10.4 61.6 10.4 Diploma/certificate 64.1 31.0 79.2 39.5 79.0 39.5 Graduate & above 61.5 22.3 81.1 28.4 81.1 28.4 Secondary & above 46.6 12.7 70.1 17.6 69.9 17.6 All 56.7 13.5 73.5 17.3 54.5 13.0 2.18 The status of employment is divided into three different categories namely self-employment, regular wage / salaried job and casual labour job. Percentage distribution of usually employed persons in rural areas by their category of status of employment for different rounds is given in Table 11R and that for urban areas in Table 11U. It is observed that the proportion of self-employed persons in the rural areas has reduced significantly resulting into an increase in casual labour persons over the period from 1983 to 2004-05.The proportion of regular wage/ salaried persons has remained almost same. In urban areas the proportion of regular wage/salaried females has increased significantly during 1983 to 2004-05. Table 15R

Percentage distribution of usually employed by status of employment for different rounds Principal status Principal + Subsidiary status survey period

Self-employed Regular wage/

salaried

Casual labour Self-employed Regular wage

/salaried

Casual labour

Rural males 2004-05 49.3 10.1 40.5 49.5 10.2 40.3 1999-2000 48.3 8.4 43.3 48.6 8.4 43.0 1993-94 46.7 11.3 42.0 47.1 11.2 41.7 1987-88 49.8 9.5 40.7 50.2 9.4 40.4 1983 54.4 9.6 36.0 54.9 9.5 35.6

Rural females 2004-05 45.3 2.7 51.9 47.4 2.5 50.1 1999-2000 40.0 1.4 58.6 44.7 1.2 54.1 1993-94 40.7 1.7 57.6 44.2 1.5 54.3 1987-88 45.0 1.3 53.7 47.4 1.2 51.4 1983 52.1 0.9 47.0 49.8 0.9 49.3

Table 15U Percentage distribution of usually employed by status of employment for different rounds

Principal status Principal + Subsidiary status survey period Self-employed Regular

wage/ salaried

Casual labour Self-employed Regular wage

/salaried

Casual labour

Urban males 2004-05 39.7 50.2 10.2 39.5 50.2 10.2 1999-2000 32.0 51.0 17.0 31.4 51.6 17.0 1993-94 34.0 50.1 15.9 34.2 50.0 15.8 1987-88 33.5 54.5 12.0 33.7 54.2 12.1 1983 30.5 36.5 13.0 30.6 56.2 13.2

Urban females

2004-05 28.9 53.4 17.6 33.1 50.0 16.8 1999-2000 27.6 40.0 32.4 30.0 38.5 31.5 1993-94 29.4 34.5 36.1 33.6 32.0 34.4 1987-88 32.2 39.1 28.7 35.2 36.0 28.8 1983 31.0 35.9 33.1 33.7 33.9 32.4

14

2.19 Percentage distribution of usually employed persons by broad group of industry for different rounds is given in Table 12. The broad groups of industries viz. primary, secondary and tertiary refer to the industry divisions 01-05, 10-45 and 50-99 of National Industrial Classification-1998, respectively, which are generally associated with agriculture & related activities, manufacturing and services, respectively. On analysis of the results, it is observed that higher proportions of females compared to that of males are engaged in primary sector. In urban areas, significant shift from primary sector to tertiary sector is observed for both males and females, which is more pronounced in case of females. In rural areas, the primary sector is becoming more and more female dominant (as far as employment is concerned) which is indicative of change in employability and availability of women for such work.

Table 16 Percentage distribution of usually employed persons by broad group of industry for different

rounds Survey Period

Male Female

Primary Secondary Tertiary Primary Secondary Tertiary ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ps ps+ss ps ps+ss ps ps+ss ps ps+ss ps ps+ss ps ps+ss Rural 2004-05 73.5 73.5 10.1 10.1 16.3 16.3 89.9 89.5 4.6 5.0 5.5 5.5 1999-00 71.2 71.4 12.7 12.6 16.1 16.0 84.1 85.4 9.3 8.9 6.6 5.7 1993-94 73.9 74.1 11.3 11.2 14.8 14.7 84.7 86.2 9.1 8.3 6.2 5.5 1987-88 73.9 74.5 12.3 12.1 13.8 13.4 82.5 84.7 11.2 10.0 6.3 5.3 1983 77.2 77.5 10.2 10.0 12.3 12.2 86.2 87.5 7.8 7.4 5.7 4.8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Urban 2004-05 4.3 4.3 32.7 32.7 63.0 63.0 11.5 11.5 21.2 22.7 67.3 65.8 1999-00 6.5 6.6 32.9 32.8 60.6 60.6 14.6 17.7 29.3 29.3 56.1 52.9 1993-94 8.7 9.0 33.1 32.9 58.2 58.1 19.3 24.7 29.9 29.1 50.8 46.2 1987-88 8.5 9.1 34.3 34.0 57.2 56.9 21.8 29.4 32.4 31.7 45.8 38.9 1983- 9.7 10.3 34.4 34.2 55.1 55.0 25.5 31.0 30.7 30.6 43.0 37.6 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: 1) primary, secondary & tertiary refer to industry divisions 01-05, 10-45 and 50-99 of NIC-1998, respectively. 2) ps principal status 3) SS-Subsidiary status (iii) Unemployment 2.20 The unemployment rate, defined as the proportion of persons/person-days unemployed to the persons/person-days in the labour force, is a widely used indicator of unemployment. These unemployment rates according to different approaches along with percentage of unemployed persons to total population are given in Table 13R and 13U for 1993-94, 1999-2000 and 2004-05. The unemployment rate according to all approaches is rising, but is highest for current daily status for males in rural area. In the rural areas, the proportion of unemployment among women is less than that among men, but in urban areas, the situation is observed to be contrary to this, with the unemployment in females higher than that for men.

15

Table 17R Unemployment rates (proportion of persons (or person-days) unemployed in labour force)

Rural Male Female

Round ups ups+ss cws cds ups ups+ss cws Cds 1.8 1.7 3.2 5.4 0.6 0.6 1.5 4.0 2004-05

(1.0) (1.0) (1.8) (3.0) (0.2) (0.2) (0.5) (1.3) 1.4 1.2 1.8 2.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.8 1999-2000

(1.1) (0.9) (2.1) (3.7) (0.4) (0.3) (1.0) (1.5) 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.0 1993-94

(1.1) (0.8) (1.7) (3.0) (0.3) (0.3) (0.8) (1.3) Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentage of unemployed persons (person-days) w.r.t. total population

Table 17U Unemployment rates (number of persons (or person-days) unemployed in labour force)

Urban Male Female

Round ups ups+ss cws cds ups ups+ss cws Cds 2004-05 4.1 3.9 4.6 5.0 7.7 6.3 6.9 7.4 (2.4) (2.2) (2.6) (2.8) (1.0) (0.9) (0.9) (1.0) 1999-2000 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.9 7.0 5.9 6.9 7.2 (2.6) (2.4) (3.0) (3.8) (0.9) (0.8) (1.0) (1.2) 1993-94 3.5 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.8 4.4 4.8 5.0

(2.4) (2.2) (2.8) (3.6) (1.1) (1.0) (1.2) (1.4) Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentage of unemployed persons (person-days)

0.9

1.2

1.7

0.3

0.6 0.6

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1993-94 1999-00 2004-05

Unemployment rates: Rural (ups+ss)

Male

Female

3.4

4.33.9

4.4

5.96.3

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

1993-94 1999-00 2004-05

Unemployment rates: Urban (ups+ss)

MaleFemale

16

2.21 The unemployment rates for different educational levels reveal that the rates are higher among the higher levels of education irrespective of area, age and gender. Table 18 provides the unemployment rates along with the proportion of unemployed persons in the population according to the usual principal + subsidiary status for the age groups 15-29 years, 15 years & above and all. The highest unemployment rate is observed for well educated females in rural areas in the age group 15-29 years. It is an indication of non availability of suitable employment opportunity for educated females, especially in rural areas. The unemployment rates among the illiterate and persons literate upto primary level of education are the lowest among different age groups for both males and females in both rural and urban areas, indicating availability of employment opportunities for unskilled jobs.

Table 18 Education level specific usual status (ps+ss) unemployment rate (UR) and proportion of unemployed (PU) for

persons of age groups 15-29 years, 15 years & above and all ages Rural Urban

UR PU UR PU Education level

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Age group: 15-29 years

Not literate 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.8 5.4 0.7 1.4 Literate & upto primary 1.9 0.0 1.7 0.0 5.5 6.6 4.9 1.2 Middle school 3.9 1.3 2.6 0.5 10.3 16.0 7.2 2.0 Secondary 7.3 2.4 3.7 0.6 14.2 31.8 6.5 2.8 Higher secondary 5.8 3.4 3.4 0.9 6.9 16.8 2.9 1.9 Diploma/certificate 15.0 24.0 10.7 11.3 9.8 10.7 7.0 3.7 Graduate & above 8.4 32.3 6.5 13.1 11.5 14.2 8.0 3.7 Secondary & above 7.7 8.1 4.4 2.2 10.9 21.6 5.7 3.5 All 4.6 1.9 3.1 0.8 9.4 16.0 5.9 2.6

Age-group: 15 years and above Not literate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.2 Literate & upto primary 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 2.2 2.3 1.8 0.4 Middle school 1.7 0.6 1.4 0.3 6.2 10.0 4.9 1.3 Secondary 3.4 1.8 2.3 0.5 4.6 11.0 3.1 1.3 Higher secondary 4.3 3.0 3.0 0.8 3.3 11.1 2.1 1.3 Diploma/certificate 9.8 12.1 8.1 6.8 4.0 8.3 3.3 3.6 Graduate & above 4.0 18.6 3.4 7.7 3.2 6.3 2.7 1.9 Secondary & above 4.1 5.6 3.0 1.7 3.7 9.7 2.7 1.9 All 1.7 0.6 1.4 0.3 3.8 6.4 2.9 1.2

Age-group: All Not literate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 Literate & upto primary 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 2.5 2.1 1.0 0.2 Middle school 1.7 1.0 1.2 0.3 6.2 9.3 4.2 1.0 Secondary 3.4 1.8 2.3 0.5 4.5 11.0 3.0 1.3 Higher secondary 4.2 3.0 3.0 0.8 3.3 11.1 2.1 1.3 Diploma/certificate 9.8 12.1 8.1 6.5 4.0 8.3 3.3 3.6 Graduate & above 4.0 18.6 3.4 7.7 3.2 6.3 2.7 1.9 Secondary & above 4.1 5.7 3.0 1.7 3.7 9.7 2.7 1.9 All 1.7 0.5 1.0 0.2 0.9 6.5 2.2 0.9

--x

GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA

A REPORT ON

EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT

BASED ON DATA COLLECTED IN STATE SAMPLE OF

61st ROUND OF NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY (JULY, 2004 , JUNE 2005)

VOL.II

Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department, Government of Maharashtra,

Mumbai -------------------------------------------------------------

CONTENTS

Sr. No. Description Page No. (1) (2) (3) 1 List of tables 1

2 Concepts and Definition 6

3 Sample Design and Estimation Procedure 17

Chapter I

List of Tables

Table No.

Title Page No.

(1) (2) (3) 1 Number of villages/blocks, households and persons surveyed T1 2 Number of households and persons surveyed by age and sex T2-T3 3 Estimated number of households and persons by age and sex T4-T9 5 Per 1000 distribution of households by household monthly per capita

expenditure class for each principal household industry T10-T11

6 Per 1000 distribution of households by household monthly per capita expenditure class for each principal household occupation

T12-T13

7R Per 1000 distribution of households by household type for each household monthly per capita expenditure class for rural areas

T14

7U Per 1000 distribution of households by household type for each household monthly per capita expenditure class for urban areas

T15

8R Per 1000 distribution of households by household type for each size class of land owned (rural areas only)

T16

9R Average area of land possessed and average household size by size class of land possessed and sex of the head of the household (rural areas only)

T17

10R Per 1000 distribution of households by household type for each size class of land cultivated for rural areas

T18

11R Per 1000 distribution of households by number of members who got work for at least 60 days in public works during the last 365 days for each household type for rural areas

T19

11U Per 1000 distribution of households by number of members who got work for at least 60 days in public works during the last 365 days for each household type for urban areas

T20

12 Per 1000 distribution of households by number of usual status workers (ps+ss) of age 15 years and above for each household monthly per capita expenditure class

T21-T24

13 Number of persons who received benefit from different schemes per 1000 persons and their per 1000 distribution by MPCE class for each type of benefit

T25-T30

14 Per 1000 distribution of persons by age-group for each household monthly per capita per expenditure class

T31-T36

15 Per 1000 distribution of persons (of age 10 years & above) by marital status for each age-group

T37-T42

16 Per 1000 distribution of persons of age 5 years & above by general education level for each age-group

T43-T48

17 Per 1000 distribution of persons by principal usual activity category for each age-group

T49-T57

18 Per 1000 distribution of persons by age-group for each principal usual activity category

T58-T66

19 Per 1000 distribution of persons by usual activity category also taking into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized not working in the principal status

T67-T75

2

Table No.

Title Page No.

(1) (2) (3) 20 Per 1000 distribution of persons by age-group for each usual activity

category also taking into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized not working in the principal status

T76-T84

21 Per 1000 distribution of persons by principal usual activity category for each general educational level

T85-T129

22 Per 1000 distribution of persons by general educational level for each principal usual activity category

T130-T174

23 Per 1000 distribution of persons by usual activity category also taking into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized not working in the principal status for each general educational level

T175-T228

24 Per 1000 distribution of persons by general educational level also taking into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized not working in the principal status for each usual activity category

T229-T282

25 Per 1000 distribution of persons by usual activity category also taking into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized not working in the principal status for each household monthly per capita expenditure class

T283-T288

26R Per 1000 distribution of persons by usual activity category also taking into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized not working in the principal status for each household type for rural areas

T289-T291

26U Per 1000 distribution of persons by usual activity category also taking into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized not working in the principal status for each household type for urban areas

T292-T294

27R Per 1000 distribution of persons by usual activity category also taking into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorized not working in the principal status for each household land cultivated class for rural areas

T295-T297

28 Per 1000 distribution of usually working persons by industry of work T298-T30029 Per 1000 distribution of persons by usual subsidiary economic activity

for each usual principal activity T301-T306

30 Number of persons who participated voluntarily in the production of goods and services without remuneration per 1000 person who are outside the labour force according to usual status (ps+ss) and their per 1000 distribution by type of production of goods and services

T307-T309

31 Per 1000 distribution of persons who are outside the labour force according to usual status (ps+ss) and participated voluntarily without remuneration in the production of goods and services by industry division for different age groups

T310-T312

32 Number of persons registered in employment exchange per 1000 persons of age 15-59 and their per 1000 distribution of general educational level for each broad age-group and usual principal activity status

T313-T318

33 Per 1000 distribution of persons of age 15-59 years not pursuing any economic activity (i.e., non-workers) according to the usual principal status by seeking/availability/suitability for the type of occupation (NCO-1968 groups) for each usual principal activity status

T319-T328

3

Table No.

Title Page No.

(1) (2) (3) 34 Per 1000 distribution of persons by current weekly activity for each age-

group T329-T337

35 Per 1000 distribution of persons by age-group for each current weekly activity

T338-T346

36 Per 1000 distribution of person-days by current daily activity for each age-group

T347-T355

37 Per 1000 distribution of person-days by age-group for each current daily activity

T356-T364

38 Per 1000 distribution of persons by current weekly activity for each sub-round

T365-T373

39 Per 1000 distribution of persons by current daily activity for each sub-round

T374-T382

40 Per 1000 distribution of persons/person-days working according to cws/cds by NIC-98 tabulation category

T383-T388

41 Per 1000 distribution of workers by occupation group T389-T39442R Per 1000 distribution of working person-days by type of occupation for

each broad current daily work activity T395

43 Per 1000 distribution of persons by current weekly activity status for each general educational level

T396-T449

44 Per 1000 distribution of working person-days by type of occupation for each broad current daily work activity

T450-T455

45R Per 1000 distribution of person-days by current daily activity for each household type for rural areas

T456-T458

45U Per 1000 distribution of person-days by current daily activity for each household type for urban areas

T459-T461

46R Per 1000 distribution of person-days by current daily activity for each household land cultivated class for rural areas

T462-T464

47 Average wage/salary earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by regular wage/salaried employees (31,71 & 72) of age 15-59 years by industry of work and broad education category

T465-T470

48 Average wage/salary earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by regular wage/salaried employees (31,71 & 72) of age 15-59 years occupation groups broad education category

T471-T476

49R Average wage earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by casual wage labourers (51) by age-group, industry and type of operation for each sub-round

T477-T482

49U Average wage earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by casual wage labourers (51) by age-group and industry for each sub-round

T483-T485

50 Number of days worked in a week by usual status casual wage labourer (ps+ss) and the average wages receivable per person-day worked in a week for each casual work status and industry

T486-T488

51 Per 1000 distribution of working person-days of current daily status workers who are either regular wage/salaried or casual wage labourers by periodicity of payment for each current daily status work

T489-T494

52 Per 1000 distribution of working person-days of workers who are either regular wage/salaried or casual wage labourers by broad classes of mode of payment for each current daily status work

T495-T500

4

Table No.

Title Page No.

(1) (2) (3) 53 Per 1000 distribution of persons working according to current weekly

status by number of days with nominal work and number of days worked in a week

T501-T518

54 Per 1000 distribution of person according to usual status (ps+ss) by number of days with nominal work and number of days worked in a week

T519-T536

55 Per 1000 distribution of persons in the labour force according to current weekly activity status by number of days seeking/available for work (unemployed) in a week and average number of days worked in a week for each sub-round

T537-T542

56 Per 1000 distribution of persons in the labour force according to current weekly activity status by number of days worked in a week and average number of days seeking/available for work (unemployed) in a week for each sub-round

T543-T548

57 Per 1000 distribution of persons according to usual activity status (ps+ss) by number of days worked in a week and average number of days seeking/available for work (unemployed) in a week for each sub-round

T549-T566

58 Per 1000 distribution of persons in the age-group 15-59 who were unemployed on all the 7 days of the week by duration of unemployment for each broad general educational level

T567-T572

59 Per 1000 distribution of persons in the age-group 15-59 who were unemployed on all the 7 days of the week but ever worked by duration of last employment for each broad general educational level

T573-T578

60 Per 1000 distribution of unemployed (all the 7 days of the week) persons (15-59) who had ever worked by reasons for break in employment for each broad industry (division as per NIC 1998) of last employment

T579-T584

61 Per 1000 distribution of unemployed (all the 7 days of the week) persons (15-59) who had ever worked by reasons for break in employment for each occupation group (as per NCO 1968) of last employment

T585-T596

62 Per 1000 distribution of persons by current weekly activity for each usual activity taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic activity of persons categorised not working in the principal status

T597-T602

63 Per 1000 distribution of person-days by current daily activity for each usual activity taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic activity of persons categorised not working in the principal status

T603-T608

64 Per 1000 distribution of person-days by current daily activity for each current weekly activity

T609-T614

65 Per 1000 distribution of persons of age 5 years and above who sought/were available for work by period of sought/available for each usual principal usual activity

T615-T620

66 Per 1000 distribution of usual status workers who were without work for at least 1 month and who sought or were available for work on at least some days during those month(s) by availability of work period without work for each usual activity status and broad industry division

T621-T647

67 Per 1000 distribution of usual status workers (ps+ss) who were without work for at least 1 month and who sought or were available for work on at least some days during those month(s) by nature of efforts made to get work for each usual activity status and broad industry division

T648-T653

5

Table No.

Title Page No.

(1) (2) (3) 68 Per 1000 distribution of usual status workers (15 and above) who had

sought or were available for additional work by duration and reason for seeking work/availability for work for each activity status

T654-T665

69 Per 1000 distribution of usual status workers (15 and above) who had sought or were available for alternative work by duration and reason for seeking work/availability for work for each activity status

T666-T677

70 Per 1000 distribution of self-employed persons according to the usual status (ps+ss) reporting their earning from self-employment as remunerative/non-remunerative by amount of earning regarded as remunerative for each household monthly per capita expenditure class

T678-T679

71 Number per 1000 usual status workers of age 15 years and above i) with mostly full time work and ii) who have worked more or less regularly by activity status and broad industry division

T680-T697

72 Per 1000 distribution of permanent workers (ps+ss) of age 15 years and above by level of education for different activity status and industry

T698-T703

73 Number of usual principal status workers who changed establishment of work, status of work during last 2 years per 1000 workers of age 15 years and above and per 1000 distribution of those who changed their status of work by the last work activity status of each broad general education level and usual activity status

T704-T709

74 Number of usual principal status workers who changed industry (division) of work during last 2 years per 1000 workers of age 15 years and above and their per 1000 distribution by industry of last work activity for each broad present usual principal status and broad industry division

T710-T715

75 Number of usual principal status workers who changed occupation (division) of work during last 2 years per 1000 workers of age 15 years and above and their per 1000 distribution by occupation of last work activity for each broad present usual principal status and occupation division

T716-T721

76 Per 1000 distribution of usual principal status workers of age 15 years above who have changed industry or occupation during last 2 years by reason for such change of job for each broad education age group

T722-T727

77 Per 1000 distribution of persons by broad usual activity status taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorised not working in the principal status for each region

T728-T736

78 Per 1000 distribution of persons by broad current weekly activity status for each region

T737-T745

79 Per 1000 distribution of person-days of persons by broad current daily activity status for each region

T746-T754

80 Per 1000 distribution of usually working (principal and subsidiary status taken together) persons by the broad industry division of work for each region

T755-T763

--x--

6

Chapter Two

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

Concepts and Definitions 2.1 Household: A group of persons normally living together and taking food from a common kitchen constitutes a household. The word "normally" means that temporary visitors are excluded but temporary stay-aways are included. Thus, a son or daughter residing in a hostel for studies is excluded from the household of his/her parents, but a resident employee or resident domestic servant or paying guest (but not just a tenant in the house) is Included in the employer/host's household. "Living together" is usually given more importance than "sharing food from a common kitchen" in drawing the boundaries of a household in case the two criteria are in conflict; however, in the special case of a person taking food with his family but sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop or a different house) due to space hortage, the household formed by such a person's family members is taken to include the person also. Each inmate of a mess, hotel, boarding and lodging house, hostel, etc. is considered as a single-member household except that a family living in a hotel (say) is considered as one household only; the same applies to residential staff of such establishments . 2.2 Adult: A person who has completed 15 years of age. 2.3 Household size: The size of a household is the total number of persons in the household. 2.4 Household consumer expenditure: The expenditure incurred by a household on domestic consumption during the reference period is the household's consumer expenditure. Household consumer expenditure is the total of the monetary values of consumption of various groups of items, namely (i) food, pan (betel leaves), tobacco, intoxicants and fuel & light, (ii) clothing and footwear and (iii) miscellaneous goods and services and Durable articles. 2.5 Economic activity: The entire spectrum of human activity falls into two categories: economic activity and non-economic activity. Any activity that results in production of goods and services that adds value to national product is considered as an economic activity. The economic activities have two parts - market activities and non-market activities. Market activities are those that involve remuneration to those who perform it i.e., activity performed for pay or profit. Such activities include production of all goods and services for market including those of government services, etc. Non-market activities are those involving the production of primary commodities for own consumption and own account production of fixed assets. The full spectrum of economic activities as defined in the UN System of National Accounts is not covered in the definition adopted for the Employment and Unemployment surveys of NSSO. Production of any good for own consumption is considered as economic activity by UN System of National Accounts but production of only primary goods for own consumption is considered as economic activity by NSSO. While the former includes activities like own account processing of primary products among other things, in the NSS surveys, processing of primary products for own consumption is not considered as economic activity. The term economic activity in the Employment and Unemployment survey of NSSO in the 61

st round

will include: (i) all the market activities described above, i.e., the activities performed for pay or profit which result in production of goods and services for exchange,

7

(ii) of the non-market activities, (a) all the activities relating to the primary sector (i.e. industry Divisions 01 to 14 of NIC-98)

which result in production (including free collection of uncultivated crops, forestry, firewood, hunting, fishing, mining, quarrying, etc.) of primary goods for own consumption

and (b) the activities relating to the own-account production of fixed assets. Own account production of

fixed assets include construction of own houses, roads, wells, etc., and of machinery, tools, etc., for household enterprise and also construction of any private or community facilities free of charge. A person may be engaged in own account construction in the capacity of either a labour or a supervisor.

It is to be noted that as in earlier rounds, the activities like prostitution, begging, etc., which may result in earnings, by convention, will not be considered as economic activities. In earlier rounds, activities under smuggling were kept outside the economic activity. In assigning the activity status of an individual in the field, probing is perhaps not extended to ascertain whether the production of goods and services is carried out in the form of smuggling. Thus in practice, production of goods and services in the form of smuggling have actually been considered as economic activity in NSS surveys. In view of this, activity status of a person may be judged irrespective of the situation whether such activity is carried out illegally in the form of smuggling or not. 2.6 Activity status: It is the activity situation in which a person is found during a reference period, which concerns with the person's participation in economic and non-economic activities. According to this, a person will be in one or a combination of the following three status during a reference period: (i) Working or being engaged in economic activity (work), (ii) Being not engaged in economic activity (work) and either making tangible efforts to seek 'work' or being available for 'work' if the 'work' is available and (iii) Being not engaged in any economic activity (work) and also not available for 'work'. Activity statuses, as mentioned in (i) & (ii) above, are associated with 'being in labour force' and the last with 'not being in the labour force'. Within the labour force, activity status (i) is associated with 'employment' and that of (ii) with unemployment. The three broad activity statuses have been further sub-divided into several detailed activity categories. These are stated below: (i) working or being engaged in economic activity (employed): (a) worked in household enterprise (self-employed) as an own-account worker (b) worked in household enterprise (self-employed) as an employer (c) worked in household enterprise (self-employed) as 'helper' (d) worked as regular salaried/wage employee (e) worked as casual wage labour in public works (f) worked as casual wage labour in other types of works (g) did not work due to sickness though there was work in household enterprise (h) did not work due to other reasons though there was work in household enterprise (i) did not work due to sickness but had regular salaried/ wage employment (j) did not work due to other reasons but had regular salaried/wage employment (ii) not working but seeking or available for work (unemployed) : (a) sought work (b) did not seek but was available for work (iii) not working and also not available for work (not in labour force) : (a) attended educational institution (b) attended domestic duties only (c) attended domestic duties and was also engaged in free collection of goods, tailoring, weaving, etc. for household use (d) recipients of rent, pension, remittance, etc.

8

(e) not able to work due to disability (f) prostitutes (g) others (h) did not work due to sickness (for casual workers only). 2.7 The various constituents of workers, unemployed, labour force, out of labour force are as explained below: (a) Workers (or employed): Persons who are engaged in any economic activity or who, despite their attachment to economic activity, have abstained from work for reasons of illness, injury or other physical disability, bad weather, festivals, social or religious functions or other contingencies necessitating temporary absence from work constitute workers. Unpaid helpers who assist in the operation of an economic activity in the household farm or non-farm activities are also considered as workers. All the workers are assigned one of the detailed activity status under the broad activity category 'working or being engaged in economic activity'. (b) Seeking or available for work (or unemployed): Persons, who owing to lack of work, had not worked but either sought work through employment exchanges, intermediaries, friends or relatives or by making applications to prospective employers or expressed their willingness or availability for work under the prevailing condition of work and remuneration are considered as those who are seeking or available for work (or unemployed). (c) Labour force: Persons who are either 'working' (or employed) or 'seeking or available for work' (or unemployed) during the reference period together constitute the labour force. (d) Out of labour force: Persons who are neither 'working' and at the same time nor 'seeking or available for work' for various reasons during the reference period are considered to be 'out of labour force'. The persons under this category are students, those engaged in domestic duties, rentiers, pensioners, recipients of remittances, those living onalms, infirm or disabled persons, too young or too old persons, prostitutes, etc. and casual labourers not working due to sickness. 2.8 It may be noted that workers have been further categorized as self-employed, regular salaried/wage employee and casual wage labour. These categories are defined in the following paragraphs. 2.9 Self-employed: Persons who operate their own farm or non-farm enterprises or are engaged independently in a profession or trade on own-account or with one or a few partners are self-employed in household enterprises. The essential feature of the self-employed is that they have autonomy (i.e., regarding how, where and when to produce) and economic independence (i.e., regarding market, scale of operation and money) for carrying out operation. The fee or remuneration received by them consists of two parts - the share of their labour and profit of the enterprise. In other words, their remuneration is determined wholly or mainly by sales or profits of the goods or services which are produced. The self-employed persons may again be categorised into the following three groups: (i) own-account workers: They are the self-employed who operate their enterprises on their own account or with one or a few partners and who during the reference period by and large, run their enterprise without hiring any labour. They may, however, have unpaid helpers to assist them in the activity of the enterprise. (ii) employers: The self-employed persons who work on their own account or with one or a few partners and by and large run their enterprise by hiring labour are the employers, and (iii) helpers in household enterprise: The helpers are a category of self-employed persons mostly family members who keep themselves engaged in their household enterprises, working full or part time and do not receive any regular salary or wages in return for the work performed. They do not run the household enterprise on their own but assist the related person living in the same household in running the household enterprise.

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2.10 There is a category of workers who work at a place of their choice which is outside the establishment that employs them or buys their product. Different expressions like home workers, home based workers and out workers are synonymously used for such workers. For the purpose of this survey, all such workers will be commonly termed as home workers and will be categorised as self-employed. The home workers have some degree of autonomy and economic independence in carrying out the work, and their work is not directly supervised as is the case for the employees. Like the other self-employed, these workers have to meet certain costs, like actual or imputed rent on the buildings in which they work, costs incurred for heating, lighting and power, storage or transportation, etc., thereby indicating that they have some tangible or intangible means of production. It may be noted that employees are not required to provide such inputs for production. 2.11 It may further be elaborated that the putting out system prevalent in the production process in which a part of production which is put out is performed in different household enterprises (and not at the employers establishment). For example, bidi rollers obtaining orders from a bidi manufacturer will be considered as home workers irrespective of whether or not they were supplied raw material (leaves, masala, etc.), equipment (scissors) and other means of production. The fee or remuneration received consists of two parts - the share of their labour and profit of the enterprise. In some cases, the payment may be based on piece rate. Similarly, a woman engaged in tailoring or embroidery work on order from a wholesaler, or making papad on order from some particular unit/contractor/trader at her home will be treated as home worker. On the other hand, if she does the work in the employers premises, she will be treated as employee. Again, if she is not undertaking these activities on orders from outside, but markets the products by herself/other household members for profit, she will be considered as an own account worker, if of course, she does not employ any hired help more or less on a regular basis. 2.12 Regular salaried/wage employee: Persons working in others farm or non-farm enterprises (both household and non-household) and getting in return salary or wages on a regular basis (and not on the basis of daily or periodic renewal of work contract) are the regular salaried/wage employees. The category not only includes persons getting time wage but also persons receiving piece wage or salary and paid apprentices, both full time and part-time. 2.13 Casual wage labour: A person casually engaged in others farm or non-farm enterprises (both household and non-household) and getting in return wage according to the terms of the daily or periodic work contract is a casual wage labour. Usually, in the rural areas, a type of casual labourers can be seen who normally engage themselves in 'public works' activities. 'Public works' are those activities which are sponsored by Government or local bodies for construction of roads, bunds, digging of ponds, etc. as 'test relief' measures (like flood relief, drought relief, famine relief, etc.) and also employment generation scheme under poverty alleviation programmes (NREP, RLEGP, etc.). 2.14 Different approaches for determining activity status: The persons surveyed are to be classified into various activity categories on the basis of activities pursued by them during certain specified reference periods. There are three reference periods for this survey viz. (i) one year, (ii) one week and (iii) each day of the reference week. Based on these three periods, three different measures of activity status are arrived at. These are termed respectively as usual status, current weekly status and current daily status. The activity status determined on the basis of the reference period of 1 year is known as the usual activity status of a person, that determined on the basis of a reference period of 1 week is known as the current weekly status (cws) of the person and the activity status determined on the basis of a reference period of 1 day is known as the current daily status (cds) of the person.

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2.15 Identification of each individual into a unique situation poses a problem when more than one of three types of broad activity status viz. employed, unemployed and not in labour force is concurrently obtained for a person. In such an eventuality, unique identification under any one of the three broad activity status is done by adopting either the major time criterion or priority criterion. The former is used for classification of persons under 'usual activity status' and, the latter, for classification of persons under current activity status. If, by adopting one of the two criteria mentioned above, a person categorised as engaged in economic activity is found to be pursuing more than one economic activity during the reference period, the appropriate detailed activity status category will relate to the activity in which relatively more time has been spent. Similar approach is adopted for non-economic activities also. 2.16 Usual activity status: The usual activity status relates to the activity status of a person during the reference period of 365 days preceding the date of survey. The activity status on which a person spent relatively longer time (major time criterion) during the 365 days preceding the date of survey is considered the usual principal activity status of the person. To decide the usual principal activity of a person, he/she is first categorised as belonging to the labour force or not, during the reference period on the basis of major time criterion. Persons, thus, adjudged as not belonging to the labour force are assigned the broad activity status 'neither working nor available for work'. For the persons belonging to the labour force, the broad activity status of either 'working' or not working but seeking and/or available for work is then ascertained again on the basis of the relatively longer time spent in the labour force during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. Within the broad activity status so determined, the detailed activity status category of a person pursuing more than one such activity will be determined again on the basis of the relatively longer time spent. 2.17 Subsidiary economic activity status: A person whose principal usual status is determined on the basis of the major time criterion may have pursued some economic activity for 30 days or more during the reference period of 365 days preceding the date of survey. The status in which such economic activity is pursued during the reference period of 365 days preceding the date of survey is the subsidiary economic activity status of the person. In case of multiple subsidiary economic activities, the major activity and status based on the relatively longer time spent criterion will be considered. It may be noted that engagement in work in subsidiary capacity may arise out of the two following situations: i) a person may be engaged in a relatively longer period during the 365 days in economic (non-economic

activity) and for a relatively minor period, which is not less than 30 days, in another economic activity (any economic activity).

(ii) a person may be pursuing an economic activity (non-economic activity) almost throughout the year in the principal status and also simultaneously pursuing another economic activity (any economic activity) for relatively shorter time in a subsidiary capacity. In such cases, since both the activities are being pursued throughout the year and hence the duration of both the activities are more than 30 days, the activity which is being pursued for a relatively shorter time will be considered as his/her subsidiary activity.

2.18 Current weekly activity status: The current weekly activity status of a person is the activity status obtaining for a person during a reference period of 7 days preceding the date of survey. It is decided on the basis of a certain priority cum major time criterion. According to the priority criterion, the status of 'working' gets priority over the status of 'not working but seeking or available for work', which in turn gets priority over the status of 'neither working nor available for work'. A person is considered working (or employed)) if he/she, while pursuing any economic activity, had worked for at least one hour on at least one day during the 7 days preceding the date of survey. A person is considered 'seeking or available for work (or unemployed)' if during the reference week no economic activity was pursued by the person but he/she made efforts to get work or had been available for work any time during the reference week though not actively seeking work in the belief that no work was available. A

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person who had neither worked nor was available for work any time during the reference week, is considered to be engaged in non-economic activities (or not in labour force). Having decided the broad current weekly activity status of a person on the basis of 'priority' criterion, the detailed current weekly activity status is again decided on the basis of 'major time' criterion if a person is pursuing multiple economic activities. 2.19 Current daily activity status: The activity pattern of the population, particularly in the unorganised sector, is such that during a week, and sometimes, even during a day, a person can pursue more than one activity. Moreover, many people can even undertake both economic and non-economic activities on the same day of a reference week. The current daily activity status for a person is determined on the basis of his/her activity status on each day of the reference week using a priority-cum-major time criterion (day to day labour time disposition). The following points may be noted for determining the current daily status of a person: i) Each day of the reference week is looked upon as comprising of either two 'half days' or a 'full day for assigning the activity status. ii) A person is considered 'working' (employed) for the entire day if he/she had worked for 4 hours or more during the day. iii) If a person was engaged in more than one of the economic activities for 4 hours or more on a day, he/she would be assigned two economic activities out of the different economic activities on which he/she devoted relatively longer time on the reference day. In such cases, one half day work will be considered for each of those two economic activities (i.e. 0.5 intensity will be given for each of these two economic activities). iv) If the person had worked for 1 hour or more but less than 4 hours, he/she is considered 'working' (employed) for half-day and 'seeking or available for work' (unemployed) or 'neither seeking nor available for work' (not in labour force) for the other half of the day depending on whether he was seeking/available for work or not. v) If a person was not engaged in 'work' even for 1 hour on a day but was seeking/available for work even for 4 hours or more, he/she is considered 'unemployed' for the entire day. But if he/she was 'seeking/available for work' for more than 1 hour and less than 4 hours only, he/she is considered 'unemployed' for half day and 'not in labour force' for the other half of the day. vi) A person who neither had any 'work' to do nor was available for 'work' even for half a day was considered 'not in labour force' for the entire day and is assigned one or two of the detailed non-economic activity status depending upon the activities pursued by him/her during the reference day. It may be noted that while assigning intensity in Block 5.3, an intensity of 1.0 will be given against an activity which is done for full day and 0.5, if it is done for half day. 2.20 There are certain terms used in connection with collection of items of information relating to current activity status of persons. These are explained in the following paragraphs. 2.21 Manual work: A job essentially involving physical labour is considered as manual work. However, jobs essentially involving physical labour but also requiring a certain level of general, professional, scientific or technical education are not to be termed as 'manual work'. On the other hand, jobs not involving much of physical labour and at the same time not requiring much educational (general, scientific, technical or otherwise) background are to be treated as 'manual work'. Thus, engineers, doctors, dentists, midwives, etc., are not considered manual workers even though their jobs involve some amount of physical labour. But, peons, chowkidars, watchman, etc. are considered manual workers even though their work might not involve much physical labour. Manual work has been defined as work pursued in one or more of the following occupational groups of the National Classification of Occupations (NCO-68): Division 5: Service workers: Group 52: cooks, waiters, bartenders and related workers (domestic and institutional)

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Group 53: maid and other housekeeping service workers (not elsewhere classified) Group 54: building caretakers, sweepers, cleaners and related workers Group 55: launderers, dry cleaners and pressers Group 56: hair dressers, barbers, beauticians and related worker Family 570: fire fighters Family 574: watchmen, gate keepers Family 579: protective service workers not elsewhere classified Division 6: Farmers, Fishermen, Hunters, Loggers and related workers: Group 63: agricultural labourers Group 64: plantation labourers and related workers Group 65: other farm workers Group 66: forestry workers Group 67: hunters and related workers Group 68: fishermen and related workers Division 7-8-9: Production and related workers, transport equipment operators and labourers: All groups excluding Group 85 (electrical fitters and related workers) and Group 86 (broadcasting station and sound equipment operators and cinema projectionists). 2.22 Rural Labour: Manual labour working in agricultural and /or non-agricultural occupations in return for wages paid either in cash or in kind (excluding exchange labour) and living in rural areas, will be taken as rural labour. 2.23 Agricultural labour: A person will be considered to be engaged as agricultural labour, if he/she follows one or more of the following agricultural occupations in the capacity of a wage paid manual labour, whether paid in cash or kind or both: (i) farming (ii) dairy farming (iii) production of any horticultural commodity (iv) raising of livestock, bees or poultry (v) any practice performed on a farm as incidental to or in conjunction with farm operations (including forestry and timbering) and the preparation for market and delivery to storage or to market or to carriage for transportation to market of farm produce. Working in fisheries is excluded from agricultural labour. Further, 'carriage for transportation' refers only to the first stage of the transport from farm to the first place of disposal. 2.24 Wage paid-manual labour: A person who does manual work in return for wages in cash or kind or partly in cash and partly in kind (excluding exchange labour) is a wage paid manual labour. Salaries are also to be counted as wages. A person who is self-employed in manual work is not treated as a wage paid manual labour. 2.25 Cultivation: All activities relating to production of crops and related ancillary activities are considered as cultivation. Growing of trees, plants or crops as plantation or orchards (such as rubber, cashew, coconut, pepper, coffee, tea etc.) are not considered as cultivation activities for the purpose of this survey. In general, the activities covered under NIC-98 sub-classes 01111, 01112, 01113, 01115, 01119, 01121, 01122 and 01135 (excepting plantation of pepper and cardamom) are to be considered as cultivation. 2.26 Operation: It is the type of work performed by a person during a reference period such as manual, non-manual, agricultural, non-agricultural, etc. Operation has been combined with activity status and industry corresponding to the work performed.

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Information regarding the type of operation is collected only for rural areas and relating to current status only. The different types of operations are - ploughing, sowing, transporting, weeding, harvesting, others (manual) and others (non-manual). In the last two cases, the sector in which the work is performed is indicated by the industry. It may be noted, that for 'regular salaried/wage employees' on leave or on holiday, the 'operation' relates to their respective function in the work or job from which he/she is temporarily off. Similarly, for persons categorised as 'self-employed' but not working on a particular day inspite of having work on that day, the operation will relate to the work that he/she would have done if he/she had not enjoyed leisure on that day. 2.27 Nominal work: Work done by a person for 1 - 2 hours in a day during the reference week is said to be a day with nominal work for the person. In the day-to-day labour time disposition of the reference week, such a days work is considered to be 'half-days' work (and it gets half intensity while accounting). 2.28 Earnings: Earnings refer to the wage/salary income (and not total earnings) receivable for the wage/salaried work done during the reference week by the wage/salaried employees and casual labourers. The wage/salary already received or receivable may be in cash or kind or partly in cash and partly in kind. For recording the wages and salaries: i) The kind wages are evaluated at the current retail price. ii) Bonus (expected or paid) and perquisites evaluated at retail prices and duly apportioned for the reference week are also included in earnings. iii) For any economic activity, amount received or receivable as 'over-time' for the additional work done beyond normal working time is excluded. 2.29 Household principal industry and occupation: To determine the household principal industry and occupation, the general procedure to be followed is to list all the occupations pertaining to economic activities pursued by the members of the household excluding those employed by the household and paying guests (who in view of their staying and taking food in the household are considered as its normal members) during the one year period preceding the date of survey, no matter whether such occupations are pursued by the members in their principal or subsidiary (on the basis of earnings) capacity. Out of the occupations listed that one which fetched the maximum earnings to the household during the last 365 days preceding the date of survey would be considered as the principal household occupation. It is quite possible that one or more members of the household may pursue the household occupation in different industries. In such cases, the particular industry out of all the different industries corresponding to the principal occupation, which fetched the maximum earnings, should be considered as the principal industry of the household. In extreme cases, the earnings may be equal in two different occupations or industry-occupation combinations. By convention, in such cases, priority will be given to the occupation or industry-occupation combination of the senior-most member. 2.30 Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS) and Alternative & Innovative Education (AIE): EGS & AIE support the following three broad kinds of strategies:

(a) Setting up schools in the school-less habitations. (b) Intervention of mainstreaming of out of school children, viz., bridge courses, back to school

camps, etc. (c) Strategies for very specific, difficult groups of children who cannot be mainstreamed.

Strategy under (a) above refers to as the EGS component of EGS & AIE scheme and strategies under (b) and (c) above together refer to as AIE component of the EGS & AIE scheme.

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EGS aims at setting up schools in the school-less habitation where no school exists within a radius of 1 k.m and at least 15 children in the age group 6-14 years who are not going to schools, are available. In exceptional cases, e.g., for remote habitations in hilly areas for Jammu and Kashmir and part of North-Eastern region, EGS schools could be supported even for 10 children. It may be noted that EGS & AIE is applicable throughout the country and not limited to the educationally backward states covered under the scheme of Non-formal Education (NFE). Such schools are in operation under various names in different states, as for example, Sishu Siksha Karmasuchi in West Bengal, Bastishala in Maharashtra, Rajiv Gandhi Swaran Jayanti Pathshala in Rajasthan., Maabadi in Andhra Pradesh. For the purpose of our survey, an individual who is attending or has become literate through schools under EGS & AIE scheme will be considered under the coverage of EGS. 2.31 Vocational Training: A vocational training may broadly be defined as a training, which prepares an individual for a specific vocation or occupation. The main objective of vocational education and training is to prepare persons, especially the youth, for the world of work and make them employable for a broad range of occupations in various industries and other economic sectors. It aims at imparting training to persons in very specific fields through providing significant hands on experience in acquiring necessary skill, which will make them employable or create for them opportunities of self-employment. Thus, the essential feature of the vocational training is that it lays more emphasis on development of skill in a specific vocation or trade rather than building knowledge. 2.32 Formal Vocational Training: The vocational training that takes place in education and training institutions which follow a structured training programme and lead to recognised certificates, diplomas or degrees, will be treated as formal one. But when the vocational training neither follows a structured programme nor the training lead to recognised certificates, diplomas or degrees, those training programmes will be treated as non-formal vocational training. For the purpose of survey, formal vocational training will have the following characteristics: i) structured training programme towards a particular skill, ii) certificate/diploma/degree received should have recognition by State/Central Government, Public Sector and other reputed concerns, By structured training programme, it is meant that:

(a) the training programme should have a definite title with prescribed syllabus and curriculum and a specified duration of the training, and

(b) the training should have some entry level eligibility in terms of education and age.

2.33 Non-formal Vocational Training: The expertise in a vocation or trade is sometimes acquired by the succeeding generations from the other members of the households, generally the ancestors, through gradual exposures to such works as are involved in carrying out the profession by their ancestors. The expertise gained through significant hands-on experience enables the individual to take up activities in self-employment capacity or makes him employable. Acquiring such marketable expertise by one, which enables him/her to carry out the trade or occupation of their ancestors over generations, may also be considered, for the purpose of survey, to have received non-formal vocational training and that through hereditary sources. Any other non-formal vocational training received through some sources other than the household members to pursue a vocation that may either be hereditary or other profession, may be considered to have received the training through other sources. The other sources may also include the cases where the expertise for a vocation or trade has been developed even from the household members or ancestors, provided the said vocation or trade is different from the one relating to their ancestors. Thus a person may learn tailoring work from a master tailor or a person may learn book-binding work from a printing press. All such expertise will be considered to have received non-formal vocational training through other sources. Mere possession of

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a skill, which neither creates opportunities for self-employment nor makes a person employable, will not be considered as having vocational training.

2.34 Non-Profit Institutions (NPI): NPIs are legal or social entities created for the purpose of producing goods and servi